完形填空Games have been played for thousands of years and are common【A1】______ all cultures. Throughout history and【A2】______ the world people have used sticks to draw simple game boards on the ground,【A3】______ up rules that incorporate stones or other common objects【A4】______ playing pieces. About 5, 000 years ago people began to make more permanent game boards from sun-dried mud or wood.Some of the oldest board games may have evolved from methods of fortune-telling. The game of go, which many experts regard as the finest example of a pure strategy game, may have evolved from a method of fortune-telling practiced in China more than three thousand years ago, 【A5】______ black and white pieces were cast onto a square board marked with symbols of various significance. Go also involves black and white pieces on a board, but players deliberately place them on intersections of lines while trying to【A6】______ more territory than opponent.Chess, Xiangqi (Chinese chess) and Shogi (Japanese chess) are【A7】______ the most widely played board games in the world.【A8】______ quite different, all three are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor — either a 6th-century game played in India or an earlier game played in China.【A9】______ the centuries, chess【A10】______ westward to the Middle East and【A11】______ Europe, with rules【A12】______ frequently. The game also spread【A13】______ to Korea and Japan,【A14】______ in very different rules changes.For most of human history, a game could not【A15】______ much popularity unless it was【A16】______ easy for players to make their own equipment. The【A17】______ of printing (which occurred in the mid-1400s in the West) made this process easier, but it was【A18】______ the advance of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution that it became possible to mass-produce many new【A19】______ of games. Twentieth-century technological advances such as the invention of plastic and the computer revolution led to the creation of more games, and more new kinds of games, than in all previous centuries【A20】______ .

完形填空　　In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family. 　　The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless　the __11__.　Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby. 　　Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.　The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.

完形填空Have you ever watched a home shopping program on TV? Can you describe 31____ it's like to shop at home by television? Have you ever had to decide whether to go shopping 32____ watch TV at home on a weekend? Now you can do 33____ at the same time.Home shopping television networks have become a way for many people to shop 34____ staying at home. Some shoppers are 35____ of department stores and shopping malls - fighting the crowds,waiting in long lines,and sometimes not even finding 36____ they want to buy.They'd rather 37____ quietly at home in front of the TV set and watch a friendly announcer describe an item.And they can shop all day and night,38____ an item simply by making a phone call.Home shopping has become 39 popular that major fashion designers and large department stores are eager to join 40____ the business.Some people wonder whether in the future shopping in stores 41____ by shopping on TV. Yet for many people,going out and shopping at 42____ stores is a way to relax and even be entertaineD、And for many shoppers 43____isstill important to touch or try on items they want to buy. That's the reason 44____ experts say in the future,home shopping will exist alongside store shopping but will 45____ entirely replace it.（）

完形填空Are some people born clever, and others born 51________ ? 52________ is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer 53________ both questions is yes

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完形填空Towards the end of high school, when it came time to start thinking about what colleges I was interested in applying to, there was only one thing on my mind： I wanted to get away from home

完形填空There is much discussion in the literature these days about how one "defines" sustainability, sustainable development, and related concepts. Many argue that the concept is useless because it cannot be "adequately defined". 46) Most of this discussion is misdirected because it attempts to cast the problem as definitional, when in fact it is a problem of prediction, and it fails to take into account the many time and space scales over which the concept of sustainability must apply. Defining sustainability is actually quite easy: A sustainable system is one that survives for some specified (finite) time. The problem is that one knows one has a sustainable system only after the fact. Thus, what usually pass for definitions of sustainability are actually predictions of what set of conditions will actually lead to a sustainable system. 　　47) For example, keeping harvest rates of potentially renewable resources such as trees and wildlife below rates of natural renewal should, one could argue, lead to a sustainable natural resource extraction system. But that is a prediction, not a definition. Usually there is so much uncertainty in our ability to estimate natural rates of renewal and our ability to observe and regulate harvest rates that a simple prediction such as this is always highly suspect. 　　Likewise, sustainable economic development can be observed only after the fact. 48)Most "definitions" of sustainable development include elements of a sustainable scale of the economy relative to its ecological life support system; a fair distribution of resources and opportunities between current and future generations, as well as between individuals in the current generation; and an efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Note that these three components of sustainable economic development are actually "predictors" of sustainability and not really elements of a definition. Like all predictions, they are uncertain and are subject to much discussion and disagreement. 　　49) The second problem is that when one says a system has achieved sustainability, one does not mean an infinite life span, but rather a life span that is consistent with the system''s expected time and space scale. We expect an organism to have a longer life span, the species to have an even longer life span, and the planet to last much longer. But no system is expected to have an infinite life span. 　　The real problems are not so much defining the goal as predicting what policies will lead to its achievement. Here there is ample room for, and need of, vigorous discussion, debate, analysis, and modeling in order to determine which policies have the best chance of achieving the goal of sustainability. 50) Given the huge uncertainties involved, it is of particular importance in this regard to select policies that are precautionary, that is, they do not take unnecessary risks that could decrease the chances for sustainability they do not rely on hoped-for technological fixes for their successes.

