【正确答案】正确答案：Speech act theory originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950"s. It is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. According to this theory, we are performing various kinds of acts when we are speaking. A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.(1 point) Locutionary act is the act of saying something; it"s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology, namely, the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker"s intension; it is the act performed in saying something.(2 points) If a person says "The gun is loaded. " , surely the sentence will express his intension, that is, in one context, if they are in a adversarial relationship, maybe he wants to threaten the listener, telling him that he will take action; or maybe in another context, if they are going to take up arms to do something together, he wants to tell the listener that he is ready. In a word, the illocutionary acts may differ in different contexts.(2 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论。首先，言语行为指说话者在说话的同时实施的行为，奥斯汀认为说话者在说话时同时实施了三种行为：发话行为，行事行为和取效行为；发话行为是“说话”这一行为本身，它大体与传统意义上的“意指”相同，即指发出语音、音节，说出单词、短语和句子等；行事行为指在发话行为的同时，表明说话的目的和希望所说的话被人理解。其次，如果某人说“枪已上膛”，那么这句话的言外之意要么是对对方进行威胁，要么就是表明已经为某事做好了准备，可以投入战斗了。取效行为是指说话带来的结果或对听话人产生的影响。