填空题 [A] What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system?[B] How and when did the long-standing belief concerning AIDS and HIV crop up?[C] What is the most effective anti-HIV therapy?[D] How does HIV subvert the immune system?[E] In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped?[F] Why does AIDS predispose infected persons to certain types of cancer and infections? In the 20 years since the first cases of AIDS were detected, scientists say they have learned more about this viral disease than any other. Yet Peter Piot, who directs the United Nations AIDS program, and Stefano Vella of Rome, president of the International AIDS Society, and other experts say reviewing unanswered questions could prove useful as a measure of progress for AIDS and other diseases. Among the important broader scientific questions that remain:41．_____________. A long-standing belief is that cancer cells constantly develop and are held in check by a healthy immune system. But AIDS has challenged that belief. People with AIDS are much more prone to certain cancers like non-Hodgkins lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoms, but not to breast, colon and lung, the most common cancers in the United States. This pattern suggests that an impaired immune system, at least the type that occurs in AIDS, does not allow common cancers to develop.42．_______________. When HIV is transmitted sexually, the virus must cross a tissue barrier to enter the body. How that happens is still unclear. The virus might invade directly or be carried by a series of different kinds of cells. Eventually HIV travels through lymph vessels to lymph nodes and the rest of the lymph system. But what is not known is how the virus proceeds to destroy the body's CD-4 cells that are needed to combat invading infectious agents.43．_______________. Although HIV kills the immune ceils sent to kill the virus, there is widespread variation in the rate at which HIV infected people become ill with AIDS. So scientists ask: Can the elements of the immune system responsible for that variability be identified? If so, can they be used to stop progression to AIDS in infected individuals and possibly prevent infection in the first place?44．_______________. In theory, early treatment should offer the best chance of preserving immune function. But the new drugs do not completely eliminate HIV from the body so the medicines, which can have dangerous side effects, will have to be taken for a lifetime and perhaps changed to combat resistance. The new policy is expected to recommend that treatment be deferred until there are signs the immune system is weakening.{{B}} Is a vaccine possible?{{/B}} There is little question that an effective vaccine is crucial to controlling the epidemic. Yet only one has reached the stage of full testing, and there is wide controversy over the degree of protection it will provide. HIV strains that are transmitted in various areas of the world differ genetically. It is not known whether a vaccine derived from one type of HIV will confer protection against other types.45．_______________. Without more incisive, focused behavioral research, prevention messages alone will not put an end to the global epidemic.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the development of maritime laws. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Fist convention of Comite Maritime International[B] The convention having been revised three times[C] Why is unification of maritime law necessary?[D] The convention with the most signature states.[E] Incompatible time scale[F] The salvage convention According to Constitution: "The Comite Maritime International (CMI) is a non-governmental international organization, the object of which is to contribute by all appropriate means and activities to the unification of maritime law in all its aspects. To this end it shall promote the establishment of national associations of maritime law and shall co-operate with other international organizations. "The CMI has been doing just that since 1897.41______ In an address to the University of Turin in 1860, the Jurist Mancini said: "The sea with its winds, its storms and its dangers never changes and this demands a necessary uniformity of juridical regime." In other words, those involved in the world of maritime trade need to know that wherever they trade the applicable law will, by and large, be the same. Traditionally, uniformity is achieved by means of international conventions or other forms of agreement negotiated between governments and enforced domestically by those same governments.42______ It is tempting to measure the success of a convention on a strictly numerical basis. If that is the proper criterion of success, one could say that one of the most successful conventions ever produced was the very first CMI convention--the Collision Convention of 1910. The terms of this convention were agreed on September 23, 1910 and the convention entered into force less than three years later, on March 1, 1913.43______ Almost as successful, in numerical terms, is a convention of similar vintage, namely the Salvage Convention of 1910. Less than three years elapsed between agreement of the text at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference and entry into force on March 1, 1913. we are, quite properly, starting to see a number of denunciations of this convention, as countries adopt the new salvage Convention of 1989. It is worth recording that the Salvage Convention of 1989, designed to replace the 1910 Convention, did not enter into force until July 1996, more than seven years after agreement. The latest information available is that forty States have now ratified or acceded to the 1989 convention.44______ The text of the first Limitation Convention was agreed at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference in August 1924, but did not enter into force until 1931-seven years after the text had been agreed. This convention was not widely supported, and eventually attracted only fifteen ratifications or accessions. The CMI had a second go at limitation with its 1957 Convention, the text of which was agreed in October of that year. It entered into force in May 1968 and has been ratified or acceded to by fifty-one states, though of course a number have subsequently denounced this convention in order to embrace the third CMI Limitation Convention, that of 1976. At the latest count the 76 Convention has been ratified or acceded to by thirtyseven states. The fourth instrument on limitation, namely the 1996 Protocol, has not yet come into force, despite the passage of six years since the Diplomatic Conference at Which the text of the was agreed.45______ By almost any standard of measurement, the most successful maritime law convention of all time: the Civil Liability Convention of 1969. The text of that convention ( to which the CMI contributed both in background research and drafting) was agreed at a Diplomatic Conference in 1969 and it entered into force six years later, in June 1975. The convention has, at various stages, been acceded to or ratified by 103 states (with two additional "provisional" ratifications). If we add to this the various states and dependencies that come in under the UK umbrella, we realize that we are looking at a hugely successful convention. Conventions and other unifying instruments are born in adversity. An area of law may come under review because one or two' states have been confronted by a maritime legal problem that has affected them directly. Those sponsoring states may well spend some time reviewing the problem and producing the first draft of an instrument. Eventually, this draft may be offered to the International Maritime Organisation' s ( IMO ) Legal Committee for inclusion in its work program. Over ensuing years (the Legal Committee meeting every sic months or so), issues presented by the draft will be debated, new issues will be raised, and the instrument will be endlessly re-drafted. At some stage, the view will be taken that the instrument is sufficiently mature to warrant a Diplomatic Conference at which the text will be finalized. If the instrument is approved at the Diplomatic Conference, it will sit for twelve monthsawaiting signature and then be open to ratification and accession. The instrument will contain an entry into force requirement, which will need to be satisfied.

