已选分类
哲学
1单选题At the company picnic, all of the employees who participated in more than four of the scheduled events, and only those employees, were eligible for the raffle held at the end of the day. Since only a small proportion of the employees were eligibly for the raffle, most of the employees must have participated in fewer than four of the scheduled events. Which one of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most like that exhibited by the argument above?
2单选题Technically a given category of insurance policy is underpriced if, over time, claims against it plus expenses associated with it exceed total income from premiums. But premium income can be invested and will then yield returns of its own. Therefore, an underpriced policy does not represent a net loss in every case. The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
3单选题Arnold: I was recently denied a seat on an airline flight for which I had a confirmed reservation, because the airline had overbooked the flight. Since I was forced to fly on the next available flight, which did not depart until two hours later, I missed an important business meeting. Even though the flight on which I had a reservation was canceled at the last minute due to bad weather, the airline should still pay me compensation for denying me a seat on the flight. Jamie: The airline is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation. Even of you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight, you would have missed your business meeting anyway. Which is the principle that, if established, justifies Jamie's response to Arnold is that an airline is morally obligated to compensate a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations?
4单选题A public-service advertisement advises that people who have consumed alcohol should not drive until they can do so safely. In a hospital study, however, subjects questioned immediately after they consumed alcohol underestimated the time necessary to regain their driving ability. This result indicates that many people who drink before driving will have difficulty following the advertisement's advice. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument above?
5单选题Chris: Hundreds of traffic accidents annually are attributable to the poor condition of our city's streets. The streets must therefore be repaired to save lives. Leslie: For less than the cost of those repairs, the city could improve its mass transit system and thus dramatically reduce traffic congestion, which contributes significantly to those traffic accidents. The city cannot afford to do both, so it should improve mass transit, because reduced traffic congestion has additional advantages. Which of the following best describes the point at issue between Chris and Leslie?
6单选题The painter Peter Brandon never dated his works, and their chronology is only now beginning to take shape in the critical literature. A recent dating of a Brandon self-portrait to 1930 is surely wrong. Brandon was 63 years old in 1930, yet the painting shows a young, dark-haired man--obviously Brandon, but clearly not a man of 63. Which of the following, if justifiably assumed, allows the con- clusion to be properly drawn?
7单选题Potato cyst nematodes are a pest of potato crops. The nematodes can lie dormant for several years in their cysts, which are protective capsules, and do not emerge except in the presence of chemicals emitted by potato roots. A company that has identified the relevant chemicals is planning to market them to potato farmers to spread on their fields when no potatoes are planted; any nematodes that emerge will soon starve to death. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim that the company's plan will be successful?
8单选题A recent survey showed that 50 percent of people polled believe that elected officials should resign if indicted for a crime, whereas 35 percent believe that elected officials should resign only if they are convicted of a crime. Therefore, more people believe that elected officials should resign if indicted than believe that they should resign if convicted. The reasoning above is flawed because it
9单选题Advertisement: The world's best coffee beans come from Colombia. The more Colombian beans in a blend of coffee, the better the blend, and no company purchases more Colombian beans than Kreemo Coffee. Inc. So it only stands to reason that if you buy a can of Kreemo's coffee, you' re buying the best blended coffee available today. The reasoning of the argument in the advertisement is flawed because it overlooks the possibility that
10单选题A certain type of dinnerware made in Ganandia contains lead. Lead can leach into acidic foods, and Ganandians tend to eat highly acidic foods. However, the extreme rarity of lead poisoning in Ganandia indicates that the dinnerware does not contain dangerous amounts of lead. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
11单选题Many people acquire software programs for their home computers by illegally copying those programs rather than purchasing them. People who own home computers must be making, on average, fewer illegal copies of software programs than before, however, since the average number of software programs that people purchase to use on their home computers has increased substantially over the past five years. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
12单选题Stem borers are insect pests that often ruin North American corn crops. On some other continents, crop damage by stem borers is controlled by a certain species of wasp. Since these wasps cat nothing but stem borers, importing them into North America will keep crop damage from stem borers under control without endangering other North American insect species. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
13单选题Mud from a lake on an uninhabited wooded island in northern Lake Superior contains toxic chemicals, including toxaphene, a banned pesticide for cotton that previously was manufactured and used, not in nearby region of Canada or the northern United States, but in the southern United States. No dumping has occurred on the island. The island lake is sufficiently elevated that water from Lake Superior does not reach it. The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following hypotheses?
14单选题To protect beachfront buildings from ocean storms, ocean resorts have built massive seawalls between beaches and the buildings. Not only do the seawalls block off some buildings' ocean view, but the beaches themselves become ever narrower, because sand can no longer creep inland as storms erode it at the water's edge. If the information is correct, which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported on the basis of it?
15单选题Authorities in California required drivers to use their headlights on a certain road during the daytime as well as at night and found that annual accident rates on the road fell 15 percent from the previous level. They concluded that applying the daytime rule statewide would lead to a similar reduction in accidents. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the authorities' argument?
16单选题There is strong evidence that the cause of migraines (severe recurrent headaches) is not psychological but instead is purely physiological. Yet several studies have found that people being professionally treated for migraines rate higher on a standard psychological scale of anxiety than do people not being professionally treated for migraines. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above?
17单选题One of the great difficulties in establishing animal rights based merely on the fact that animals are living things concerns scope. If one construes the term "living things" broadly, one is bound to bestow rights on organisms that are not animals (e.g., plants). But if this term is construed narrowly, one is apt to refuse rights to organisms that at least biologically, are considered members of the animal kingdom. If the statements above are true, which one of the following can be most reasonably inferred from them?
18单选题Politician: Nobody can deny that homelessness is a problem yet there seems to be little agreement on how to solve it. One thing, however, is clear: ignoring the problem will not make it go away. Only if the government steps in and provides the homeless with housing will this problem disappear, and this necessitates increased taxation. For this reason, we should raise taxes. Which one of the following principles, if valid, most supports the politician's argument?
19单选题Ann will either take a leave of absence from Technocomp and return in a year or else she will quit her job there, but she would not do either one unless she were offered a one-year teaching fellowship at a prestigious university. Technocomp will allow her to take a leave of absence if it does not find out that she has been offered the fellowship, but not otherwise. Therefore, Ann will quit her job at Technocomp only if Technocomp finds out she has been offered the fellowship. Which one of the following, if assumed, allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn?
20单选题The human body secretes more pain-blocking hormones late at night than during the day. Consequently, surgical patients operated on at night need less anesthesia. Since larger amounts of anesthesia pose greater risks for patients, the risks of surgery could be reduced if operations routinely took place at night. Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the view that surgical risks could be reduced by scheduling operations at night?