【正确答案】正确答案：Distinctive features refer to the phonologically relevant properties that can distinguish one phone from another. The idea was first developed by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.(3 points) Some of the major distinctions include[consonantal],[sonorant],[nasal], and[voiced]. For example, the feature[consonantal]can distinguish between consonants and vowels, so all consonants are[+ consonantal]and all vowels[-consonantal]. These are known as binary features because we can group them into two categories; one with this feature and the other without. Binary features have two values or specifications denoted by " + " and " - " , so voiced obstruents are marked[+ voiced]and voiceless obstruents are marked[-voiced].(5 points) A word needs to be said about the feature for places of articulation[PLACE]. The place features are divided up into four values:[PLACE: Labial].[PLACE: Coronal],[PLACE: Dorsal], and[PLACE: Guttural], which are often in shorthand forms as[Labial]p,[Coronal]p,[Dorsal]p, and[Guttural]p.(4 points) In contemporary phonology, some twenty such features are used to group speech sounds from different angles, including consonantal, approximant, sonorant, continuant, strident, nasal, lateral, voiced, etc.(3 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查音系学中的区别特征。区别特征首先由雅克布逊在20世纪40年代提出，目的是找出一套音系的对照或对比特征，以概括语音的某些方面。比较重要的区别特征有：辅音、响音、鼻音、带声等。这些特征都是二分特征，可以区分出两种情况：有该特征的和没有该特征的。分别记为+和一。 发音部位的特征不是二分特征，它们分别为四个值：[部位：唇]，[部位：舌冠]，[部位：舌背]，[部位：舌根]。在当代音系学中，共有二十个左右的特征用于把语音从不同角度分类。