阅读理解 How can one person enjoy good health, while another person looks old before her time? Humans have been asking this question for thousands of years, and recently, it’s becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the differences between people’s rates of aging lie in the complex interactions among genes, social relationships, environments and lifestyles. Even though you were born with a particular set of genes, the way you live can influence how they express themselves. Some lifestyle factors may even turn genes on or shut them off. Deep within the genetic heart of all our cells are telomeres, or repeating segments of noncoding DNA that live at the ends of the chromosomes (染色体). They form caps at the ends of the chromosomes and keep the genetic material together. Shortening with each cell division, they help determine how fast a cell ages. When they become too short, the cell stops dividing altogether. This isn’t the only reason a cell can age—there are other stresses on cells we don’t yet understand very well—but short telomeres are one of the major reasons human cells grow old. We’ve devoted most of our careers to studying telomeres, and one extraordinary discovery from our labs is that telomeres can actually lengthen. Scientists have learned that several thought patterns appear to be unhealthy for telomeres, and one of them is cynical hostility. Cynical hostility is defined by high anger and frequent thoughts that other people cannot be trusted. Someone with hostility doesn’t just think, "I hate to stand in long lines"; they think, "Others deliberately sped up and beat me to my rightful position in the line!"—and then get violently agitated. People who score high on measures of cynical hostility tend to get more heart disease, metabolic disease and often die at younger ages. They also have shorter telomeres. In a study of British civil servants, men who scored high on measures of cynical hostility had shorter telomeres than men whose hostility scores were low. The most hostile men were 30% more likely to have short telomeres. What this means: aging is a dynamic process that could possibly be accelerated or slowed—and, in some aspects, even reversed. To an extent, it has surprised us and the rest of the scientific community that telomeres do not simply carry out the commands issued by your genetic code. Your telomeres are listening to you. The foods you eat, your response to challenges, the amount of exercise you get, and many other factors appear to influence your telomeres and can prevent premature aging at the cellular level. One of the keys to enjoying good health is simply doing your part to foster healthy cell renewal.
单选题 What have scientists come to know better today?
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】根据题干中的scientists和know better today定位到第1段第2句。题目询问当今科学家对什么有了更深入的了解。第1段第2句中的clearer and clearer to scientists对应题干中的scientists come to know better。该句提到,最近,科学家越来越清楚地认识到人们衰老速度的差异(the differences between people’s rates of aging)受到一系列因素相互作用的影响。由此可见,当今科学家对造成人们衰老速度差异的原因有了更深入的了解。A项“为什么人们衰老的速度不同”符合题意。第1段第2句提到人们衰老速度的差异在于基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式之间复杂的相互作用,这句话没有特别说明基因对衰老过程的影响,故排除B项。第1段第3句提到生活方式会影响基因的表达,并没有说具体如何表达,故排除C项“不同基因在衰老过程中如何表现”。D项“为什么人们一直关注衰老”不是当今科学家研究的方向。
单选题 Why are some lifestyle factors considered extremely important?
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据题干中的lifestyle factors定位到第1段最后一句。题目询问有些生活方式被认为极其重要的原因。第1段最后一句指出,一些关于生活方式的因素甚至可能开启或关闭基因(turn genes on or shut them off)。也就是说,一些生活方式可能决定基因的功能,故选B项。A项“它们可以缩短细胞分裂的过程”只是利用第2段第3句的原词Shortening和cell division编造的干扰项,原文讲的是端粒随细胞分裂而缩短,与A项的表述无关。文章未提及lifestyle与the lifespan of telomeres之间的关系,排除C项“它们可能会影响端粒的寿命”。D项“它们可能导致细胞受到压力”则是利用第2段第5句破折号之间的stresses on cells胡乱拼凑的干扰项,与lifestyle无关。
单选题 What have the author and his colleagues discovered about telomeres?
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】根据题干中的discovered about telomeres定位到第2段最后一句。题目询问关于端粒的发现。第2段第3句提到端粒随着每次细胞分裂而缩短(Shortening with each cell division);但在最后一句中,作者提到他们的一个非凡发现,即端粒实际上可以延长(telomeres can actually lengthen)。换句话说,端粒的缩短过程可以逆转,故选C项。文章没有提到端粒的数量与细胞生长之间的关系,排除A项。B项“端粒的长度决定了生活质量”中的the quality of life也没有原文支持。D项“端粒的健康影响细胞的分裂”中的Their health在原文也没有相关信息。
单选题 What have scientists learned about cynical hostility?
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据题干中的scientists和cynical hostility定位到第3段第1句。题目询问科学家了解到关于愤世嫉俗的敌意的什么信息。第3段第1句指出,有几种思维模式似乎对端粒而言是不健康的,其中之一就是愤世嫉俗的敌意。第3段之后的内容也提到,敌意更高的人,端粒更短。由此可见,愤世嫉俗的敌意可能对端粒产生不利影响,故选B项。A项“它可能会产生对抗性的思维模式”、C项“它可能会导致人们经常发脾气”、D项“它可能会在排长队的人群中引起骚动”都是利用该段对“愤世嫉俗的敌意”这一概念的解释内容所设置的干扰,但都不属于科学家从研究中了解到的信息,故排除。
单选题 What do we learn from the last paragraph about the process of aging?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】根据题干要求定位到最后一段。题目询问从最后一段的描述中能了解到衰老过程的什么信息。该段首先指出衰老是一个动态过程;接着倒数第2句又提到,许多因素都会影响端粒,并可以在细胞层面上防止过早衰老。结合选项来看,D项“在一定程度上可以控制”最符合题意。该段没有提到个体之间的差异,从文意来看,人们衰老的过程是一样的。只是速度有快有慢,故排除A项“它可能因人而异”。该段也未提及科学家的下一步探究,排除B项。该段第2句提到影响衰老的端粒并不只是简单执行遗传密码的指令,故排除C项“这取决于一个人的遗传密码”。
单选题 What do we learn from the passage about an enzyme scientists have created?
