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For the past five years, Dr. Stephen Post has been funding research projects that test how altruism(selflessness), compassion, and giving affect people's lives and well-being. As head of the Institute for Research on Unlimited Love(IRUL), at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, he has sponsored more than 50 studies by scientists from 54 major universities. In a wide range of disciplines—from public health to human development to neuroscience, sociology, and evolutionary biology—the studies have demonstrated that love and caring expressed in doing good for others lead people to have healthier, happier, and even longer lives. IRUL research is part of a significant shift under way within key scientific disciplines from focusing just on the deficit or disease model of human nature to studying the positive, virtuous, and thriving aspects. In the process, the research is broadening the understanding of what contributes to health and longevity. Even some in evolutionary biology, a field long known for proclaiming "the selfish gene," are on board. "A lot of my colleagues view it very positively," says David Sloan Wilson, a prominent evolutionary biologist famous for his work on "group selection." Dr. Wilson has studied how altruistic teenagers fare within differing social environments—situations where they thrive and others where they are under great stress—as well as group altruism. He praises the institute for identifying and supporting "a neglected set of subjects" for research. Research on people diagnosed with various illnesses—whether it be HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, or alcoholism-revealed that those patients involved in counseling or otherwise serving others show greater improvement in their own health. Volunteerism studies have demonstrated such positive results that some people have called for doctors to prescribe volunteer activities. Post emphasizes, however, that it's not just the activity itself, but the feelings behind the acts that benefit those taking part. Numerous studies on the brain have provided images that confirm the "helper's high"—the warm glow that people feel from helping activities. But Post doesn't conclude that it's the selfish pursuit of that high that spurs people to be givers. "It's not just from the chemicals. There is this neurological activity in the human body," he says, "but I think there is a spiritual presence that enlivens and elevates this kind of natural substrate." The institute will then turn very practical, Post says, taking all that has been learned about love and seeing "how it can be applied in interventions to make the world a better place."
单选题11.According to the first two paragraphs, we know that IRUL research