单选题
{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}
Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, {{U}}(21) {{/U}}, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidize the exploitation and {{U}}(22) {{/U}} of natural resources. A whole {{U}}(23) {{/U}} of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) {{U}}(24) {{/U}} no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold {{U}}(25) {{/U}}: a cleane r environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to {{U}}(26) {{/U}} the vested interest that subsidies create.
No activity affects more of the earth's surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet's land area, not {{U}}(27) {{/U}} Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in {{U}}(28) {{/U}} from land already in {{U}}(29) {{/U}}, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a {{U}}(30) {{/U}} in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s.
All these activities may have {{U}}(31) {{/U}} environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single {{U}}(32) {{/U}} of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may {{U}}(33) {{/U}} water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods {{U}}(34) {{/U}} exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the {{U}}(35) {{/U}} of old varieties of food plants which {{U}}(36) {{/U}} some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, {{U}}(37) {{/U}} the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate {{U}}(38) {{/U}} to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently {{U}}(39) {{/U}} a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is {{U}}(40) {{/U}} much faster than in America.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试逻辑搭配。however表示转折,通常用逗号与句子隔开;therefore表示结果;but表示转折,通常用在句首:hence表示结果。前面句子说政府管理资源的表现很差,本句话用的是in an even more harmful way,说明前后句子意思转折,所以应该选A。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。conjunction意为“连接,联合”;compensation意为“补偿,赔偿”;consumption意为“消费,消,耗”;constitution意为“构造,构成”。 of natural resources 修饰所填之词,并且应该与exploitation的意思相近,所以应该选C。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试搭配。area意为“范围”,指经验、活动或知识的分开部分;range意为“范围”,指涉及的所有范围,通常构成a range of短语;scope意为“范围”,指一项规定的活动或者主题所涉及的范围;field意为“范围”,指一个题目、课题或学术兴趣或专业的领域。所填之词与a whole…of构成短语,所以应该选B。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试搭配。make sense是固定搭配,意思是“有意义,意思清楚,有道理”。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。profit意为“利润,益处”,指一笔生意中除去所有的运作费用后所得的回报;bonus意为“好处,优点”,指做……附带的优点或者好处; benefit意为“利益,好处”,指促进或增强福利的东西;prize意为“奖品,奖赏”,指在竞争或在比赛中给予的或者力求获得的东西。two-fold修饰所填之词,根据后面的a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy可知,应该选B。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。confront意为“面对,使面临”,指遇到或面对……问题等;confine意为“限制,禁闭”;conform意为“使一致,使符合,指使……在形式或特征上相符;confuse意为“使迷惑,搞乱”,指使……不能清晰地思考或理智地行动。所填之词的宾语是the vested interest。应该选A。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。think意为“认为,思考”;consider意为“考虑,认为”; long意为“渴望,热望”;count意为“计算在内,计算”。前面的句子说It shapes a third of the planet's land area可知,随后提到没有Antarctica,所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。output意为“产量,输出量”,指在某一时间内生产或制造出的工业品;supply意为“商品供应量,供给”,指能够满足需求或在一定价格下的商品供应量;yield意为“产量,收成”,指通过生产过程产出的农产品; outcome意为“结果,成果”,指自然产生的结果。句子的主语是world food output,根据后面的from land可知,应该选C。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。revolution意为“革命,革新”;civilization意为“文明,文化”;reservation意为“保留,留存”;cultivation意为“耕种,耕作”,通常与in、under搭配。所填之词与前面的in搭配,所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。double意为“加倍,使加倍”,指把……增加一倍;reduce意为“减少,降低”;dismiss意为“抛弃,解散”;repeat意为“重复,反复”。根据前面的“increased irrigation,better crop breeding”可知,本句话表示程度提高,所以应该选A。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。destroy意为“毁坏,破坏”,指完全破坏,使之不存在; damage意为“破坏,损坏”,指把价值、用途降低或外表损坏,不一定完全破坏; injure意为“伤害,损害”,指使受伤或造成肉体上的伤害;ruin意为“毁灭,毁坏”,指使在肉体上、道德上、社会上或经济上完全毁坏或粉碎。所填之词的宾语是 environmental impacts,所以应该选B。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。excuse意为“理由,借口”,指为……提供理由或为获得谅解而作的解释;justification意为“正当的理由,认为有理”,指可为……辩护的东西,比如事实或环境;cause意为“动机,根据”,指对某种行为或结果的发生产生作用的人、事情或条件;ground意为“理由,根据”,指促使采取行动的根本条件,通常用复数。根据land clearing for agriculture与deforestation之间的关系可知,应该选C。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。purify意为“净化,使纯净”;clean意为“清扫,使干净”;dirty意为“弄脏,变脏”,指使……不干净;contaminate意为“污染,弄脏”,指通过接触或混合使……不纯净或不洁净。句子的主语是chemical fertilizers and pesticides,所填之词的宾语是water supplies,所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词组。come to意为“复苏,达到”:bring to意为“使复苏,阻碍”; tend to意为“趋向于,往往”;stand to意为“坚持,遵守”。句子的主语是intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods,根据后面的exacerbate soil erosion(使土壤侵蚀的现象恶化)可知,应该选C。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。disappearance意为“消失,不见”;discovery意为“发现,发明”;disposition意为“部署,安排”:disturbance意为“打搅,干扰”。根据the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops(单一栽培技术的扩散以及大量高产作物的引入)与old varieties of food plants之间的关系可知,应该选A。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试语法。must have been provided表示一种肯定推测;might have provided表示一种可能的猜测;must have provided表示一种肯定推测;might have been provided表示一种可能的猜测。根据后面的some insurance against pests or diseases in future可知,本句话表示一种可能性,并且应该用主动语态,所以应该选B。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试语法。when引导时间状语从句;while引导时间、让步状语从句; which引导定语从句:where引导地点状语、定语从句。所填之词引导的从句修饰 The United States,表示地点,所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。probable意为“可能的,大概的”;capable意为“有才能的,能干的”;likely意为“可能的,有希望的”,指具有或显示使某事成为可能的特征的,可以与to搭配使用,也可以接从句;hopeful意为“抱有希望的,有希望的”。所填之词与to搭配,所以应该选C。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试词组。set up意为“设立,架起”;take up意为“开始从事,着手”; build up意为“树立,增进”;make up意为“弥补,拼凑”。所填之词的宾语是a program,所以应该选B。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。vanish意为“消失,突然不见”,指从视线中消失、不复存在:stay意为“保持,保留”,指继续在一个地方;appear意为“出现,出来”,指显露出来;dissolve意为“使溶解,解散”,指使固态物溶解为液体。前面句子提到its farmland was losing topsoil,而本句话的主语是topsoil,并且还是讲土壤流失的问题,所以应该选A。