Firth's ‘meaning is use’
Firth held that meaning is use, thus defining meaning as the relationship between an element at any level and its context on that level. According to his theorizing, the meaning of any sentence consists of five parts: the relationship of each phoneme to its phonological context; the relationship of each lexical item to the others in the sentence; the morphological relations of each word; the sentence type of which the given sentence is an example; and the relationship of the sentence to its context of situation. Accordingly, there are five levels of analysis: phonological; lexical and semantic; morphological; syntactic; and context of situation. By analyzing the positions of sounds in relation to other sounds on the first level, one can find out the phonological functions. Analyses on the lexical and semantic level aim not only to explain the referential meaning but also the collocative meaning. On the morphological level, inflections are studied, and on the syntactic level, the syntagmatic relationship of grammatical categories, or colligation, is studied. Such a relationship is realized by combining elements of language, for example, we study linguistics. On the level of the context of situation, non-linguistic elements such as objects, behavior and events, together with the effects of linguistic behavior are studied. Firth said that this kind of study makes no distinction between words and ideas. And by doing this, we can explain why certain utterances are used in certain contexts of situation, and we can therefore equate use and meaning.