单选题 Until about four decades ago, crop yields in agricultural systems depended on (1) resources, recycling organic matter, built-in biological control mechanisms and rainfall patterns. Agricultural yields were (2) but stable. Production was (3) by growing more than one crop or variety in space and time in a field as insurance against pest (4) or severe weather. Inputs of nitrogen were (5) by rotating major field crops with legumes. In turn, rotations suppressed insects, weeds and diseases by effectively (6) the life cycles of these pests. A typical corn belt farmer grew corn (7) with several crops including soybeans, and small grain production was intrinsic to maintain livestock. Most of the labor was done by the family with occasional hired help and no (8) equipment or services were purchased from off4arm sources. In these type of farming systems the link between agriculture and ecology was quite (9) and signs of environment degradation were seldom evident.
But as agriculture modernization (10) the ecology-farming linkage was often broken as ecological principles were (11) . In fact, several agricultural scientists have arrived at a (12) consensus that modem agriculture confronts an environment crisis. A growing number of people have become concerned about the long-term (13) of existing food production systems. Evidence has shown that (14) the present capital-and-technology-intensive fanning systems have been extremely productive and competitive, they also bring a (15) of economic, environmental and social problems.
Evidence also shows that the very nature of the agricultural structure and prevailing polices have led to this environmental (16) by favoring large farm size, specialized production, crop monocultures and mechanization. Today as more and more farmers are integrated (17) international economies, imperatives to (18) disappear and monocultures are rewarded by economies of scale. In turn, lack of rotations and diversification (19) key self-regulating mechanisms, turning monocultures into highly (20) agro-ecosystems dependent on high chemical inputs.

单选题 A. external B. internal C. exported D. imported
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。文章开头就讲以前农业的状况,从后面并列的“循环有机物质,内部生物控制机制和降雨机制”,可以推测农业依赖的是内部资源,选internal,同时注意与本段倒数第二句谈到的 no... euqipment or service were purchased from off-farm sources相呼应。排除external“外部的”、imported“进口的”、exported“出口的”。
单选题 A. small B. equivalent C. modest D. maximum
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。But提示所填词与stable形成转折关系,同时修饰agricultural yields“农业产量”,与stable形成反义复现关系的只有[A]、[C]两项,但small是“小的”,不能修饰yield,产量低可以说low yield,所以只能选择modest“有限的,不大的”。equivalent“相当的,相等的”,句中显然不具有比较之意;maximum“最高的,最大极限的”与语义相反。
单选题 A. safeguarded B. ensured C. hindered D. disturbed
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。后面已经有提示as insurance,既然是作为保险,前面肯定要填一个同义的动词作谓语,意思是产量受到保护,[A] safeguard是“保护…免受伤害”,符合文章的意思;[B] ensure一般指确保某事发生;[C] hinder是“阻碍”,[D] disturb是“打扰”,都不符合文章意思。
单选题 A. breakthrough B. outburst C. sprawl D. outbreak
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接和近义词辨析。由并列连词or知所填选项意思和severe weather“恶劣天气”并列,推断这里说的是防止虫害的爆发,outbreak是“爆发,发作”。breakthrough是“突破”;outburst是“(多指火山,感情的)爆发,喷出”;sprawl是“蔓延”。
单选题 A. gained B. produced C. offered D. provided
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。因为前面已经有input,即“输入”,选择[C] offer“提供”和[D] provide“提供,供应”意思上重复;而[B] produce“产生,引起”讲不通;所以只有[A] gain“得到”正确。这句话意思是通过轮种豆类作物来实现氮的输入。
单选题 A. recycling B. improving C. breaking D. repeating