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完形填空Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63 )The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64 )They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoveming) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning" values". Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65 ) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

完形填空A businessman owed a lot of money to others and could see no way out

完形填空 Research suggests that British people are becoming increasingly detached from wildlife, the countryside and nature. Most people in the survey admitted they felt they were 1 touch with the natural world, 2 a third said they did not know enough about the subject to teach their own children. One in three people could not 3 an oak tree. This detachment has negative 4 for conservation. People simply won't rally round to save something they are not really 5 of. A major report last year already warned that Britain is among 'the 6 nature-depleted countries in the world'. 7 this is urban alienation at its most literal. Humans have 8 so decisively in the processes that create life on Earth 9 we are increasingly aware only of our own interventions, 10 not of the vast ecosystems that make them possible. Nature reminds us that we are a small part of something vast, 11 , ever-evolving and infinitely precious. It reminds us that, as part of this 12 , we are precious, too. 13 all around us is self-destruction. Senior doctors and health charities warn that 14 drinking will kill 65,000 people over the next five years. They are asking urgently 15 a crackdown on cheap alcohol and 16 restrictions on the advertising of liquor to help to 17 the problem. The problem, however, seems existential to me. Many people are trying to 18 from themselves and their lives. 19 , the measures work, simply making it harder for people to purchase their poison. But it's a strategy that makes a difference only 20 so many other aspects of a life have already gone wrong.

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完形填空A. Perhaps our most dangerous bias is that we naturally assume that everyone else is more susceptible to thinking errors, a tendency known as the 'bias blind spot.' This 'meta-bias' is rooted in our ability to spot systematic mistakes in the decisions of others—we excel at noticing the flaws of friends—and inability to spot those same mistakes in ourselves. In each instance, we readily forgive our own minds but look harshly upon the minds of other people. B. When people face an uncertain situation, they don't carefully evaluate the information or look up relevant statistics. Instead, their decisions depend on a long list of mental shortcuts, which often lead them to make foolish decisions. These shortcuts aren't a faster way of doing the math; they're a way of skipping the math altogether. Asked about the bat and the ball, we forget our arithmetic lessons and instead default to the answer that requires the least mental effort. C. What explains this result? One provocative hypothesis is that the bias blind spot arises because of a mismatch between how we evaluate others and how we evaluate ourselves. When considering the irrational choices of a stranger, for instance, we are forced to rely on behavioral information; we see their biases from the outside, which allows us to glimpse their systematic thinking errors. However, when assessing our own bad choices, we tend to engage in elaborate introspection. We scrutinize our motivations and search for relevant reasons; we lament our mistakes to therapists and ruminate on the beliefs that led us astray. D. For more than five decades, Daniel Kahneman, a Nobel Laureate and professor of psychology at Princeton, has been asking questions like this and analyzing our answers. His disarmingly simple experiments have profoundly changed the way we think about thinking. While philosophers, economists, and social scientists had assumed for centuries that human beings are rational agents, Kahneman demonstrated that we're not nearly as rational as we like to believe. E. Here's a simple arithmetic question: A bat and ball cost a dollar and ten cents. The bat costs a dollar more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? The vast majority of people respond quickly and confidently, insisting the ball costs ten cents. This answer is both obvious and wrong. (The correct answer is five cents for the ball and a dollar and five cents for the bat.) F. The problem with this introspective approach is that the driving forces behind biases—the root causes of our irrationality—are largely unconscious, which means they remain invisible to self-analysis and impermeable to intelligence. In fact, introspection can actually compound the error, blinding us to those primal processes responsible for many of our everyday failings. We spin eloquent stories, but these stories miss the point. The more we attempt to know ourselves, the less we actually understand. G. In many instances, smarter people are more vulnerable to these thinking errors. Although we assume that intelligence is a buffer against bias—that's why those with higher S. A. T. scores think they are less prone to these universal thinking mistakes—it can actually be a subtle curse. Order: 41 →D→ 42 → 43 → 44 →C→ 45

