填空题 Psychologists are finding that hope plays a surprisingly vital role in giving people a measurable advantage in realms as 1 as academic achievement, bearing up in tough jobs and coping with 2 illness. And, by contrast, the loss of hope is turning out to be a stronger sign that a person may 3 suicide than other factors long thought to be more likely risks.
"Hope has proven a powerful predictor of 4 in every study we"ve done so far," said Dr. Charles R. Snyder, a psychologist who has devised a 5 to assess how much hope a person has.
For example, in research with 3,920 college students, Dr. Snyder and his 6 found that the level of hope among freshmen at the beginning of their first semester was a more 7 predictor of their college grades than were their S. A. T. scores or their grade point 8 in high school, the two measures most commonly used to predict college performance.
"Students with 9 set themselves higher goals and know how to work to attain them." Dr. Snyder said. "When you compare students of equivalent intelligence and past academic achievements, what sets them apart is hope." In devising a way to assess hope scientifically, Dr. Snyder went beyond the simple notion that hope is merely the sense that everything will 10 all right. "That notion is not concrete enough, and it blurs two key components of hope," Dr. Snyder said. "Having hope means believing you have both the will and the way to accomplish your goals, whatever they may be."