单选题 America acted quickly and decisively to the Great Recession, while Europeans seem paralyzed by the distant past. The swift and decisive U.S. response to the financial crisis and deep recession should be a model for other large developed economies. Yet Europe, which is now facing sovereign debt and banking problems and a slowdown in growth, seems reluctant to follow America's lead.
The United States emerged from its 2008 economic cataclysm with relative speed because policymakers learned from history. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke had famously internalized the charge that the central bank had contributed to the Great Depression. The frenzied response of the Bernanke Fed—guaranteeing all sorts of assets and markets, purchasing mortgage-backed securities, adopting a zero-interest rate policy, and expanding its balance shed to $ 2.3 trillion can be seen as signs of overcompensation. And from Japan's experience in the 1990s, the Fed learned the need for speed.
While some critics have charged the U.S. fiscal stimulus was too small, the data suggest that the stimulus package has been a significant contributor to job retention and growth. Increased federal spending was needed in part to combat the declines in government spending by states. In the United States, the federal government helped prop up the states with injections of cash. In Europe, which lacks a powerful overarching federal government with the ability to tax and spend, fiscal policy is all bitter medicine and no spoonfuls of sugar. From the United Kingdom to the Czech Republic, and all points in between, governments are cutting spending and raising taxes. But these contractionary policies will retard economic growth, which will in turn lead to more problems for the banks.
The European Central Bank and European governments are embracing fiscal austerity and comparative monetary tightness in these extraordinary times because they remain paralyzed by a terrible fear of inflation. The Federal Reserve has the dual mandate of controlling inflation and promoting employment. The ECB, by contrast, is concerned primarily with inflation. Never mind that the OECD data on inflation shows it is under control. The Europeans remain freaked out by the prospect of inflation at some point in the future. In its outlook, the OECD writes. "On inflation, the issue is not whether it is a risk today—it is not but whether it will be a risk in two years' time. "
In the United States, the desire to avoid mistakes made in the distant and recent past has led to perhaps excessively vigorous fiscal and monetary policies. For Europeans, the desire to avoid mistakes made in the distant past has led to an excess of caution. When they look to history for guidance, European policymakers aren't looking at Washington in 2009, or Japan in the 1990s, or the United States in the 1930s. Rather, they look to Europe in the 1920s, a period when hyperinflation ravaged economies, disrupted the social order, destroyed social democracies, and led to the rise of Nazism.

单选题 Ben Bernanke's response to the crisis
A. shows how well policymakers learn from history.
B. has met with fierce assaults from policymakers.
C. has been considered to be overreacting and ineffective.
D. has plunged American economy into deeper recession.

单选题 From the second paragraph we can infer
A. the American economy began to recover from 2008.
B. Japan responded to its financial crisis fairly quickly.
C. the American government paid out all the mortgage.
D. America expanded its investment to more than 2 trillion.

单选题 Which of the following is NOT a faulty policy in Europe?
A. Reduced government spending.
B. Lack of a coordinated stimulus package.
C. Mutual contradiction between policies.
D. An ineffective monetary policy.

单选题 Europe's concern over inflation
A. has annoyed its American partner.
B. is supported by OECD statistics.
C. makes it execute vigorous polices.
D. bears no substance at all.

单选题 The main idea of the text is
A. history explains Europe's timid response.
B. Europe should reflect on historical lessons.
C. Americans should teach Europeans a lesson.
D. policymakers should not repeat historical mistakes.