填空题Elaborate on the following translation theories.(南开大学2012研，考试科目：专业英语)Explain the "polysystem theory" and its significance for translation studies.

填空题 Colunm A Column B 1)Fricative (a)pork and sports 2)Glottal (b)ball-balls 3)Aspirated and unaspirated (c)"tea" in English 4)English syllable (d)(C)v(C) 5)Chinese syllable (e)[h] 6)Adjective compound (f)editor-edit 7)Back-formation (g)(((C)C)C)v((((C)C)C)C) 8)Broadening (h)thought-provoking 9)Loanword (i)[f] 10)inflectional affix (j)bird—young bird—any kind of bird

填空题In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311．That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. 41．______. Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $ 521．This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in 1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. 42．______These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959．It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's. 43．According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than five percent. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. 44．______The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don't want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes dessert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 45. Economists remind us that many modem housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day's work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly. "If the housewife wants all of these, " the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier. " It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.[A] However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment.[B] Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm.[C] Thus, as economists point out: "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor's plant. "[D] But some economists claim that the middleman's actual profit was very low.[E] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store'?[F] But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?[G] Economists do not. agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.

填空题Translate the following paragraph into Chinese．Write your translation on the Answer Sheet．(北京第二外国语学院2012研，考试科目：基础英语)I climbed heights above Yosemite Valley, California in order to see the splendid granite mountain, Half Dome, in its fullest view. Approaching the edge through the woods I was filled with heightened expectation. I saw the ruin of cabin and my approach caused the alignment of the chimney on this side of the valley with the shorn mountain across the valley. I stopped. Something happened. The stone verticals corresponded, one human-shaped, the other natural. The human site was still engaged in sightseeing. I was on its side. I saw the famous sights through the eyes of the ruin. I had come expecting beauty: I discovered an unexpected dimension to the beauty of the scene.In this experience I had been seeking the aesthetic. I knew I would find it, for I had seen post cards in advance and was following the trail map. The seeking took considerable effort and time. It was a heavy investment. I was not going for the scientific purpose of studying rock formation, or was it for the recreational purpose of exercising my limps in the fresh air, though that exertion added intensity to the experience and was its context.

填空题TEFL

填空题The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxons period is______, an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.

填空题Most newspapers, {{U}}while devoting{{/U}} the major part of {{U}}its{{/U}} space to recent events, usually manage to find {{U}}room{{/U}} on the inside pages for articles {{U}}on{{/U}} some interesting topics. A. while devoting B. its C. room D. on

填空题In our ______, the laboring people are masters of country. (social)

填空题Which of the following does NOT belong to the informative texts?

