【正确答案】Proposed by Chomsky, Transformation-Generative grammar sees language as a system of innate rules. In Chomsky's view, a native speaker possesses a kind of linguistic competence.The child is born with knowledge of some linguistic universals. Therefore, language learning is not a matter of habit formation, but an activity of building and testing hypothesis. As for the construct of a sentence, TG grammar describes it as composed of a deep structure, a surface structure and some transformational rules. Although Chomsky does intend to make his model a representation of performance, some applied linguists find that TG grammar offers useful ideas for language teaching. In designing teaching materials, sentence patterns with the same deep structure can be closely related, such as the active and the passive.Transformational rules may assist the teacher in the teaching of complex sentence construction. In the teaching of literature, TG grammar provides a new instrument for stylistic analysis. Nevertheless, despite the various attempts to apply TG grammar to language teaching, the influence of such a formal and abstract grammar remains limited in the field of language education as Chomsky himself openly claimed that language teaching and learning is not his concern. Taking a semantic-sociolinguistic approach, Halliday's systemic-functional linguistics sees language as an instrument used to perform various functions in social interaction. For Halliday, learning language is learning to mean. In order to mean, one has to master a set of language functions which have direct relation to sentence forms. In the field of language teaching, it leads to the development of notion/function-based syllabuses, which have attracted increasing attention.

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查考生对转换生成语言学和系统功能语言学对语言教学与学习的启示，考生也应关注其他语言研究范式对语言教学的启示并加以比较。