填空题By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the ______level are composed of elements of the______level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(北二外2006研)

填空题They soon got used to ______ (get) up early in the college.

填空题______，she felt how weak she was in the language． 她刚开始用英文写作，就感到对这种语言的掌握有多么薄弱。

填空题不言而喻，人与自然的矛盾是人类生存与发展的基本矛盾，人与自然灾害的关系正是这对矛盾最突出的表现形式。要减轻自然灾害所造成的损失，必须把社会经济发展与资源环境协调起来。实际上，减轻自然灾害已经成为实现持续发展的迫切任务之一。

填空题The mind cannot be made up {{U}}一成不变{{/U}}.

填空题Health and safety officers will investigate the site and______(preparation) a report.

填空题Examples and rumours abound of companies being burgled by cyberfrauds, cyberspooks or cyber-mischief-makers. On June 26th America"s Federal Trade Commission sued Wyndham Worldwide, a hotel group, alleging that security failures at the company in 2008 and 2009 had led to the export of hundreds of thousands of guests" payment-card account numbers to a domain registered in Russia. The FTC says "millions of dollars" were lost to fraud. Wyndham says it knows of no customers who lost money and that the FTC"s claims are "without merit". Working out the cost of cybercrime is a devil of a job. The FTC and Wyndham are poles apart on their estimates of the effect of the credit-card thefts. Companies say they are under constant cyber-attack in ever more ingenious forms, but they are loth to say in public how often the raiders get through and how much damage they do—assuming that the breach is spotted. That suggests the damage is underreported. When they are speaking to the security services they may be more forthcoming, but will they be accurate? Companies might anyway have lost some of the business written off to cybercrime. In that case, Mr. Evans"s ￡800 million would be on the high side. In a report by Britain"s Cabinet Office last year, Detica, the software arm of BAE Systems, a defence company, put the cost of cybercrime to the country at a staggering ￡27 billion, or 1.8% of GDP. Businesses bore ￡21 billion, mostly because of the theft of secrets and industrial espionage. Lots of people doubted these numbers—including, it seems, the Ministry of Defence, which commissioned a study from a team led by Ross Anderson, a computer-security expert at Cambridge University. The team"s report, published this month, shies away from adding up totals, preferring to assess the costs of different types of crime in turn, but comes up with much lower figures—partly because it discounts Detica"s numbers for intellectual-property theft and espionage entirely, saying they have "no obvious foundation". Most of the cost of cybercrime, it concludes, is indirect, such as spending on antivirus software or other corporate defences. In other words, a lot goes on payments by one lot of businesses to another: the computer-security industry. That may be inevitable. Cyber-attacks are happening more often and are becoming more precisely targeted. Greg Day, the chief technology officer for security in the European business of Symantec, a computer-security firm, says that for years cybercrime was more or less "random", as crooks looked for any holes they could find anywhere. In the past couple of years, however, they have chosen their corporate targets more precisely. Symantec observed virtually no targeted attacks before Stuxnet, a worm that attacked industrial-control systems, appeared in 2010. Last December it spotted an average of 154 a day. The bad guys are increasingly using social media to try to find a way in, either by gathering intelligence or by befriending employees who may be tricked into opening an e-mail with nasty code within. People, a security-industry adage runs, are the weakest link. Training them to be careful may still be the best defence. A. acquired by the computer-security industry. B. speaking in public how much damage the cybercrime does. C. estimation of the effect of the credit-card thefts. D. letting out the clients" payment-card account numbers. E. Britain has invested a lot of money to prevent cybercrime. F. spent on antivirus software or other corporate defences diretly. G. cybercrime is more purposeful than before.

