英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victim’s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sole sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post. These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,” may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair. The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees, Japanese executives delegate only authority—the responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management, the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable, even in an independently run subsidiary.” Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business. Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame “almost a feudal (封建的) way of purging (清除) the community of dishonor,” and to some in the United States, such resignations look cowardly. However, in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility, many US managers would probably welcome an infusion (灌输) of the Japanese sense of responsibility. If, for instance, US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts, negotiations would probably take on a very different character. 21. Why did the chairman of Toshiba resign his position in 1987? A) Because in Japan, the leakage of a state secret to Russians is a grave crime. B) Because he had been under attack for shifting responsibility to his subordinates. C) Because in Japan, the chief executive of a corporation is held responsible for the mistake made by its subsidiaries. D) Because he had been accused of being cowardly towards crises that were taking place in his corporation.（C） 22. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to ________. A) apologize promptly for your subordinates’ mistakes B) be skillful in accepting blames from customers C) make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessary D) create a strong sense of company loyalty（A） 23. What’s Professor George Lodge’s attitude towards the resignations of Japanese corporate leaders? A) Sympathetic. B) Biased. C) Critical. D) Approving.（C） 24. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Boeing had nothing to do with the JAL air crash in 1985. B) American executives consider authority and responsibility inseparable. C) School principals bear legal responsibility for students’ crimes. D) Persuading employees to take pay cuts doesn’t help solve corporate crises.（B） 25. The passage is mainly about ________. A) resignation as an effective way of dealing with business crises B) the importance of delegating responsibility to employees C) ways of evading responsibility in times of crises D) the difference between two business cultures（D） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality. Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years—and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture, a 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure (粪) and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets, it made cars smell of roses. Cars were also wonderfully flexible. The main earlier solution to horse pollution and traffic jams was the electric trolley bus (电车). But that required fixed overhead wires, and rails and platforms, which were expensive, ugly, and inflexible. The car could go from any A to any B, and allowed towns to develop in all directions with low-density housing, rather than just being concentrated along the trolley or rail lines. Rural areas benefited too, for they became less remote. However, since pollution became a concern in the 1950s, experts have predicted—wrongly—that the car boom was about to end. In his book Mr. Flink argued that by 1973 the American market had become saturated, at one car for every 2.25 people, and so had the markets of Japan and Western Europe (because of land shortages). Environmental worries and diminishing oil reserves would prohibit mass car use anywhere else. He was wrong. Between 1970 and 1990, whereas America’s population grew by 23/%, the number of cars on its roads grew by 60/%. There is now one car for every 1.7 people there, one for every 2.1 in Japan, one for every 5.3 in Britain. Around 550 million cars are already on the roads, not to mention all the trucks and mocorcyeles, and about 50 million new ones are made each year worldwide. Will it go on? Undoubtedly, because people want it to. 26. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that ________. A) poor people can’t afford it B) it is too expensive to maintain C) too many people are using it D) it causes too many road accidents（B） 27. According to the passage, the car started to gain popularity because ________. A) it didn’t break down as easily as a horse B) it had a comparatively pleasant odor C) it caused less pollution than horses D) it brightened up the gloomy streets（C） 28. What impact did the use of cars have on society? A) People were compelled to leave downtown areas. B) People were able to live in less crowded suburban areas. C) Business along trolley and rail lines slackened. D) City streets were free of ugly overhead wires.（B） 29. Mr. Flink argued in his book that cars would not be widely used in other countries because ________. A) the once booming car market has become saturated B) traffic jams in those countries are getting more and more serious C) expensive motorways are not available in less developed countries D) people worry about pollution and the diminishing oil resources（D） 30. What’s wrong with Mr. Flink’s prediction? A) The use of automobiles has kept increasing worldwide. B) New generations of cars are virtually pollution free. C) The population of America has not increased as fast. D) People’s environmental concerns are constantly increasing.（A） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive. Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival. Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves. Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance. Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs. At Tulane University’s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication (药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants. At Columbia University Dr. Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses. 31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________. A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American B) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy C) crying usually wins sympathy from other people D) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed（A） 32. What does “both those responses to tears” (Line 5, Para, 1) refer to? A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness. B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers. C) The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying. D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.（C） 33. “Counterproductive” (Lines 5, Para, 1) very probably means “________”. A) having no effect at all B) leading to tension C) producing disastrous impact D) harmful to health（D） 34. What does the author say about crying? A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment. B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival. C) It is meant to get attention and assistance. D) It usually produces the desired effect.（B） 35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears? A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress. B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears. C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases. D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.（A） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. It is no secret among athletes that in order to improve performance you’ve got to work hard. However, hard training breaks you down and makes you weaker, it is rest that makes you stronger. Improvement only occurs during the rest period following hard training. This adaptation is accomplished by improving efficiency of the heart and certain systems within the muscle cells. During recovery periods these systems build to greater levels to compensate for the stress that you have applied. The result is that you are now at a higher level of performance. If sufficient rest is not included in a training program, imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest will occur, and performance will decline. The “overtraining syndrome (综合症)” is the name given to the collection of emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms due to overtraining that has persisted for weeks to months. It is marked by cumulative exhaustion that persists even after recovery periods. The most common symptom is fatigue. This may limit workouts and may be present at rest. The athletes may also become moody, easily imitated, have altered sleep patterns, become depressed, or lose the competitive desire and enthusiasm for the sport. Some will report decreased appetite and weight loss. Physical symptoms include persistent muscular soreness, increased frequency of viral (病毒性的) illnesses, and increased incidence of injuries. The treatment for the overtraining syndrome is rest. The longer the overtraining has occurred, the more rest required, therefore, early detection is very important. If the overtraining has only occurred for a short period of time (e.g. 3-4 weeks) then interrupting training for 3-5 days is usually sufficient rest. It is important that the factors that lead to overtraining be identified and corrected. Otherwise, the overtraining syndrome is likely to recur. The overtraining syndrome should be considered in any athlete who manifests symptoms of prolonged fatigue and whose performance has leveled off or decreased. It is important to exclude any underlying illness that may be responsible for the fatigue. 36. The first paragraph of the passage tells us that ________. A) the harder an athlete trains, the better his performance will be B) rest after vigorous training improves an athlete’s performance C) strict systematic training is essential to an athlete’s top performance D) improvement of an athlete’s performance occurs in the course of training（B） 37. By “overtraining” the author means ________. A) a series of physical symptoms that occur after training B) undue emphasis on the importance of physical exertion C) training that is not adequately compensated for by rest D) training that has exceeded an athlete’s emotional limits（C） 38. What does the passage tell us about the “overtraining” syndrome? A) It occurs when athletes lose interest in sports. B) It appears right after a hard training session. C) The fatigue it results in is unavoidable in the athlete’s training process. D) It manifests itself in fatigue which lingers even after a recovery period.（D） 39. What does the phrase “level off” (Line 5, Para. 4) most probably mean? A) Slow down. B) Become dull. C) Stop improving. D) Be on the decline.（C） 40. The author advises at the end of the passage that ________. A) overtraining syndrome should be treated as a serious illness B) overtraining syndrome should be prevented before it occurs C) an athlete with overtraining syndrome should take a lengthy rest D) illness causing fatigue should not be mistaken for overtraining syndrome（D）