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。所填词要表达轮作制抑制病、草和虫害的方式,即“通过……害虫的生存周期”,因此只有[C] break“打破”正确;排除[A] recycle“使循环”,[B] improve“改进”和[D] repeat“重复”。
单选题 A. integrated B. rotated C. combined D. cooperated
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。前面两句都讲了轮作制的相关内容,这一句话接着上面的内容举了一个例子,可以推断种植玉米的农民轮作其他的作物,选rotate“轮作”;而integrate是“使一体化”,combine是“联合,结合”,cooperate是“合作,写作”,都不符合语境。
单选题 A. specific B. special C. specialized D. especial
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接和形近词辨析。在这个句子中,and前面说大部分劳动由家庭完成,偶尔使用雇佣劳动,从后面对照的off-farm sources可以推断是没有从外部购买专业化的机器和服务,因此选[C], specialized“专业化的”。[A] specific是“特定的”,[B] special“特殊的,特别的”,[D] especial是“特别的”。
单选题 A. weak B. compact C. remote D. strong
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。从这一段的描述中可以看出以前农业和生态的联系密切,因此环境恶化的迹象不明显,联系紧密可以说close link或者strong link,所以选[D]。[A] weak“弱的,不强壮的”,与文意相反;[B] compact“紧密的”,但不能修饰link;[C] remote“遥远的”。
单选题 A. progressed B. processed C. provoked D. prolonged
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。生态和农业关系被打破是随着农业现代化的发展而来的,所以正确的只能是[A] progress“进步,进行”。process是“处理,加工”,provoke是“惹起,激怒”,prolong“延长,拖延”,都不符合文义。
单选题 A. followed B. applied C. ignored D. overestimated
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。所填词说明生态农业链被打破(broken)的原因,推断应该是生态原则“被忽视”,故选[C]。不可能是生态原则的“被采纳,跟随”(即[A] followed)、“被采用”(即[B] applied)或者“评价过高”(即[D] overestimated)。
单选题 A. general B. common C. unique D. usual
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】考查惯用搭配和近义词辨析。consensus是“一致意见”,而general consensus是一个惯用搭配,意思是“共识”。common是“普通的”,unique是“独一无二的”,usual是“平常的,通常的”。
单选题 A. conservation B. endurance C. progress D. sustainability
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接和近义词辨析。后面的existing对该选项有一定的提示作用,从意思上讲,这一句话只能表达现有粮食生产系统的长期持续性,因此选[D] sustainability“持续性”。conservation“保存,保持”,endurance是“忍耐,耐久”,progress“进步”。
单选题 A. as B. whereas C. despite D. because
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】考查上下文逻辑衔接。该句前半句说现在农业系统productive and competitive,后面转而说带来 problems,因此只能是让步关系,锁定[B]与[C],但despite一般不引导句子,因此只有[B] whereas“尽管”正确。[A]as和[D] because都表示原因。
单选题 A. variety B. number C. quantity D. mixture
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】考查惯用搭配。a variety of是“一系列、多种的”,强调多样性,符合后面的economic, environmental and social problems等多样化的问题。a number of与a quantity of只是强调数量;a mixture of是指混合。
单选题 A. situation B. protection C. crisis D. issue
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。上一段最后一句就指出目前的资本与技术密集型企业带来很多问题,本句Evidence also shows...承接上一句,应该继续讲问题所在,所以说农业大规模经营,专业化生产以及作物单一栽培和机械化,带来的是环境危机,即crisis,而不可能是protection“环境保护”或者situation“环境情形”;issue是“问题”,一般指社会问题或者政治问题。
单选题 A. with B. to C. at D. into
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接和固定搭配。integrate with是“使二者融合”的意思,integrate into是固定短语“使融入”的意思,这里是说越来越多的农民融入到国际经济中,因此选into;但是integrate不与to和at连用。
单选题 A. diversion B. diversity C. disease D. specialization
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接和近义词辨析。该选项所在的句子包括三个并列的小句,讲了现代化农业的经营,意思上也是顺承的关系,从前面的句子和后面的句子可以推断该选项的意思。另外,下面,句中diversification也是对该选项的一个重要提示,不过名词词形变化了。diversity是“多样性”,符合文意;而diversion意思是“转移,转换”,disease是“疾病”,specialization是“特殊化,专门化”。
单选题 A. take away B. take in C. take off D. take up
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接和固定搭配。这一句话的意思是说缺乏轮作制和多样性破坏了主要的自我调节机制,从意思上看,合适的只有take away“带走”。take in是“接受”,take off是“脱掉”,take up是“从事”。
单选题 A. efficient B. proficient C. intensive D. vulnerable
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】考查上下文语义衔接。依赖注入化学物质的农业生态系统只能是vulnerable“脆弱的”,不能说是efficient“高效的”,proficient“精通的”或者intensive“强烈的”。