填空题 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.

Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict.
Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.
An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.
In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye - the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove." Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.
According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.
An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.
Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.
"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."
"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA.. The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合), there were also "jarring cultural confrontations."
The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.
Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.

单选题 Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict.
Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.
An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.
In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye - the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove." Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.
According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.
An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.
Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.
"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."
"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA.. The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合), there were also "jarring cultural confrontations."
The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.
Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained. What can we learn from some recent studies?

• A. Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.
• B. Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.
• C. Interracial lodging does more harm than good.
• D. Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.

单选题 What does Sam Boakye's remark mean?

• A. White students tend to look down upon their black peers.
• B. Black students can compete with their white peers academically.
• C. Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.
• D. Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.

单选题 What does the Indiana University study show?

• A. Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.
• B. Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.
• C. Roommates of different races just don't get along.
• D. Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.

单选题 What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?

• A. Students of different races are required to share a room.
• B. Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.
• C. Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.
• D. The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.

单选题 What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?

• A. It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.
• B. Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.
• C. Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.
• D. Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.

单选题 What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?

• A. Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.
• B. Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.
• C. Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.
• D. Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.

单选题 What do we learn about the Forum's report from the passage?

• A. It was challenged by some climate and risk experts.
• B. It aroused a lot of interest in the scientific circles.
• C. It was warmly received by environmentalists.
• D. It caused a big stir in developing countries.

单选题 What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum's report?

• A. Its statistics look embarrassing.
• B. It is invalid in terms of methodology.
• C. It deserves our closest attention.
• D. Its conclusion is purposely exaggerated.

单选题 What is Soren Andreasen's view of the report?

• A. Its conclusions are based on carefully collected data.
• B. It is vulnerable to criticism if the statistics are closely examined.
• C. It will give rise to heated discussions at the Copenhagen conference.
• D. Its rough estimates are meant to draw the attention of world leaders.

单选题 What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference?

• A. How rich and poor regions can share responsibility in curbing global warming.
• B. How human and economic losses from climate change can be reduced.
• C. How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale.
• D. How rich countries can better help poor regions reduce climate hazards.