单选题 I.(LegalHistory) ThepoliticalinstitutionsthatwerefirstestablishedintheQinDynastyhadseveralimportantfeaturesthatlastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.Thefirstisstrongemphasisontherulebylaw(byalargeandrelativelyefficientbureaucracy)butwithlittleconstraintontheemperor.Second,politicaldictatorshipbasedonideologicalmonopoly.Third,localgovernmentsareorganizedinasystemcalledprefecturesandcounties.Thefourthfeatureisthepersonnelsystemforpublicofficesthatreliedfirstonrecommendationandthenonstandardexams. ―Allthingsaredeterminedbytheemperornomattertheyaresmallorbig‖,soconcludedanancientscholaronQin‘spoliticalinstitutions. Legalismschool,whichisveryattractivetodictators,wasemployedbytheQinStateintheirquesttounifythecountry.ThecrueltyofQin‘srulewasrevealedbynotonlythedetailedclassificationofitslawsbutalsohowitcollapsedinlessthan20yearsafterconqueringtheotherstates.Althoughthefollowingdynastiesmoreorlesssoftenedtheirrule,Qin‘sinfluenceremaineddominant.ItisaconsensusthatChina‘spoliticalinstitutionsweresorepressivethatpeoplehadnowaytoparticipateinpublicdecisionmaking.Intellectualshadbecomesimplyreservesforabureaucraticgovernment. Thepoliticaldictatorshipwasbuiltonideologicalmonopoly.TheFirstEmperorwasnotoriousforordering―burningbooksandburyingscholars‖.ShortlyafterQinunifiedChina,WuEmperorinHanDynastystartedtopromotethemonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking.ThismovementhadsuccessfullyestablishedthemonolithicstatusofChineseintellectualsinthefollowingtwothousandyears.Thiskindofideologicalmonopolywasnotdesignedforanypublicparticipationindecisionmaking.Instead,itwasforeliteswhodevotedthemselvestotheroyalfamily. Thelocalgovernmentsystemofcountiesandprefectures,thebasicpatternofwhichisstillvisibleinmodernChina,wasalsoestablishedintheQinDynasty.Thissystemdiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethatalllocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor.ForabigempirelikeChina,howtogovernthecountryefficientlyandeffectivelybecameabigproblem. Ontheonehand,localgovernancewascriticaltosustainingthecontroloverthecountry. Ontheotherhand,whosatinpublicofficesbecamecrucialtothesuccessorfailureofeachdynastyortohowpublicinterestsarerepresented. FengDeng:―EndogenousEvolutionofPatriarchalClanSysteminAncientChina‖
单选题 Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphsmeansthat_______lastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.
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单选题 WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?
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单选题 Thereflectionofideologicalmonopolywas
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单选题 ThegovernmentsystemofQinDynastydiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethat
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