填空题Fired: How long have you been in the army? Nancy: ______

填空题[A] From the beginning of the 20th century, people abroad have been uncomfortable with the global impact of American culture. More recently, globalization has been the main enemy for academics, journalists, and political activists who loathe what they see as the trend toward cultural uniformity. Still, they usually regard global culture and American culture as synonymous. And they continue to insist that Hollywood, McDonald"s and Disneyland are eradicating regional and local eccentricities.[B] Despite those allegations, the cultural relationship between the United States, and the rest of the world over the past 100 years has never been one-sided. On the contrary, the United States was, and continues to be, as much a consumer of foreign intellectual and artistic influences as it has been a shaper of the world"s entertainment and tastes.Section A[C]In fact, as a nation of immigrants from the 19th to 21st century, the United States has been a recipient as much as an exporter of global culture. Indeed, the influence of immigrants on the United States explains why its culture has been so popular for so long in so many places. American culture has spread throughout the world because it has incorporated foreign styles and ideas. What Americans have done more brilliantly than their competitors overseas is repackage the cultural products we receive from abroad and then retransmit them to the rest of the planet. That is why a global mass culture has come to be identified, however simplistically, with the United States.[D] Americans, after all, did not invent fast food, amusement parks, or the movies. Before the Big Mac, there were fish and chips. Before Disneyland, there was Copenhagen"s Tivoli Gardens (which Walt Disney used as a prototype for his first theme park in Anaheim, California a model later re-exported to Tokyo and Paris). And in the first two decades of the 20th century the two largest exporters of movies around the world were France and Italy.Section B[E]So, the origins of today"s international entertainment cannot be traced only to P. T. Barnum"s circuses or Buffalo Bill"s Wild West Show. The roots of the new global culture lie as well in the European modernist assault, in the early 20th century, on 19th-century literature, music, painting, and architecture—particularly in the modernist refusal to honor the traditional boundaries between high and low culture. Modernism in the arts was improvisational, eclectic, and irreverent. Those traits have also been characteristic of American popular culture.[F]The artists of the early 20th century also challenged the notion that culture was a means of intellectual or moral improvement. They did so by emphasizing style and craftsmanship at the expense of philosophy, religion, or ideology. They deliberately called attention to language in their novels, to optics in their paintings, to the materials in and function of their architecture, to the structure of music instead of its melodies.[G] Although modernism was mainly a European affair, it inadvertently accelerated the growth of mass culture in the U. S. Surrealism, with its dreamlike associations, easily lent itself to the wordplay and psychological symbolism of advertising, cartoons, and theme parks. Dadaism ridiculed the snobbery of elite cultural institutions and reinforced an already-existing appetite (especially among the immigrant audiences in the United States) for " low-class," disreputable nickelodeons and vaudeville shows. Stravinsky"s experiments with unorthodox, atonal music validated the rhythmic innovations of American jazz. Modernism provided the foundations for a genuinely new culture. But the new culture turned out to be neither modernist nor European. Instead, American artists transformed an avant-garde Project into a global phenomenon.Section C[H] It is in popular culture that the reciprocal relationship between America and the rest of the world can best be seen. There are many reasons for the ascendancy of American mass culture. Certainly , the ability of American-based media conglomerates to control the production and distribution of their products has been a major stimulus for the worldwide spread of American entertainment. But the power of American capitalism is not the only, or even the most important, explanation for the global popularity of America"s movies and television shows.[I] The effectiveness of English as a language of mass communications has been essential to the acceptance of American culture: Unlike German, Russian, or Chinese, the simpler structure and grammar of English, along with its tendency to use shorter, less abstract words and more concise sentences, are all advantageous for the composers of song lyrics, ad slogans, cartoon captions, newspaper headlines, and movie and TV dialogue. English is thus a language exceptionally well suited to the demands and spreed of American mass culture.[J]Another factor is the international complexion of the American audience. The heterogeneity of America"s population—its regional, ethnic, religious, and racial diversity—forced the media, from the early years of the 20th century, to experiment with messages, images, and story lines that had a broad multicultural appeal. The Hollywood studios, mass-circulation magazines, and the television networks have had to learn how to speak to a variety of groups and classes at home. This has given them the techniques to appeal to an equally diverse audience abroad.