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration). The MBA, a 20th-century product, always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed (贪婪) on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature. But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business school graduates, about 79,000 people are expected to receive MBAs in 1993.This is nearly 16 times the number of business graduates in 1960, a testimony to the wide spread assumption that the MBA is vital for young men and women who want to run companies some day. “If you are going into the corporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have one,” said Donald Morrison, professor of marketing and management science.“But in the last five years or so, when someone says, ‘Should I attempt to get an MBA,’ the answer a lot more is: It depends.” The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught. The Harvard Business Review printed a lively, fictional exchange of letters to dramatize complaints about business degree holders. The article called MBA hires “extremely disappointing” and said “MBAs want to move up too fast, they don’t understand politics and people, and they aren’t able to function as part of a team until their third year.But by then, they’re out looking for other jobs.” The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光环) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness. Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one who pursued a business career could do without one.The growth was fueled by a backlash (反冲) against the anti-business values of the 1960s and by the women’s movement. Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees of ten know how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people.“They don’t get a lot of grounding in the people side of the business”, said James Shaffer, vice-president and principal of the Towers Perrin management consulting firm. 21.According to Paragraph 2, what is the general attitude towards business on campuses dominated by purer disciplines? A) Scornful. B) Appreciative. C) Envious. D) Realistic.（A） 22.It seems that the controversy over the value of MBA degrees had been fueled mainly by ________. A) the complaints from various employers B) the success of many non-MBAs C) the criticism from the scientists of purer disciplines D) the poor performance of MBAs at work（B） 23.What is the major weakness of MBA holders according to the Harvard Business Review? A) They are usually self-centered. B) They are aggressive and greedy. C) They keep complaining about their jobs. D) They are not good at dealing with people.（D） 24.From the passage we know that most MBAs ________. A) can climb the corporate ladder fairly quickly B) quit their jobs once they are familiar with their workmates C) receive salaries that do not match their professional training D) cherish unrealistic expectations about their future（D） 25.What is the passage mainly about? A) Why there is an increased enrollment in MBA programs. B) The necessity of reforming MBA programs in business schools. C) Doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degree. D) A debate held recently on university campuses.（C） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. When school officials in Kalkaska, Michigan, closed classes last week, the media flocked to the story, portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims of stingy (吝啬的) taxpayers.There is some truth to that; the property-tax rate here is one-third lower than the state average.But shutting their schools also allowed Kalkask’s educators and the state’s largest teachers’ union, the Michigan Education Association, to make a political point.Their aim was to spur passage of legislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state’s share of school funding. It was no coincidence that Kalkaska shut its schools two weeks after residents rejected a 28 percent property-tax increase.The school board argued that without the increase it lacked the $1.5 million needed to keep schools open. But the school system had not done all it could to keep the schools open.Officials declined to borrow against next year’s state aid, they refused to trim extra curricular activities and they did not consider seeking a smaller—perhaps more acceptable—tax increase.In fact, closing early is costing Kalkaska a significant amount, including $600,000 in unemployment payments to teachers and staff and $250,000 in lost state aid.In February, the school system promised teachers and staff two months of retirement payments in case schools closed early, a deal that will cost the district $275,000 more. Other signs suggest school authorities were at least as eager to make a political statement as to keep schools open.The Michigan Education Association hired a public relations firm to stage a rally marking the school closing, which attracted 14 local and national television stations and networks.The president of the National Education Association, the MEA’s parent organization, flew from Washington, D.C., for the event.And the union tutored school officials in the art of television interviews.School supervisor Doyle Disbrow acknowledges the district could have kept schools open by cutting programs but denies the moves were politically motivated. Michigan lawmakers have reacted angrily to the closings.The state Senate has al ready voted to put the system into receivership (破产管理) and reopen schools immediately; the Michigan House plans to consider the bill this week. 26.We learn from the passage that schools in Kalkaska, Michigan, are funded ________. A) by both the local and state governments B) exclusively by the local government C) mainly by the state government D) by the National Education Association（A） 27.One of the purposes for which school officials closed classes was ________. A) to avoid paying retirement benefits to teachers and staff B) to draw the attention of local taxpayers to political issues C) to make the financial difficulties of their teachers and staff known to the public D) to pressure Michigan lawmakers into increasing state funds for local schools（D） 28.The author seems to disapprove of ________. A) the Michigan lawmakers’ endless debating B) the shutting of schools in Kalkaska C) the involvement of the mass media D) delaying the passage of the school funding legislation（B） 29.We learn from the passage that school authorities in Kalkaska are concerned about ________. A) a raise in the property-tax rate in Michigan B) reopening the schools there immediately C) the attitude of the MEA’s parent organization D) making a political issue of the closing of the schools（D） 30.According to the passage, the closing of the schools developed into a crisis because of ________. A) the complexity of the problem B) the political motives on the part of the educators C) the weak response of the state officials D) the strong protest on the part of the students’ parents（B） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. German Chancellor (首相) Otto Von Bismarck may be most famous for his military and diplomatic talent, but his legacy (遗产) includes many of today’s social insurance programs.During the middle of the 19th century, Germany, along with other European nations, experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization.Motivated in part by Christian compassion (怜悯) for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the world’s first workers’ compensation law in 1884. By 1908, the United States was the only industrial nation in the world that lacked workers’ compensation insurance.America’s injured workers could sue for damages in a court of law, but they still faced a number of tough legal barriers.For example, employees had to prove that their injuries directly resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant about potential hazards in the workplace.The first state workers’ compensation law in this country passed in 1911, and the program soon spread throughout the nation. After World War II, benefit payments to American workers did not keep up with the cost of living.In fact, real benefit levels were lower in the 1970s than they were in the 1940s, and in most states the maximum benefit was below the poverty level for a family of four.In 1970, President Richard Nixon set up a national commission to study the problems of workers’ compensation.Two years later, the commission issued 19 key recommendations, including one that called for increasing compensation benefit levels to 100 percent of the states’ average weekly wages. In fact, the average compensation benefit in America has climbed from 55 percent of the states’ average weekly wages in 1972 to 97 percent today.But, as most studies show, every 10 percent increase in compensation benefits results in a 5 per cent increase in the numbers of workers who file for claims.And with so much more money floating in the workers’ compensation system, it’s not surprising that doctors and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growing pie. 31.The world’s first workers’ compensation law was introduced by Bismarck ________. A) to make industrial production safer B) to speed up the pace of industrialization C) out of religious and political considerations D) for fear of losing the support of the socialist labor movement（C） 32.We learn from the passage that the process of industrialization in Europe ________. A) was accompanied by an increased number of workshop accidents B) resulted in the development of popular social insurance programs C) required workers to be aware of the potential dangers at the workplace D) met growing resistance from laborers working at machines（A） 33.One of the problems the American injured workers faced in getting compensation in the early 19th century was that ________. A) they had to have the courage to sue for damages in a court of law B) different states in the U.S.had totally different compensation programs C) America’s average compensation benefit was much lower than the cost of living D) they had to produce evidence that their employers were responsible for the accident（D） 34.After 1972 workers’ compensation insurance in the U.S.became more favorable to workers so that ________. A) the poverty level for a family of four went up drastically B) there were fewer legal barriers when they filed for claims C) the number of workers suing for damages increased D) more money was allocated to their compensation system（C） 35.The author ends the passage with the implication that ________. A) compensation benefits in America are soaring to new heights B) the workers are not the only ones to benefit from the compensation system C) people from all walks of life can benefit from the compensation system D) money floating in the compensation system is a huge drain on the U.S.economy（B） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Early in the age of affluence (富裕) that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy...We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.” Americans have responded to Lebow’s call, and much of the world has followed. Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values.Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever prevalent. Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth.Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate. Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too.The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches. Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things. Of course, the opposite of over-consumption—poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems.It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too.Dispossessed (被剥夺得一无所有的) peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads (游牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert. If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough.What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction? 36.The emergence of the affluent society after World War II ________. A) gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers B) gave rise to the dominance of the new egoism C) led to the reform of the retailing system D) resulted in the worship of consumerism（D） 37.Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is ________. A) the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals B) the people’s desire for a rise in their living standards C) the imbalance that has existed between production and consumption D) the concept that one’s success is measured by how much they consume（D） 38.Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing? A) Because poverty still exists in an affluent society. B) Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction. C) Because overconsumption won’t last long due to unrestricted population growth. D) Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.（B） 39.According to the passage, consumerist culture ________. A) cannot thrive on a fragile economy B) will not aggravate environmental problems C) cannot satisfy human spiritual needs D) will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries（C） 40.It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A) human spiritual needs should match material affluence B) there is never an end to satisfying people’s material needs C) whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issue D) how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problem（D）

