单选题
It"s been called the Gig Economy, Freelance Nation, the Rise of the Creative Class, and the e-economy, with the "e" standing for electronic, entrepreneurial. Everywhere we look, we can see the U.S. workforce undergoing a massive change. No longer do we work at the same company for 25 years, waiting for the gold watch, expecting the benefits and security that come with full-time employment. We"re no longer simply lawyers, or photographers, or writers. Instead, we"re part-time lawyers-cum-amateur photographers who write on the side.
Today, careers consist of piecing together various types of work, juggling multiple clients, learning to be marketing and accounting experts, and creating offices in bedrooms/coffee shops. Independent workers abound. We call them freelancers, contractors, sole proprietors, consultants, temps, and the self-employed.
This transition is nothing less than a revolution. We haven"t seen a shift in the workforce so significant in almost 100 years since we transitioned from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Now, employees are leaving the traditional workplace and opting to piece together a professional life on their own. As of 2005, one-third of our workforce participated in this "freelance economy". Statistics show that number has only increased over the past six years. While the economy has unwillingly pushed some people into independent work, many have chosen it because of greater flexibility that lets them skip the dreary office environment and focus on more personally fulfilling projects.
These trends will have an enormous impact on our economy and our society:
We don"t actually know the true composition of the new workforce. After 2005, the government stopped counting independent workers in a meaningful and accurate way. Studies have shown that the independent workforce has grown and changed significantly since then.
Jobs no longer provide the protections and security that workers used to expect. The basics such as health insurance, protection from unpaid wages, a retirement plan, and unemployment insurance are out of reach for one-third of working Americans. Independent workers are forced to seek them elsewhere, and if they can"t find or afford them, then they go without. Therefore, it"s time to build a new support system that allows for the flexible and mobile way that people are working.
This new, changing workforce needs to build economic security in profoundly new ways. For the new workforce, the New Deal is irrelevant. When it was passed in the 1930s, the New Deal provided workers with important protections and benefits but those securities were built for a traditional employer-employee relationship. The New Deal has not evolved to include independent workers.
单选题
It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that ______.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解析] 题干已经明确指示本题是对第一段的考查。
推理判断题。由第一段第三句No longer do we work at the same company for 25 years, waiting for the gold watch, expecting the benefits and security that come with full-time employment可以推知,美国人过去常在同一家公司工作很长时间,目的是为了得到由全职工作所带来的福利和保障。选项B符合文意,故为正确答案。
选项A“美国的劳动力变化甚微”与本段第二句中the U.S. workforce undergoing a massive change(美国的劳动力正在经历巨大的变化)意思相悖,应排除;本段第三句虽然提到在同一家公司工作多年的美国人指望全职工作能带来福利和保障,但并未限定只有从事全职工作才能享受福利和保障,所以选项C属于过度推断,可排除;从本段内容看,对于电子经济和传统经济,作者并未提到美国人更喜欢哪一个,故选项D也可排除。
单选题
By saying "Independent workers abound" (Lines 2-3, Para. 2), the author probably means ______.
单选题
Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 3?
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 题干已经明确指示本题是对第三段的考查。
细节理解题。第三段最后一句是说“...many have chosen it because of greater flexibility that lets them skip the dreary office environment and focus on more personally fulfilling projects (……但许多人选择这样的工作是因为其灵活性更大,能让他们摆脱乏味的办公室环境,专注于更能实现自我价值的事业)”。选项C与此意相符,故为正确答案。
第三段第二句指出“We haven"t seen a shift in the workforce so significant in almost 100 years since we transitioned from an agricultural to an industrial economy(自我们从农业经济转变为工业经济,近100年来,我们从未看到劳动力发生过如此大的变化)”,而选项A“100年前美国的劳动力发生了重大变化”这一表述显然与原文有出入,可排除;美国从农业经济向工业经济的转变发生在约100年前,并非这个转变所用的时间长达100年,故选项B“美国人用了100年从农业经济转变为工业经济”也不符合原文内容;选项D是说“如今约1/3的美国劳动力离开农场到大城市工作”,原文并未提到劳动力从农村向城市的转移问题,所以选项D也可排除。
单选题
From Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6, we can draw the conclusion that ______.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解析] 题干已经明确指示本题是对第五、第六段的考查。
细节理解题。在第六段最后一句中作者呼吁“it"s time to build a new support system that allows for the flexible and mobile way that people are working(现在应该考虑根据人们灵活的工作方式,建立一个新的保障体系)”。具有灵活工作方式的人以独立劳动者居多,政府未给他们提供所需的福利和保障,所以选项D“需要为独立劳动者建立一种新的保障体系”与文意相符,为正确答案。
第六段第二句提到“The basics such as health insurance, protection from unpaid wages, a retirement plan, and unemployment insurance are out of reach for one-third of working Americans(美国三分之一的劳动者将无法拿到诸如医疗保险、欠薪保护、退休金计划及失业保险这样的基本保障)”,而选项A说“美国只有1/3的劳动人口能享受由工作提供的保护和保障”,这与原文不符,可排除;第六段第三句提到“Independent workers are forced to seek them elsewhere, and if they can"t find or afford them, then they go without(独立劳动者必须想别的办法去解决这些问题,如果解决不了,那他们就会失去这些保护和保障)”,选项B“美国的独立劳动者从政府那里获得失业保险及医疗保险”与该句内容相悖,也可排除;第五段第二、第三句提到“After 2005, the government stopped counting independent workers in a meaningful and accurate way. Studies have shown that the independent workforce has grown and changed significantly since then(2005年以后,政府不再通过有意义而准确的方式来统计独立劳动者的数量了。研究表明,从那以后独立劳动人口就有了显著的增加和变化)”,选项C“美国政府已经得到新劳动者数量的准确统计”与原文内容不符,故也可排除。
单选题
From the last paragraph, we can learn that ______.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 题干已经明确指示本题是对文章最后一段的考查。
细节理解题。第七段第三句提到“When it was passed in the 1930s, the New Deal provided workers with important protections and benefits but those securities were built for a traditional employer-employee relationship (20世纪30年代新政获得通过时,向劳动者提供了重要的保护和福利,但这些保障是为传统的雇主—雇员关系量身打造的)”,可知选项A“20世纪早期美国新政为传统劳动者提供了重要的保护及福利”与文意相符,因此为正确答案。
第七段第二句提到“For the new workforce, the New Deal is irrelevant(对于新劳动力而言,新政毫无意义)”,最后一句则提到“The New Deal has not evolved to include independent workers(新政并未发展到把独立劳动者也涵盖其中的程度)”,而选项B意为“新政考虑到了独立劳动者的利益”,这显然也与原文内容不符;根据第七段第三句可知,新政是专为传统劳动者制定的,它并未考虑独立劳动者的利益,选项C“制定新政既是为了传统劳动者也是为了独立劳动者”,与原文内容不符,也可排除;上文提到了100年前美国从农业经济向工业经济的过渡,且第七段又提到了20世纪30年代实施了美国新政,从时间上推算,美国从农业经济向工业经济的过渡显然发生在新政出台之前,所以选项D“通过新政目的是为了实现从农业经济向工业经济的过渡”显然与实际情况不符,只是将文中的两处细节强拉到一起。