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Yetthievesstillreaparichharvest.InadequateprotectionofU.S.patents,trademarksandcopyrightscoststheU.S.economy＄80billioninsaleslosttopiratesand250,000jobseveryyear,accordingtoGaryHoffman,anintellectualpropertyattorneyatDickstein,Shapiro＆MorininWashington.Thecomputerindustrylosesupwardsof＄4billionofrevenuesayeartoillegalcopyingofsoftwareprograms.Piracyofmovies,booksandrecordingscoststheentertainmentbusinessatleast＄4billionannually.[B]Withintellectualpropertynowaccountingformorethan25%ofU.S.exports(comparedwithjust12%eightyearsago),protectionagainstinternationalpiracyrankshighontheBushAdministration'stradeagenda.TheU.S.InternationalTradeCommission,thefederalagencythatdealswithunfair-tradecomplaintsbyAmericancompanies,ishandlingarecordnumberofcases(38lastyear).SaysITCChairmanAnneBrunsdale:"Conceptualpropertyhasreplacedproduceandheavymachineryasthehotbedoftradedisputes."[C]Thebattleiswidening--U.S.companiesfiledmorethan5,700intellectual-propertylawsuitslastyearincontrastto3,800in1980--andthestakescanbeenormous.Inthebiggestpatent-infringementcasetodate,EastmanKodakwasorderedlastOctobertopay＄900millionforinfringingonsevenPolaroidinstant-photographypatents.Inafar-reachingcopyrightcase,bookpublishersscoredanimportantvictoryinMarchwhenafederalcourtinNewYorkCityfinedtheKinko'sGraphicsnationalchainofcopyingstores＄510,000forillegallyphotocopyingandsellingexcerptsofbookstocollegestudents.[D]Althoughtheverdictissubjecttoappeal,theawardunderscoresthegrowingimportanceofprotectingintellectualproperty.ThatphrasemayseementirelytoograndtoapplytoasonglikeIfYouDon'tWantMyPeaches,You'dBetterStopShakingMyTree,butitactuallyencompassesthewholevastrangeofcreativeideasthatturnouttohavevalue--andmanyofthemhavemorevaluethanever.FromWaltDisney'sMickeyMousetoUpjohn'sformulaforitsanti-baldnesspotion,patents,trademarksandcopyrightshavebecomecorporatetreasuresthattheirownerswilldoalmostanythingtoprotect.[E]Inaneconomyincreasinglybasedoninformationandtechnology,ideasandcreativityoftenembodymostofacompany'swealth.Thatiswhyinnovationsarebeingpatented,trademarkedandcopyrightedinrecordnumbers.Itisalsowhytoday'scleverthiefdoesn'trobbanks,manyofwhicharebrokeanyway;hemakesunauthorizedcopiesofKevinCostner'slatestfilm,sellsfakeCartierwatchesandstealstheformulaforMerck'snewestpharmaceutical.That'swherethemoneyis.[F]Onereasonisthatanycountriesofferonlyfeebleprotectiontointellectualproperty.RealizingthatsuchlaxnesswillexcludethemfrommuchworldtradeasWellashobblenativeindustries,nationseverywherearerevisinglawscoveringpatents,copyrightsandtradenames.Malaysia,Egypt,China,turkey,BrazilandeventheSovietUnionhaveallrecentlyannouncedplanseithertoenactnewlawsorbeefupexistingsafeguards.InanefforttowinU.S.congressionalsupportforaproposedfree-tradepact,Mexicolastmonthrevealed,planstodoublethelifeoftrademarklicensesto10yearsandextendpatentprotectionforthefirsttimetosuchproductsaspharmaceuticalsandfood.[G]Companiesarecrackingdownonpirateswhostealdesigns,moviesandcomputerprograms.Thebattleisgettinghotter--andmoreimportant.WhenJohnson＆.Johnsonintroducedanewfiber-glasscastingtapeforbrokenbonesseveralyearsago,executivesatMinnesotaMining＆Manufacturingflewintoarage.Thetape,whichsetsfracturesfasterthanplaster,wasremarkablysimilarindesignandfunctiontoacastingtapedevelopedby3Mscientists.TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyquicklysued,chargingJ＆Jwithviolatingfourofitspatents.Lastmonthafederalcourtbacked3MandorderedJ＆Jtopay＄116millionindamagesandinterest--thefourthlargestpatent-infringementjudgmentinhistory.Order:

填空题It was very considerate for you to send me the information so promptly .

填空题If you want to know the train schedule, please inquire at the ______ (book) office.

填空题According to your instructions to insurance, we have today taken ______ marine insurance ______ 50000 Yuan ______ your color TV shipment.

填空题China's population ________(characterize) by its large proportion of rural population.

填空题Section B

填空题Answer the essay question in no fewer than 200 words in English.(北京外国语大学2008研，考试科目：英汉互译) Susan Bassnett in her book Translation Studies(Third Edition)commented on equivalence: " Equivalence in translation, then, should not be approached as a search for sameness, since sameness cannot even exist between two TL versions of the same text, let alone between the SL and TL version". In what way do you agree or disagree with this statement? Please give examples to defend your argument.