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu (流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts. The American Lung Association (ALA) has issued new guidelines on combating colds and the flu, and one of the keys is being able to quickly tell the two apart. That’s because the prescription drugs available for the flu need to be taken soon after the illness sets in. As for colds, the sooner a person starts taking over-the-counter remedy, the sooner relief will come. The common cold and the flu are both caused by viruses. More than 200 viruses can cause cold symptoms, while the flu is caused by three viruses—flu A, B and C. There is no cure for either illness, but the flu can be prevented by the flu vaccine (疫苗), which is, for most people, the best way to fight the flu, according to the ALA. But if the flu does strike, quick action can help. Although the flu and common cold have many similarities, there are some obvious signs to look for. Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. On the other hand, fever is one of the characteristic features of the flu for all ages. And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms. The ALA notes that it may be particularly difficult to tell when infants and preschool age children have the flu. It advises parents to call the doctor if their small children have flu-like symptoms. Both cold and flu symptoms can be eased with over-the-counter medications as well. However, children and teens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of the risk of Reye syndrome (综合症)，a rare but serious condition of the liver and central nervous system. There is, of course, no vaccine for the common cold. But frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with people who have colds can reduce the likelihood of catching one. 11. According to the author, knowing the cause of the misery will help ________. A) shorten the duration of the illness B) the patient buy medicine over the counter C) the patient obtain cheaper prescription drugs D) prevent people from catching colds and the flu（A） 12. We learn from the passage that ________. A) one doesn’t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu B) aspirin should not be included in over-the-counter medicines for the flu C) delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system D) over-the-counter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by a cold or the flu（D） 13. According to the passage, to combat the flu effectively, ________. A) one should identify the virus which causes it B) one should consult a doctor as soon as possible C) one should take medicine upon catching the disease D) one should remain alert when the disease is spreading（C） 14. Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold? A) A stuffy nose. B) A high temperature. C) A sore throat. D) A dry cough.（B） 15. If children have flu-like symptoms, their parents ________. A) are advised not to give them aspirin B) should watch out for signs of Reye syndrome C) are encouraged to take them to hospital for vaccination D) should prevent them from mixing with people running a fever（A） Passage Two Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答问卷者) listed “to give children a good start academically” as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents. In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (强调个性发展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education. Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’s chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens. 16. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe ________. A) Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents B) Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements C) Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction D) Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs（C） 17. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to ________. A) problem solving B) group experience C) parental guidance D) individually-oriented development（B） 18. In Japan’s preschool education, the focus is on ________. A) preparing children academically B) developing children’s artistic interests C) tapping children’s potential D) shaping children’s character（D） 19. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to ________. A) broaden children’s horizon B) cultivate children’s creativity C) lighten children’s study load D) enrich children’s knowledge（C） 20. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens? A) They can do better in their future studies. B) They can accumulate more group experience there. C) They can be individually oriented when they grow up. D) They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.（D） Passage Three Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute. 21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________. A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow（D） 22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________. A) was discouraged B) was enforced by law C) was prohibited by law D) was introduced（B） 23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland? A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio. B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area. C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America. D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.（D） 24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________. A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions（A） 25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________. A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline C) still consider lead pollution a problem D) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution（C） Passage Four Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to “light” beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet. In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts: for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry (小甜饼). Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. “Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight,” says York Onnen, program director of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Still, exercise’s supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight. If you have been sedentary (极少活动的) and decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year’s time, assuming no increase in food intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight. 26. What is said about the average American in the passage? A) They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of “light” beer. B) They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight. C) They prefer “light” beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food. D) They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight.（B） 27. Some people dislike exercise because ________. A) they think it is physically exhausting B) they find it hard to exercise while on a diet C) they don’t think it possible to walk 3 miles every day D) they find consulting caloric-expenditure charts troublesome（B） 28. “Even exercise professionals concede half a point here” (Line 3, Para. 2) means “They ________”. A) agree that the calories in a small piece of pastry can be difficult to work off by exercise B) partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reduction C) are not fully convinced that dieting can help maintain one’s new weight D) are not sufficiently informed of the positive role of exercise in losing weight（B） 29. What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center’s study? A) Controlling one’s calorie intake is more important than doing exercise. B) Even occasional exercise can help reduce weight. C) Weight reduction is impossible without exercise. D) One could lose ten pounds in a year’s time if there’s no increase in food intake.（C） 30. What is the author’s purpose in writing this article? A) To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center. B) To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight. C) To support the statement made by York Onnen. D) To show the most effective way to lose weight.（D）