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据题干中的an enzyme scientists have created及出题顺序定位至第1段。题目询问关于科学家创造的一种酶的情况。第1段提到,科学家无意中创造的酶首次实现了塑料瓶的零废弃全回收(enabling for the first time the full recycling of bottles),B项“使得塑料瓶全回收成为现实”符合文意,full recycling of plastic bottles复现了原文关键词。第1段说科学家无意中(by accident)创造这种酶,第2段进一步指出这一研究的契机是在日本的垃圾场发现有种细菌经自然进化获得(naturally evolved)吞食塑料的能力,可见A项“它是在一次实验事故中发现的”、C项“通过坚持不懈努力取得的突破”与原文表述不符,可排除。D项“可能会在塑料行业中引发一场彻底的改革”属于无中生有,a radical reform不同于文中的breakthrough。
单选题 What does the passage say about the bug that produces the important enzyme?
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】根据题干中的the bug that produces the important enzyme定位至第2~3段。题目询问关于产生这种重要酶的细菌的信息。由第2~3段可知,这种细菌“吃”塑料的能力是自然进化出来的,后来科学家对其产生的关键酶进行调整,从而使分解的效果更好。由此可见,产生这种重要酶的细菌在塑料饮料瓶的回收中起关键作用,故选C项。由第2段可知,这种细菌“吃”塑料的能力是自然进化出来的,had naturally evolved不同于has a natural ability,A项“它有消耗塑料的天然能力”属于偷换概念。B项“它是一种繁殖率很高的细菌”属无中生有,文中没有提到它的繁殖率,故排除。第2段提到,科学家现已揭开这种酶的详细结构,D项“它有科学家不知道的化学结构”中的structure unknown与原文表述相矛盾。
单选题 By adjusting the enzyme produced by the bug, the scientists________.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】根据题干中的producing the enzyme定位至第3段。题目询问科学家调整这种细菌产生的酶后做了什么。第3段第1句提到,经过测试他们无意中改进了这种分子. 分解塑料的效果更好,A项“无意中让它更有效”符合文意,其中more effect与文中的even better对应,by chance是文中accidentally的同义替换。B项“发现了一种非凡的化学物质”与第3段“科学家无意中改进了这种能分解塑料饮料瓶的分子”不符,discovered an extraordinary chemical与文q made the molecule even better at表述不一致,可排除。文中没提到科学家改变这种酶的基本分子组成,C项可排除。第4段末尾提到,科学家认为有可能把酶分解塑料的规模扩大,D项“发现其进化过程加快了”曲解文意,可排除。
单选题 What does Prof. McGeehan say about the recycling of plastic bottles?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】根据题干中的Prof. McGeehan定位至第5—8段。题目询问关于塑料瓶回收,McGeehan教授说了什么。倒数第2段末句中,这位教授提到企业开始考虑如何适当回收这些瓶子。D项“制造商开始探索回收利用塑料瓶的方法”符合原文表述,其中to explore ways of doing it是how…bottles的近义概括。A项“制造商实施塑料瓶回收的范围越来越大”与companies are starting to…these bottles表述不一致,可排除。制造商宁可制造更多塑料瓶,也不想回收,因为塑料太廉价了,B项“它为塑料制造商创造了巨大的商机”显然与此相矛盾。作者在倒数第2段最后提到塑料瓶回收关乎公众利益,C项“塑料瓶回收引起了公众持久的兴趣”属于曲解文意,利用原文的public interest制造干扰。
单选题 What is Prof. Adisa Azapagic’s advice concerning the application of the enzyme?
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】根据题干中的Prof. Adisa Azapagic定位至最后一段。题目询问该教授对酶应用的建议。她提出要对这门技术进行一个完整的生命周期评估(A full life-cycle assessment),避免解决了某个环境问题,却要以付出产生其他环境问题为代价(at the expense of others),其中的others指代other environmental problems。之后以增加温室气体排放为例说明(additional greenhouse gas emissions),因此C项“评估其对环境可能产生的负面影响”点出at the expense of other environmental problems的意思。A项“开发解决温室气体排放的技术”利用文末greenhouse gas emissions制造干扰,增加温室气体排放只是这项技术可能产生的环境问题,而不是这个酶技术要解决的问题。B项“考虑在生产这种酶时的额外成本”利用文中的at the expense of others设干扰,others指代other environmental problems,并非生产流程中的成本问题,故排除B项。D项“第一步是研究酶的整个生命周期”利用full. 1ife cycle作干扰,文中full-life cycle修饰的是assessment,指对这项技术的全流程评估,而不是酶本身的生命周期。