Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of 1 a disguised hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth, ff his aim is inaccurate and 2 he scores a goal, enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey. 3 To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million 4 year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success 5 in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their 6 bodies, became radically changed They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group 7 attackers. Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long 8 formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, 9 controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer 10 essential for survival.