【正确答案】正确答案：Mark Johnson(1987)proposes IMAGE SCHEMAS. He defines an image schema as a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.(2 points)Image schematic structures have two characteristics; They are pre-conceptual schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience and they are constantly operating in our perceptual interaction, bodily movement through space, and physical manipulation of objects.(2 points)Image schemas exist at a level of abstraction, operate at a level of mental organization between prepositional structures and concrete images, and " serve repeatedly as identifying patterns in an indefinitely large number of experiences, perceptions, and image formation for objects or events that are similarly structured in the relevant ways".(2 points)

【答案解析】解析：从认知的角度考查意象图式理论。意象图式是认知语言学探讨的一个主要内容。意象图式来自人们的体验经验，赋予人类认知世界的能力，人们通过意象图式转换和映射进行预测和推理。近些年来越来越多的学者对于意象图式的概念标准提出了质疑，争议主要围绕着意象图式的抽象层级，视觉信息的作用，意象图式的概念前(pre—conceptual)和无意识本质，以及它们作为跨语言认知元素(cross—linguistic cognitive primitives)的普遍性等。