[K] One important way that the American media have succeeded in transcending internal social divisions, national borders, and language barriers is by mixing up cultural styles. American musicians and composers have followed the example of modernist artists like Picasso and Braque in drawing on elements from high and low culture. Aaron Copland, George Gershwin, and Leonard Bernstein incorporated folk melodies, religious hymns, blues and gospel songs, and jazz into their symphonies, concertos, operas, and ballets. Indeed, an art form as quintessentially American as jazz evolved during the 20th century into an amalgam of African, Caribbean, Latin American, and modernist European music. This blending of forms in America"s mass culture has enhanced its appeal to multiethnic domestic and international audiences by capturing their different experiences and tastes.Section D[L] Finally, American culture has imitated not only the modernists" visual flamboyance, but also their tendency to be apolitical and anti-ideological. The refusal to browbeat an audience with a social message has accounted, more than any other factor, for the worldwide popularity of American entertainment. American movies, in particular, have customarily focused on human relationships and Private feelings, not on the problems of a particular time and place. They tell tales about romance , intrigue, success, failure, moral conflicts, and survival. The most memorable movies of the 1930s ( with the exception of The Grapes of Wrath) were comedies and musicals about mismatched people falling in love, not socially conscious films dealing with issues of poverty and unemployment. Similarly, the finest movies about World War II (like Casablanca) or the Vietnam War (like The Deer Hunter) linger in the mind long after those conflicts have ended because they explore their character"s most intimate emotions rather than dwelling on headline events.[M]Such intensely personal dilemmas are what people everywhere wrestle with. So Europeans, Asians, and Latin Americans flocked to Titanic, as they once did to Gone With the Wind, not because those films celebrated American values, but because people all over the world could see some part of their own lives reflected in the stories of love and loss.[N] America"s mass culture has often been crude and intrusive, as its critics have always complained. But, American culture has never felt all that foreign to foreigners. And, at its best, it has transformed what it received from others into a culture everyone, everywhere, could embrace a culture that is both emotionally and , on occasion, artistically compelling for millions of people throughout the world.[O] So, despite the current resurgence of anti-Americanism—not only in the Middle East but in Europe and Latin America—it is important to recognize that America"s movie television shows, and theme parks have been less "imperialistic" than cosmopolitan. In the end, American mass culture has not transformed the world into a replica of the United States. Instead, America"s dependence on foreign cultures has made the United States a replica of the world.Choose the correct headings for the four sections A - D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i - xi, in the parentheses on your AnswerSheet.[ i ] Major Stimuli for the Growth of American Culture[ ii ] American Entertainment Industry[ iii ] Globalization of American Culture[ iv ] Pop Culture Potpourri in the United States[ v ] Global Impact of American Culture[ vi ] The Influence of Modernism on American Culture[ vii ] America"s Dependence on Foreign Cultures[ viii ] Human Relationships in American Mass Culture[ ix ] The Main Features of American Culture[ x ] American Culture and Global Culture: A Reciprocal Relationship[ xi ] The History of American Mass Culture

填空题It is remarkable, the character of the pleasure we derive from the best books. You may still remember those English novels, stories and poems we read together among which may be mentioned Paradise Lost by John Milton, Lady Chatterley"s Lover by D. H. Lawrence, Four Quartets by T. S. Eliot, Finnegan"s Wake by James Joyce, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger, The Sunrise on the Veld by Doris Lessing, Sketch Book by Washington Irving, The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper. Concord Hymn by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and The Snows on Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway.

填空题All of the performers in the play did well. The audience applauded the actors excellent performance.A. theB. wellC. audienceD. actors

填空题Your work these days is better by a long way .

填空题The unit price is composed of the following parts : measuring unit, unit price figure , money of account, ______, ______ and ______.

填空题In fact, his ambiguous words amount ______ a refusal to our invitation.

填空题Walt is as good as his word．______，he will keep it． 沃尔特言出必行，他一旦许诺，就会信守诺言。

填空题There are only hard chocolates left；we ______． 只剩下硬巧克力了，软的全都被我们吃掉了。