单选题 Scholars of human migration speak of two main factors that influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another-push and pull factors. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as religious persecution, war, or severe famine Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads or with hate-filled mobs at their heels are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination).
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most of these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the nineteenth century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin.
Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call " intervening obstacles " . Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.
The decision to move is also influenced by " personal factors " of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varied abilities and personalities. The prospect of pulling up stakes and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to a young, footloose man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and young children. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may intrigue one person and frighten another.
Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes friction. The United States and other " receiving countries " (the term used for countries that welcome large numbers of migrants) have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paying jobs and are resented by natives who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to gain acceptance in the mainstream of society in the receiving country.

单选题 Refugees migrate out of their country probably because of______.
[A] their country's unstable situation
[B] bad economic conditions
[C] guns pointing at them
[D] their resentment towards government

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 推断题。第一段第三、四句提到“A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as religious persecution, war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads or with hate filled mobs at their heels are motivated almost entire by push factors.”(推动因素可以是简单而温和的，如难于找到一份合适的工作；也可以是伤害性的，如宗教迫害、战争或者严重的饥荒。显然，那些被人用枪指着头或是被那些满怀恨意的暴徒追赶而离开家园的逃亡者，则几乎全都是由于推动因素而移民的。)句中“with guns pointed at their heads or with hate filled mobs at their heels”隐含的意思就是国家的局势不安定，因此A项正确。文章提到逃亡者被人用枪指着头离开家，但这是为了说明国家局势不稳定而举的一个例子，并非离开家的最主要原因，故排除C项；B项和D项均与文意不符，因为有关难民的内容仅在首段第四句提到，此处没有提到经济问题和对政府的愤恨。

单选题 Which of the following migration is most likely to be caused by pull factors?
[A] Jews in 1942 migrated to America.
[B] Refugees migrate to neighbor countries
[C] A Philippine woman migrates to Hong Kong for a better job.
[D] A Japanese girl migrates to America to marry her American boyfriend.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 推断题。第二段第一、二句提到“Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most of these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm.”(拉动因素与移民者所选择的移民地有关。这些拉动因素大都是经济方面的，譬如说有更好的工作机会，或有好地耕种。)第二段末句提到“pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well being than is offered by the place of origin.”(拉动因素能够为移民提供一个明显更好的机会，从而使移民比在原居留地生活得更好，在物质上更富裕。)因此C项正确。A项和B项与题意不符，由文章可知它们是由推动因素引起的。D项的女孩不是因为经济原因而移民的，所以不能说是由拉动因素引起的。

单选题 According to the text, pull and push factors______.
[A] decide personal factors
[B] are the only influence on migrants
[C] outweigh intervening obstacles on migration
[D] work with intervening obstacles on migration

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。第三段第一句提到“Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call ' intervening obstacles '. " (除了推动和拉动这两种因素以外，还有一种被社会学家称之为“干涉性障碍”的因素。)可知三种因素是共同起作用的，因此D正确。第四段前两句提到“The decision to move is also influenced by ' personal factors ' of the prospective migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people…”(那些潜在的移民者的“个人因素”也会对移民的决定产生影响。同样的推动因素、拉动因素和干涉性障碍在不同的人身上会产生不同的作用和影响)，这句话说明个人因素与推动和拉动因素一样，都是影响移民的因素，而不是个人因素由推动和拉动因素决定，故排除A项；除了拉动和推动因素还有“个人因素”和“干涉性障碍”共同起作用，因此不能说是唯一影响，故排除B项；第三段前两句指出“除了推动和拉动这两种因素以外，还有一种被社会学家称之为‘干涉性障碍’的因素。即使推动和(或)拉动因素非常强，它们也仍然会受到这种干涉性障碍的制约”，因此C项不正确。

单选题 The author implies that personal factors______.
[A] attract people to move
[B] are obstacles to migration
[C] may affect migration
[D] may confuse those potential migrants

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 推断题。第四段第一句提到“The decision to move is also influenced by 'personal factors' of the prospective migrant.”(那些潜在的移民者的“个人因素”也会对移民的决定产生影响。)接下来作者举例说明了同样的因素会促使一些人移民，也会阻挠另一些人移民，例如“the need to learn a new language and customs may intrigue one person and frighten another”(必须学习一种新的语言和习俗可能会引起某些人的兴趣，但也可能会让某些人胆怯)，故C项正确。A项和B项都只是片面地说出了个人因素作用的一个方面，均与题意不符；D项在文中没有体现。

单选题 According to the author, the immigrants in America, ______.
[A] have friction with Americans
[B] are reluctant to blend in the mainstream
[C] often find it difficult to seek high-paying jobs
[D] went to America in the 19th country for a better job

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。第五段第三句提到“The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest paying jobs and are resented by natives who may have to compete with them for those jobs.”(新来的移民通常只能得到最低薪水的工作，同时还招致那些可能不得不与他们一起竞争职位的本地人的怨恨。)因此C项正确。最后一段首句提到“Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes friction.”(不管移民的原因是什么，大规模移民总会引起冲突。)由此可知，移民引起摩擦并不一定仅指他们与美国人之间的矛盾，故排除A项；第五段末句提到“It has usually taken several decades for each group to gain acceptance in the mainstream of society in the receiving country.”(每一批的移民者通常都要花费几十年的时间才能融入这些(移民)接受国家的主流社会。)可见移民不是不愿意融入主流社会，因此B项不正确；第二段第二、三句提到“…or the availability of good land to farm. The lager was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the nineteenth century.”(或有好地耕种。而后者正是19世纪吸引移民迁往关国的重要原因之一。)可见，土地才是19世纪吸引移民到美国的重要原因，故排除D项。