单选题 The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept "sense of trust" is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child's satisfying experiences at this early age.
Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.
Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that "Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc." Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.
Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected. It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react do badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered.
In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment's notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.
We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers' encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children's needs and by their overall attitude.

单选题 The sense of trust in an infant is under development when ______.
A. the infant experiences some satisfaction
B. adults' trust is adequate
C. the infant learns how to move
D. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize

单选题 The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children ______.
A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on children
B. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancy
C. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their children
D. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality

单选题 Babies might mistrust the world if ______.
A. they did not receive food when they were hungry
B. they mastered their body movements too quickly
C. someone came too close to them
D. they saw an object disappear

单选题 The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs ______.
A. before maternal affection is provided
B. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environment
C. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordination
D. as a result of maternal separation

单选题 A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that ______.
A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climax
B. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environment
C. the child's sense of trust is destroyed
D. no sense of trust has ever developed

单选题 According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is ______
A. the type of techniques used by the mother
B. the sensitivity of the child
C. maternal love
D. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes

单选题 How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?
A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.
B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.
C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.
D. By offering smiles and comforts.