单选题
Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, in particular, how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an (1) burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution, but (2) retirement could help. Early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal, but it is a socially (3) one, and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The (4) reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the (5) of those in work for their income. The (6) is worrying. In the next 50 years, low fertility rates and (7) life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double (8) size. Public pension payments, which afford 30% ~ 80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are (9) to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries. (10) is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today's workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they (11) for. Action is needed, (12) simply aiming to reduce the (13) (and cost) of public pensions, or trying to (14) the role of privately funded pensions within the system, though necessary steps, may be (15) to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of (16) early retirement schemes to avoid (17) and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking (18) persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less (19) and unemployment is down, then perhaps the (20) rate should rise anew.
单选题
A. unsolvable B. additional C. unsustainable D. undue
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 形容词辨析。空格处的形容词修饰burden,说明“提早退休给退休金的融资带来了负担”。由下文第二段首句对提早退休的叙述Early retirement...makes the present public Pension system difficult to sustain for long(提早退休使当前的公共养老金系统难以持久),可知文中强调的是其不可持续性,C项unsustainable“不能持续的,无法维持的”最符合文意。B项additional“附加的,额外的”、D项 undue“不适当的,过度的”无法从文中推知。本文意在讨论前几年提倡的提前退休给养老金系统带来的挑战,并试图找出解决方案,所以A项unsolvable“不能解决的”与文意矛盾。
单选题
A. delaying B. retaining C. detaining D. hindering
单选题
A. donating B. sponsoring C. subsidizing D. funding
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解析] 动词辨析。填入的动名词作depend on的介词宾语,说明“退休人员依赖在职者的……以保障他们的收入”。关键是辨析四个核心动词的词义。四个选项都有“提供资金”的含义,donate意为“捐赠,捐献”,一般要接表具体物体、金钱的名词,所赠的对象一般是慈善事业或机构;sponsor意为“赞助(活动,节目等)”,而且目的常常是为了做宣传;subsidize意为“补助,资助(某人或组织支付某种费用)”;fund指supply with money“为……提供资金,资助”。文中说的是在职者“资助”而非“捐赠、赞助或补贴”退休工人的收入。D项符合文意,为正确答案。
单选题
A. outlook B. outcome C. outbreak D. outset
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 名词辨析。空格处填入的名词作句子的主语,被表语worrying修饰。由下文In the next 50 years...可知接下来是对将来可能发生情况的预测,A项outlook填入空格意为“前景令人担忧”,符合文意,为正确答案。B项outcome“结果”,C项outbreak“(战争的)爆发,(疾病的)发作”,D项outset“开端,开始”都不正确。
单选题
A. prolonging B. expanding C. soaring D. rising
单选题
A. multitude B. implementation C. application D. generosity
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解析] 通过上下文选择名词。空格处填入的名词作of public pensions的中心语以及reduce的动词宾语。根据上文,第二段末句提到“养老基金的压力太大了”,第三段首句则提出“需要采取行动”。由此推出后面的内容应该围绕如何减小压力展开论述。因此空格处的内容“减少公共养老金的……”是减小压力的一种方法。A项multitude与reduce搭配,意为“减小……的数量”,代入原文,“减小公共养老金的数量”显然不是减压的方法。B项implementation“实施,执行”通常不直接作reduce的宾语。C项application的搭配应是application for public pensions(申请公共养老金)。只有D项generosity“慷慨,宽大”符合文意,意为“现在的养老金支出过于慷慨,需要减少”。
单选题
A. exaggerate B. augment C. magnify D. multiply
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解析] 动词辨析。空格处填入的动词与the role of...搭配。备选四项都有“使变大”的意思,但D项multiply“(使加倍)增大”不与the role搭配,A项exaggerate“夸大,夸张”和C项 magnify“放大,扩大”都表示“实际大小没变而夸大或使看起来大”。B项augment表示“扩大;增加(某事的价值,数量,效果等)”,符合文意,原文意为“增强私人养老金在系统中的作用”。
单选题
A. insufficient B. influential C. inefficient D. intrinsic
单选题
A. advancing B. previous C. ahead D. preceding
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 形容词词义辨析。本题要求填入一个形容词修饰early retirement或early retirement schemes。从语义看,A项advancing“提前的,超前的”修饰early retirement意为“提前退休”,即比正常的退休年龄要早;B项previous“在前的,早先的”修饰schemes,意为“之前的早退休计划”,与前面的after语义重复;C项ahead“在前,提前”要放在所修饰的名词之后,如He kept his gaze fixed on the car ahead(他眼睛一直盯着前面的车);D项preceding“在前的,前述的”指在所提到的之前,或前文,也不符合文意。因此,A项为正确答案。
单选题
A. suspensions B. abundances C. redundancies D. discrepancies