完形填空　Our world of the mid-1990s faces potentially bursting change. The question is in what direction will it take us? 46) Will the change come from worldwide initiatives that reverse the degradation of the planet and restore hope for the future, or will it come from continuing environmental deterioration that leads to economic decline and social instability? 　　There is no precedent for the rapid substantial change we need to make. 47) Building an environmentally sustainable future depends on restructuring the global economy, major shifts in human reproductive behavior, and dramatic changes in values and lifestyles. Doing all this quickly adds up to a revolution that is driven and defined by the need to restore the earth''s environmental systems. If this Environmental Revolution succeeds, it will rank with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as one of the great economic and social transformations in human history. 　　Like the Agricultural Revolution, it will dramatically alter population trends. 48) While the former set the stage for enormous increases in human numbers, this revolution will succeed only if it stabilizes human population size, reestablishing a balance between people and natural system on which they depend. In contrast to the Industrial Revolution, which was based on a shift to fossil fuels, this new transformation will be based on a shift away from fossil fuels. 　　49) The two earlier revolutions were driven by technological advances―the first by the discovery of farming and the second by the invention of the steam engine, which converted the energy in coal into mechanical power. The Environmental Revolution, while it will obviously need new technologies, will be driven primarily by the restructuring of the global economy so that it does not destroy its natural support system. 　　The pace of the Environmental Revolution needs to be far faster than that of its predecessors. The Agricultural Revolution began some 10,000 years ago, and the Industrial Revolution has been under way for about two centuries. But if the Environmental Revolution is to succeed, it must be compressed into a few decades. Progress in the Agricultural Revolution was measured almost exclusively in the growth in food output that eventually enabled farmers to produce a surplus that could feed city dwellers. Similarly, industrial progress was gained by success in expanding the output of raw materials and manufactured goods. 50) The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.

完形填空A. The particles examined in this study are known as PM2.5, or particulate matter that's 2.5 micrometers big—30 times smaller than a human hair. They are emitted by various types of industry and fuel burning, but in the United States, the biggest source of PM2.5 is cars, says Ziyad Al-Aly, the study's senior author and an assistant professor of medicine at Washington University at St. Louis. When there's lots of PM2.5 in the air, the air might look smoggy or hazy. In lighter concentrations, the particles are invisible. B. Previous research has found that Latino children living in areas with more air pollution had a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. But other studies on the association between the two have generated mixed results. C. Scientists are just beginning to understand what exactly makes PM2.5 so harmful, but a major reason is that it's so small and contains toxic metals. Its size allows it to penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream. There, it can circulate to different organs and cause inflammation. The inflammation increases insulin resistance. Eventually, this insulin resistance can become so severe the pancreas becomes unable to pump out enough insulin to compensate, and diabetes can set in. D. It's fairly well known that a bad diet, a lack of exercise, and genetics can all contribute to type 2 diabetes. But a new global study points to an additional, surprising culprit: the air pollution emitted by cars and trucks. E. The study, published in The Lancet Planetary Health, linked data from 1.7 million American veterans who had been followed for a median of 8.5 years with air data from the EPA and NASA. It also aggregated past international research on diabetes and air pollution to devise a model to estimate diabetes risk based on the level of pollution, and it used the Global Burden of Disease study to estimate how many years of healthy life were lost due to this air-pollution-induced diabetes. Globally, 8.2 million years of healthy life were lost in 2016 to pollution-linked diabetes, it showed. The study authors controlled for things like obesity and BMI, so it wasn't the case that heavier people simply lived in more polluted neighborhoods and were also more likely to get diabetes. F. Though other research has shown a link between diabetes and air pollution in the past, this study is one of the largest of its kind, and it's unique because it both is longitudinal and includes several types of controls. What's more, it also quantifies exactly how many diabetes cases in the world are attributable to air pollution: 14 percent in 2016 alone. In the United States, it found, air pollution is responsible for 150,000 cases of diabetes. G. This new study makes an even stronger case, suggesting that the current limits on air pollution in the United States might be too high. The EPA's pollution threshold on particulate matter is 12μg/m3, or micrograms per cubic meter of air, but this study says the risk of diabetes starts at about 2.4μg/m3. Among people exposed to between five and 10μg/m3 of particulate matter, about 21 percent developed diabetes. At the threshold of current 'safe' levels, 24 percent do. For each 10μg/m3 increase in particulate matter, the risk of developing diabetes goes up by 15 percent. This risk is present regardless of whether the individual becomes obese or not. D→ 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 →B→ 45

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完形填空Dave Tally could 36 _____believe his eyes

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