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero? Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people. A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame. Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people. The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant? Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless. 11. Although heroes may come from different cultures, they ________. A) generally possess certain inspiring characteristics B) probably share some weaknesses of ordinary people C) are often influenced by previous generations D) all unknowingly attract a large number of fans（A） 12. According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that ________. A) they have a vision from the mountaintop B) they have warm feelings and emotions C) they can serve as concrete examples of noble principles D) they can make people feel stronger and more confident（C） 13. Madonna and Michael Jackson are not considered heroes because ________. A) they are popular only among certain groups of people B) their performances do not improve their fans morally C) their primary concern is their own financial interests D) they are not clear about the principles they should follow（B） 14. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who ________. A) are good at demonstrating their charming characters B) can move the masses with their forceful speeches C) are capable of meeting all challenges and hardships D) can provide an answer to the problems of their people（B） 15. The author concludes that historical changes would ________. A) be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualities B) not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrifices C) take place ff there were heroes to lead the people D) produce leaders with attractive personalities（A） Passage Two Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, today’s traditional-age college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll. Not surprising in these hard times, the student’s major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting. Interest in teaching, social service and the “altruistic” fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up. That’s no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job—even before she completed her two-year associate degree. While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions—be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs. Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business. No company; no job. How shortsighted in the long run! But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机): “Miss Baxter,” he says, “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?” From the long-term point of view, that’s what education really ought to be about. 16. According to the author’s observation, college students ________. A) have never been so materialistic as today B) have never been so interested in the arts C) have never been so financially well off as today D) have never attached so much importance to moral sense（A） 17. The students’ criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with ________. A) the influences of their instructors B) the financial goals they seek in life C) their own interpretations of the courses D) their understanding of the contributions of others（B） 18. By saying “While it’s true that... be they scientific or artistic” (Lines 1-3, Para. 5), the author means that ________. A) business management should be included in educational programs B) human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed C) human intellectual development has reached new heights D) the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked（D） 19. Studying the diverse wisdom of others can ________. A) create varying artistic interests B) help people see things in their right perspective C) help improve connections among people D) regulate the behavior of modern people（B） 20. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A) Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded. B) Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong. C) People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life. D) Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.（D） Passage Three Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. It’s now a “global village” where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills. Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts. Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company’s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的). Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets. English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal The employee posted abroad who speaks the country’s principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and cam have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm. 21. What is the author’s attitude toward high-tech communications equipment? A) Critical. B) Prejudiced. C) Indifferent. D) Positive.（D） 22. With the increased use of high-tech communications equipment, businesspeople ________. A) have to get familiar with modern technology B) are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operations C) are attaching more importance to their overseas business D) are eager to work overseas（C） 23. In this passage, “out of sight and out of mind” (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably means ________. A) being unable to think properly for lack of insight B) being totally out of touch with business at home C) missing opportunities for promotion when abroad D) leaving all care and worry behind（C） 24. According to the passage, what is an important consideration of international corporations in employing people today? A) Connections with businesses overseas. B) Ability to speak the client’s language. C) Technical know-how. D) Business experience.（B） 25. The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can ________. A) better control the whole negotiation process B) easily find new approaches to meet market needs C) fast-forward their proposals to headquarters D) easily make friends with businesspeople abroad（A） Passage Four Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they’ve become wealthier and more worldly-wise. Foreign travel is a national passion; this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonald’s and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service, using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to “Have a nice day” has caught on all over Israel. “Nobody wakes up in the morning and says, ‘Let’s be nicer,’” says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm. “Nothing happens without competition.” Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies (垄断者) that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful (报复的) consumer.” When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40/% of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, “People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly mopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless El Al Airlines, which is already at auction (拍卖), has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets. 26. It may be inferred from the passage that ________. A) customer service in Israel is now improving B) wealthy Israeli customers are hard to please C) the tourist industry has brought chain stores to Israel D) Israeli customers prefer foreign products to domestic ones（A） 27. In the author’s view, higher service standards are impossible in Israel ________. A) if customer complaints go unnoticed by the management B) unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbers C) if there’s no competition among companies D) without strict routine training of employees（C） 28. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure, ________. A) they can have it fixed in no time B) it’s no longer necessary to make an appointment C) the appointment takes only half a day to make D) they only have to wait half an hour at most（D） 29. The example of El A1 Airlines shows that ________. A) revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprises B) an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty C) a good slogan has great potential for improving service D) staff retraining is essential for better service（D） 30. Why did Bezaq’s international branch lose 40/% of its market share? A) Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough. B) Because customers were dissatisfied with its past service. C) Because the service offered by its competitors was far better. D) Because it no longer received any support from the government.（B）

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B) C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists. Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’t threaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth. Buy $50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $10 million a year for the next 25 year5s to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we’ll have a way to change its course. Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn’t be cheap. Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk re: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years. Sounds pretty rare—but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. “If we don’t take care of these big asteroids, they’ll take care of us,” says one scientist. “It’s that simple.” The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? “The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的)rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them,” said a New York Times article. 21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids? A) They are heavenly bodies different in composition. B) They are heavenly bodies similar in nature. C) There are more asteroids than meteoroids. D) Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids. 22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth? A) It is very unlikely but the danger exists. B) Such a collision might occur once every 25 years. C) Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected. D) It’s still too early to say whether such a collision might occur. 23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the courses of asteroids? A) It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem. B) It may create more problems than it might solve. C) It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely. D) Further research should be done before it is proved applicable. 24. We can conclude from the passage that ______________. A) while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the world B) asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near future C) the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetime D) workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth 25. Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this passage? A) Optimistic. B) Critical. C) Objective. D) Arbitrary. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉)can cut highway crashes. Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形), painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down. Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japan’s success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes. Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest—curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars. Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway sped and the number of traffic accidents. 26. The passage mainly discusses __________. A) a new way of highway speed control B) a new pattern for painting highways C) a new approach to training drivers D) a new type of optical illusion 27. On roads painted with chevrons, drivers tend to feel that __________. A) they should avoid speed-related hazards B) they are driving in the wrong lane C) they should slow down their speed D) they are approaching the speed limit 28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former ___________. A) can keep drivers awake B) can cut road accidents in half C) will have a longer effect on drivers D) will look more attractive 29. The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to __________. A) try out the Japanese method in certain areas B) change the road signs across the country C) replace straight, horizontal bars with chevrons D) repeat the Japanese road patterns 30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads? A) They are falling out of use in the United States B) They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time. C) They are applicable only on broad roads. D) They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles. Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: Amtrak (美国铁路客运公司) was experiencing a downswing in ridership(客运量) along the lines comprising its rail system. Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham, were the long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly.] At one time, trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation existing at the time. However, times change and the automobile became America’s standard of convenience. Also, air travel had easily established itself as the fastest method of traveling great distances. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west. Two portions of the total market were targeted: 1) anxious fliers—those concerned with safety, relaxation, and cleanliness and 2) travel-lovers—those viewing themselves as relaxed, casual, and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom, escape, relaxation, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures. Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains (Empire Builder, etc.). These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences. Results were impressive. The Empire Builder, which was focused on in one ad, enjoyed a 15 percent increase in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route. 31. What’s the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A) To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience. B) To stress the influence of the automobile on America’s standard of convenience. C) To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion. D) To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumer attitudes. 32. It can be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak ridership was due to the fact that ________. A) trains were not suitable for short distance passenger transportation B) trains were not the fastest and most convenient form of transportation C) trains were not as fast and convenient as they used to be D) trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience 33. To encourage consumers to travel by train, DDB Needham emphasized __________. A) the freedom and convenience provided on trains B) the practical aspects of train travel C) the adventurous aspects of train trips D) the safety and cleanliness of train trips 34. The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV programs involving nature and America because ____________. A) they could focus on meaningful travel experiences B) they could increase the effectiveness of the TV programs C) their profits could be increased by some 15 percent D) most travel-lovers and nervous fliers were believed to be among the audiences 35. According to the passage, the Empire Builder enjoyed an increase in ridership and profits because ___________. A) the attractiveness of its name and route was effectively advertised B) it provided an exciting travel exper5ience C) its passengers could enjoy the great western outdoors D) it was widely advertised in newspapers and magazines in Chicago and SEattle Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: Why does cram go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition—a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances, so why cream should sour much faster has been a mystery. Both are emulsions—tiny globules (小球体) of one liquid evenly distributed throughout another. The difference lies in what’s in the globules and what’s in the surrounding liquid, says Brocklehurst, who led the investigation. In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water. In butter, globules of a watery solution are locked away in a sea of fat. The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture. “This means that in cream, the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture,” he says. When the situation is reversed, the bacteria are locked away in compartments (隔仓室) buried deep in the sea of fat. Trapped in this way, individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients (养料). They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products. “In butter, you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,” says Brocklehurst. The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see if their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the food’s structure. Brocklehurst believes it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter. The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid lump. 36. The significance of Brocklehurst’s research is that ____________. A) it suggested a way to keep some foods fresh without preservatives B) it discovered tiny globules in both cream and butter C) it revealed the secret of how bacteria multiply in cream and butter D) it found that cream and butter share the same chemical composition 37. According to the researchers, cream sours fast than butter because bacteria _________. A) are more evenly distributed in cream B) multiply more easily in cream than in butter C) live on less fat in cream than in butter D) produce less waste in cream than in butter 38. According to Brocklehurst, we can keep cream fresh by ___________. A) removing its fat B) killing the bacteria C) reducing its water content D) altering its structure 39. The word “colonies” (Line 2, Para. 4) refers to __________. A) tiny globules B) watery regions C) bacteria communities D) little compartments 40. Commercial application of the research finding will be possible if salad cream can be made resistant to bacterial attack _____________. A) by varying its chemical composition B) by turning it into a solid lump C) while keeping its structure unchanged D) while retaining its liquid form

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Section A Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They will spboil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively,fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong thing. The key to preventing or treating behavior problems us learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting. One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train (驯服) it. Obedience training doesn't solve all behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem.Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do. Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog o beys a simple request of "come here, sit," it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is not necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack (群) by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate (从属的)role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge. Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog.It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well |trained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal. 21. Behavior problems of dogs are believed to _______. A) be just part of their nature B) worsen in modern society C) occure when they go wild D) present a threat to the community 22. The primary purpose of obedience training is to _______. A) teach the dog to perform clever tricks B) make the dog aware fo its owner's authority C) provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior D) enable the dog to regain its normal behavior 23. Effective communication between a dog and its owner is _______. A) essential to solving the dog's behavior problems B) the foundation for dogs to perform tasks C) a good way to teach the dog new tricks D) an extreme measure in obedience training 24. Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters? A) To avoid being punished. B) To show their affection for their masters. C) To win leadership of the dog pack. D) To show their willingness to obey. 25. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner _______. A) can give the dog more rewards B) will enjoy a better family life C) can give the dog more freedom D) will have more confidence in himself Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality , but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In highschool I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department,famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But that's not what I did. I chose to study engineering at a small liberal |arts(文科) university that doesn't even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren't studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them. I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineerng "factories" where they didn't care if you had values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist(人文学者) all in one. Now I'm not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile (协调) engineering with liberal |arts courses in college. The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don't mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult. 26. The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he _______. A) wanted to be an example of practicality and rationality B) intended to be a combination of engineer and humanist C) wanted to coordinate engineering with liberal-arts courses in college D) intended to be a sensible student with noble ideals 27. According to the author, by interacting with people who study liberal arts, engineering students can _______. A) balance engineering and the liberal arts B) receive guidance in their careers C) become noble idealists D) broaden their horizons 28. In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected _______. A) to have an excellent academic record B) to be wise and mature C) to be imaginative with a value system to guide him D) to be a technical genius with a wide vision 29. The author's experience shows that he was _______. A) creative B) ambitious C) unrealistic D) irrational 30. The word "they" in "... together they threaten to confuse." (Line 3, Para. 5) refers to _______. A) engineering and the liberal arts B) reality and noble ideals C) flexibility and a value system D) practicality and rationality Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Priscilla Ouchida's "energy |efficient" house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000, three -bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks,the house was equipped with small double |paned(双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy |saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. Priscilla's eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness. Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The leyel of of formaldehyde(甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall |to |wall carpeting. The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation's drive to save energy. The problem itself isn't new. "The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along," says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. "Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases." The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn't worry much about unsealed cracks. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels. 31. It can be learned from the passage that the Ouchidas' house_______. A) is well worth the money spent on its construction B) is almost faultless from the point of energy conservation C) failed to meet energy conservation standards D) was designed and constructed in a scientific way 32. What made the Ouchidas' new house a horrible dream? A) Lack of fresh air. B) Poor quality of buildig materials. C) Gas leakage in the kitchen. D) The newly painted walls 33. The word "accentuate"(Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means "________". A) relieve B) accelerate C) worsen D) improve 34. Why were cracks in old houses not a big concern? A) Because indoor cleanness was not emphasized. B) Because energy used to be inexpensive. C) Because environmental protection was given top priority. D) Because they were technically unavoidable. 35. This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled "________" . A) Energy Conservation B) House Building Crisis C) Air Pollution Indoors D) Traps in Building Consruction Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. In 1993, New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage(饮料) containers. Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles. Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products, but because few could figure out what to do with the plastic, much of it wound up buried in landfills (垃圾填埋场). The problem was not limited to New York. Unfortunately, there were too few uses for second |hand plastic. Today, one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled (回收利用) in the United States. The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts, paint brushes, etc. As the New York experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard remains a discard until somebody figures out how to give it a second life-and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value. Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling, throwaways actually depress prices for used materials. Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially, recycling is already the least expensive waste |management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city avoids paying for its disposal, which, in parts of New York, amounts to savings of more than $100 per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 36. What regulation was issued by New York State concerning beyerage containers? A) Beverage companies should be responsible for collecting and reusing discarded plastic soda bottles. B) Throwaways should be collected by the state for recycling. C) A fee should be charged on used containers for recycling. D) Consumers had to pay for beverage containers and could get their money back on returning them. 37. The returned plastic bottles in New York used to _______. A) end up somewhere underground B) be turned into raw materials C) have a second |life value D) be separated from other rubbish 38. The key problem in dealing with returned plastic beverage containers is_______. A) to sell them at a profitable price B) how to turn them into useful things C) how to reduce their recycling costs D) to lower the prices for used materials 39. Recycling has become the first choice for the disposal of rubbish because _______. A) local governments find it easy to manage B) recycling has great appeal for the jobless C) recycling causes little pollution D) other methods are more expensive 40. It can be concluded from the passage that _______. A) rubbish is a potential remedy for the shortage of raw materials B) local governments in the U.S. can expect big profits from recycling C) recycling is to be recommended both economically and environmentally D) lanfills will still be widely used for waste disposal

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. For the person keeping a journal, whatever he experiences and wants to hold he can write down. But to get it down on paper begins another adventure. For he has to focus on what he has experienced, and to be able to say what, in fact, the experience is. What of it is new? What of it is remarkable because of the associations in the memory it stirs up? Is it a good or bad thing to have happened? And why, specifically? The questions multiply themselves quickly. As one tries to find the words that best represent this discovery, the experience becomes even clearer in its shape and meaning. Beyond the value of the journal as a record, there is the value of the discipline it teaches. The journalist begins to pay closer attention to what happens to and around himself. He develops and sharpens his skills of observation. He learns the usefulness of languages as a means of representing what he sees, and gains skill and certainty in the expression of his experiences. To have given up one’s experience to words is to have begun marking out the limits and potential of its meaning. In the journal that meaning is developed and clarified to oneself. When the intention of the development of that meaning is the consideration of another reader, the method of the journal redirects itself and it becomes the essay. 1.The author thinks of keeping a journal as （ ）. A、an association B、an adventure C、a discovery D、an observation 2.According to the author, keeping a journal is good for （ ）. A、observation and expression B、certainty and discipline C、experience and adventure D、consideration and development 3.By keeping a journal, one can （ ）. A、develop the usefulness of language B、develop his memory C、clarify the consideration to everyone D、have a thorough understanding of his experience 4.According to the writer, which of the following statements is NOT true? （ ） A、The journalist can express what has happened. B、A journal can serve as a record of the past happening. C、The journalist must be able to observe closely. D、Writing helps develop the consideration of others. 5.The passage is mainly about （ ）. A、how to write a journal B、the expressions of a journal C、the value of keeping a journal D、how to solve the problems in a journal

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Passage one Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, Each passage is followed by some questions at unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic (长久的) personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent. Professionals seek career experience outside of their home countries for a variety of reasons. They may feel the need to recharge their batteries with a new challenge. They may want a position with more responsibility that encourages creativity and initiative. Or they may wish to expose their children to another culture, and the opportunity to learn a second language. When applying for a job, one usually has to submit a resume or curriculum vitae (CV). The two terms generally mean the same thing: a one-or two-page document describing one’s educational qualifications and professional experience. However, guidelines for preparing a resume are constantly changing. The best advice is to find out what is appropriate regarding the corporate (公司) culture, the country culture, and the culture of the person making the hiring decision. The challenge will be to embrace two or more cultures in one document. The following list is a good place to start. ● “Educational requirements differ from country to country. In almost every case of ‘cross-border’ job hunting, just stating the title of your degree will not bean adequate description. Provide the reader with details about your studies and any related experience.” ● Pay attention to the resume format you use-chronological or reverse-chronological order. Chronological order means listing your ‘oldest’ work experience first. Reverse-chronological order means listing your current or most recent experience first. Most countries have preferences about which format is most acceptable. If you find no specific guidelines, the general preference is for the reverse-chronological format.” ● If you are submitting your resume in English, find out if the recipient (收件人) uses British English or American English because there are variations between the two versions. For example, university education is often referred to as ‘tertiary education’ in the United Kingdom, but this term is almost never used in the United States. A reader who is unfamiliar with these variations may assume that your resume contains errors. 21. Companies are hiring more foreign employees because ________. A) they find foreign employees are usually more talented B) they need original ideas from employees hired overseas C) they want to expand their business beyond home borders D) they have difficulty finding qualified personnel at home（D） 22. The author believes that an individual who applies to work overseas ________. A) is usually creative and full of initiative B) aims to improve his foreign language skills C) is dissatisfied with his own life at home D) seeks either his own or his children’s development（D） 23. When it comes to resume writing, it is best to ________. A) take cultural factors into consideration B) learn about the company’s hiring process C) follow appropriate guidelines for job hunting D) know the employer’s personal likes and dislikes（A） 24. When writing about qualifications, applicants are advised to ________. A) stress their academic potential to impress the decision maker B) give the title of the university degree they have earned at home C) provide a detailed description of their study and work experiences D) highlight their keen interest in pursuing a ‘cross-border’ career（C） 25. According to the author’s last piece of advice, the applicants should be aware of ________. A) the different educational systems in the US and the UK B) the differences between the varieties of English C) the recipient’s preference with regard to the format D) the distinctive features of American and British cultures（B） Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Passage Two Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world. Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激励), provides guideposts that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education. Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环) of neglect. An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle. Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits. But it has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to 20 per cent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the beginning. Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family planning. 26. The author argues that educating girls in developing countries is ________. A) troublesome B) labor-saving C) rewarding D) expensive（C） 27. By saying “... the prophecy becomes self-fulfilling...” (Lines 45, Para. 2). the author means that ________. A) girls will turn out to be less valuable than boys B) girls will be capable of realizing their own dreams C) girls will eventually find their goals in life beyond reach D) girls will be increasingly discontented with their life at home（A） 28. The author believes that a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle when ________. A) women care more about education B) girls can gain equal access to education C) a family has fewer but healthier children D) parents can afford their daughters’ education（B） 29. What does the author say about women’s education? A) It deserves greater attention than other social issues. B) It is now given top priority in many developing countries. C) It will yield greater returns than other known investments. D) It has aroused the interest of a growing number of economists.（C） 30. The passage mainly discusses ________. A) unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countries B) the potential earning power of well-educated women C) the major contributions of educated women to society D) the economic and social benefits of educating women（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in for an unwelcome surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobiliser (锁止器), and a radio signal from a control centre miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be able to start it again. The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car contains a mini-cellphone, a micro-processor and memory, and a GPS (全球定位系统) satellite positioning receiver. If the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the control centre to block the vehicle’s engine management system and prevent the engine being restarted. In the UK, a set of technical fixes is already making life harder for car thieves. ‘The pattern of vehicle crime has changed,’ says Martyn Randall, a security expert. He says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a person how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old. Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won’t allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key. In the UK, technologies like this have helped achieve a 31/% drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997. But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars, often by getting bold of the owner’s keys. And key theft is responsible for 40/% of the thefts of vehicles fitted with a tracking system. If the car travels 100 metres without the driver confirming their ID, the system will send a signal to an operations centre that it has been stolen. The hundred metres minimum avoids false alarms due to inaccuracies in the GPS signal. Staff at the centre will then contact the owner to confirm that the car really is missing, and keep police informed of the vehicle’s movements via the car’s GPS unit. 31. What’s the function of the remote immobilizer fitted to a car? A) To help the police make a surprise attack on the car thief. B) To allow the car to lock automatically when stolen. C) To prevent the car thief from restarting it once it stops. D) To prevent car theft by sending a radio signal to the car owner.（C） 32. By saying “The pattern of vehicle crime has changed” (Lines 1-2. Para. 3), Martyn Randall suggests that ________. A) it takes a longer time for the car thief to do the stealing B) self-prepared tools are no longer enough for car theft C) the thief has to make use of computer technology D) the thief has lost interest in stealing cars over 10 years old（B） 33. What is essential in making a modem car tougher to steal? A) A coded ignition key. B) A unique ID card. C) A special cellphone signal. D) A GPS satellite positioning receiver.（A） 34. Why does the tracking system set a 100-metre minimum before sending an alarm to the operations centre? A) To leave time for the operations centre to give an alarm. B) To keep police informed of the car’s movements. C) To give the driver time to contact the operations centre. D) To allow for possible errors in the GPS system.（D） 35. What will the operations centre do first after receiving an alarm? A) Start the tracking system. B) Contact the car owner. C) Block the car engine. D) Locate the missing car.（B） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Psychiatrists (精神病专家) who work with older parents say that maturity can be an asset in child rearing-older parents are more thoughtful, use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children. But raising kids takes money and energy. Many older parents find themselves balancing their limited financial resources, declining energy and failing health against the growing demands of an active child. Dying and leaving young children is probably the older parents’ biggest, and often unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an economics professor, often means parents, particularly fathers, “end up retiring much later.” For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream. Henry Metcalf, a 54-year-old journalist, knows it takes money to raise kids. But he’s also worried that his energy will give out first. Sure, he can still ride bikes with his athletic fifth grader, but he’s learned that young at heart doesn’t mean young. Lately he’s been taking afternoon naps (午睡) to keep up his energy. “My body is aging,” says Metcalf. “You can’t get away from that.” Often, older parents hear the ticking of another kind of biological clock. Therapists who work with middle-aged and older parents say fears about aging are nothing to laugh at. “They worry they’ll be mistaken for grandparents, or that they’ll need help getting up out of those little chairs in nursery school,” says Joann Galst, a New York psychologist. But at the core of those little fears there is often a much bigger one: “that they won’t be alive long enough to support and protect their child,” she says. Many late-life parents, though, say their children came at just the right time. After marrying late and undergoing years of fertility (受孕) treatment, Marilyn Nolen and her husband. Randy, had twins. “We both wanted children,” says Marilyn, who was 55 when she gave birth. The twins have given the couple what they desired for years, “a sense of family.” Kids of older dads are often smarter, happier and more sociable because their fathers are more involved in their lives. “The dads are older, more mature,” says Dr. Silber, “and more ready to focus on parenting.” 36. Why do psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child rearing? A) Older parents are often better prepared financially. B) Older parents can take better care of their children. C) Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children. D) Older parents can better balance their resources against children’s demands.（C） 37. What does the author mean by saying “For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream” (Lines 7-8, Para. 1)? A) They are reluctant to retire when they reach their retirement age. B) They can’t obtain the retirement benefits they have dreamed of. C) They can’t get full pension unless they work some extra years. D) They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.（D） 38. The author gives the example of Henry Metcalf to show that ________. A) older parents should exercise more to keep up with their athletic children B) many people are young in spirit despite their advanced age C) older parents tend to be concerned about their aging bodies D) taking afternoon naps is a good way to maintain energy（C） 39. What’s the biggest fear of older parents according to New York psychologist Joan Galst? A) Approaching of death. B) Slowing down of their pace of life. C) Being laughed at by other people. D) Being mistaken for grandparents.（A） 40. What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy Nolen? A) They thought they were an example of successful fertility treatment. B) Not until they reached middle age did they think of having children. C) Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family. D) They believed that children born of older parents would be smarter.（C）

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more that they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet (芭蕾舞). Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50/% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log hall that time. All in all, however, children’s leisure time dropped from 40/% of the day in 1981 to 25/% “Children are affected by the same time crunch (危机) that affects their parents,” says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children’s timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home. (Nevertheless, children in both double-income and “male breadwinner” households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents 19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.) All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. “Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,” says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “free time” watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If they’re spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren’t replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let’s face it, who’s got the time? 21. By mentioning “the same time crunch” (Line 1, Para. 2) Sandra Hofferth means ________. A) children have little time to play with their parents B) children are not taken good care of by their working parents C) both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time D) both parents and children have trouble managing their time（D） 22. According to the author, the reason given by Sandra Hofferth for the time crunch is ________. A) quite convincing B) partially true C) totally groundless D) rather confusing（B） 23. According to the author a child develops better if ________. A) he has plenty of time reading and studying B) he is left to play with his peers in his own way C) he has more time participating in school activities D) he is free to interact with his working parents（D） 24. The author is concerned about the fact that American kids ________. A) are engaged in more and more structured activities B) are increasingly neglected by their working mothers C) are spending more and more time watching TV D) are involved less and less in household work（A） 25. We can infer from the passage that ________. A) extracurricular activities promote children’s intelligence B) most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off C) efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful D) most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children（C） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Henry Ford, the famous U.S. inventor and car manufacturer, once said, “The business of America is business.” By this he meant that the U.S. way of life is based on the values of the business world. Few would argue with Ford’s statement. A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business. For example, nearly every newspaper has a business section, in which the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily. In addition, business news can appear in every other section. Most national news has an important financial aspect to it. Welfare, foreign aid, the federal budget, and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business. Moreover, business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places. The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “the entertainment industry” or “show business.” The positive side of Henry Ford’s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life. One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job. Jobs are produced in abundance (大量地) because the U.S. economic system is driven by competition. People believe that this system crates more wealth, more jobs, and a materially better way of life. The negative side of Henry Ford’s statement, however, can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business. And the term big business—referring to the biggest companies, is seen in opposition to labor. Throughout U.S. history working people have had to fight hard for higher wages, better working conditions, and the fight to form unions. Today, many of the old labor disputes are over, but there is still some employee anxiety. Downsizing—the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for many. 26. The United States is a typical country ________. A) which encourages free trade at home and abroad B) where people’s chief concern is how to make money C) where all businesses are managed scientifically D) which normally works according to the federal budget（D） 27. The influence of business in the U.S. is evidenced by the fact that ________. A) most newspapers are run by big businesses B) even public organizations concentrate on working for profits C) Americans of all professions know how to do business D) even arts and entertainment are regarded as business（C） 28. According to the passage, immigrants choose to settle in the U.S., dreaming that ________. A) they can start profitable businesses there B) they can be more competitive in business C) they will make a fortune overnight there D) they will find better chances of employment（B） 29. Henry Ford’s statement can be taken negatively because ________. A) working people are discouraged to fight for their fights B) there are many industries controlled by a few big capitalists C) there is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor D) public services are not run by the federal government（C） 30. A company’s efforts to keep expenses low and profits high may result in ________. A) reduction in the number of employees B) improvement of working conditions C) fewer disputes between labor and management D) a rise in workers’ wages（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyse their embarrassing lapses (差错) in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings, Nor did the lapses appear to be entirely random (随机的). One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “the explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme,” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.” Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing—an average of twelve each, There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest (荒谬可笑的). These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon, between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. “Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain ‘programmes’ occurs, as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men—probably because they were more reliable reporters. A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous. 31. In his study Professor Smith asked the subjects ________. A) to keep track of people who tend to forget things B) to report their embarrassing lapses at random C) to analyse their awkward experiences scientifically D) to keep a record of what they did unintentionally（B） 32. Professor Smith discovered that ________. A) certain patterns can be identified in the recorded incidents B) many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindedness C) men tend to be more absent-minded than women D) absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness（D） 33. “Programme assembly failures” (Line 6, Para. 2) refers to the phenomenon that people ________. A) often fail to programme their routines beforehand B) tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurry C) unconsciously change the sequence of doing things D) are likely to mess things up if they are too tired（D） 34. We learn from the third paragraph that ________. A) absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the day B) women are very careful to perform actions during peak periods C) women experience more peak periods of absent-mindedness D) men’s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations（A） 35. It can be concluded from the passage that ________. A) people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapses B) hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good at C) people should be careful when programming their actions D) lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentration（A） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. It’s no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. That’s especially true of children who remain in abusive homes because the law blindly favors biological parents. It’s also true of children who suffer for years in foster homes (收养孩子的家庭) because of parents who can’t or won’t care for them but refuse to give up custody (监护) rights. Fourteen-year-old Kimberly Mays fits neither description, but her recent court victory could eventually help children who do. Kimberly has been the object of an angry custody baffle between the man who raised her and her biological parents, with whom she has never lived. A Florida judge ruled that the teenager can remain with the only father she’s ever known and that her biological parents have “no legal claim” on her. The ruling, though it may yet be reversed, sets aside the principle that biology is the primary determinant of parentage. That’s an important development, one that’s long overdue. Shortly after birth in December 1978, Kimberly Mays and another infant were mistakenly switched and sent home with the wrong parents. Kimberly’s biological parents, Ernest and Regina Twigg, received a child who died of a heart disease in 1988. Medical tests showed that the child wasn’t the Twiggs’ own daughter, but Kimt only was, thus sparking a custody battle with Robert Mays. In 1989, the two families agreed that Mr. Mays would maintain custody with the Twiggs getting visiting fights. Those rights were ended when Mr. Mays decided that Kimberly was being harmed. The decision to leave Kimberly with Mr. Mays rendered her suit debated. But the judge made clear that Kimberly did have standing to sue (起诉) on her own behalf. Thus he made clear that she was more than just property to be handled as adults saw fit. Certainly, the biological link between parent and child is fundamental. But biological parents aren’t always preferable to adoptive ones, and biological parentage does not convey an absolute ownership that cancels all the rights of children. 36. What was the primary consideration in the Florida judge’s ruling? A) The biological link. B) The child’s benefits. C) The traditional practice. D) The parents’ feelings.（B） 37. We can learn from the Kimberly case that ________. A) children are more than just personal possessions of their parents B) the biological link between parent and child should be emphasized C) foster homes bring children more pain and suffering than care D) biological parents shouldn’t claim custody rights after their child is adopted（D） 38. The Twiggs claimed custody rights to Kimberly because ________. A) they found her unhappy in Mr. Mays’ custody B) they regarded her as their property C) they were her biological parents D) they felt guilty about their past mistake（C） 39. Kimberly had been given to Mr. Mays ________. A) by sheer accident B) out of charity C) at his request D) for better care（C） 40. The author’s attitude towards the judge’s ruling could be described as ________. A) doubtful B) critical C) cautious D) supportive（A）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of literacy (有文化) to a modern society. But in the attempt to find in literacy an explanation for poverty, unemployment, disease, and hopelessness, both in the third world countries and here at home, politicians, educators, and now newsmen have succeeded in just doing that. James Reston wrote in the New York Times years ago: "Between a third and a half of the world's people suffer from hunger or malnutrition. The people of the undeveloped world are the majority of the human race. There are 100 million more illiterates (文盲) in the world today than there were twenty years ago, bringing the total to about 800 million." Notice how easily the author slips from poverty and malnutrition to illiteracy. The transition is possible because of the unexamined assumption that they are casually related. The Russian writer Tolstoy was among the first to point out the social problems such as poverty and unemployment are not to be remedied by teaching people to read and write. What people need are jobs, not reading lessons. In fact, there is now evidence provided by some leading historians and others that increased literacy is as likely to be a consequence of economic growth as a cause of it. It has also been noticed that literacy levels increased dramatically when communities were industrialized and the reason was very likely to lie in the fact that reading became relevant to "one's daily life". As literacy becomes more functional, both parents and children value education increasingly. It is a mistake to attribute social problems simply to personal qualities such as intelligence or literacy not only because such attribution is made without good grounds but also because it leads one to offer inappropriate solutions. Unemployment will not be solved by reading lessons, job training, skills upgrading, and the like, which are perceived as relevant to "one's daily life" and are part of the solution to unemployment. The fundamental part, of course, is job opportunities. To solve a pressing social problem, it is important to describe the problem correctly. 1.According to the author, politicians, educators, and newsmen （ ）. A、are trying to raise the literacy level of the people B、are correct in explaining the reason for poverty in the third world countries C、are overestimating the significance of literacy to a modern society D、are searching for a solution to pressing social problems 2.According to the author, James Reston easily slips from poverty and malnutrition to illiteracy because （ ）. A、it is believed that illiteracy is the cause of poverty B、there are more illiteracy in the world today than twenty years ago C、it has been proved that they are closely related D、illiteracy is an outstanding problem to modern society 3.What does the author use to support his argument? （ ） A、Statistics from reliable sources. B、Facts concerning recent social changes. C、Logical conclusions based on his own observations. D、Views of well-known writers and scholars. 4.According to this passage, industrialization helps to raise the literacy level because （ ）. A、an increasing number of people can afford an education B、it creates job opportunities for a greater number of people C、reading is generally regarded as a necessary part of life in modern society D、personal qualities are improved dramatically 5.The main idea of the passage is that social problems such as poverty and unemployment （ ）. A、are causally related to community development B、cannot be solved by increasing literacy levels C、are the result of underestimating the value of education D、prevent people from raising their levels of literacy

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. The meanings of time differ in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not responsible. In the US, no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour: It would be too impolite. This way of treating time is quite different from that of several other countries. This helps to explain the unfortunate experience of a certain agriculturist from the United States assigned to duty in another country. After what seemed to him a suitable waiting period, he announced that he would like to call on the Minister of Agriculture. For various reasons the suggested time did not suit the minister; there were indirect indications that the time was not yet suitable. The American, however, pressed for an appointment, which was finally granted. Arriving a little before the appointed hour (according to the American way of showing respect), the agriculturist waited. The hour came and passed: five minutes, fifteen minutes. At this point he suggested to the secretary that perhaps the minister did not know he was waiting in the outer office. This gave him the feeling of having done something to solve the problem, but he had not. Twenty minutes passed, then thirty, then forty-five. To an American, there is little that can remove the damage done by an hour’s wait in an outer office. Yet in the country where this story took place, a forty-five-minute waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the allowable waiting scale, it was just the beginning. Thus, when the American agriculturist left the office (after giving the secretary an angry message for the minister), his action seemed as unreasonable as it was impolite. 1.What does “to be prompt” mean in this passage?（ ） A、It means “to keep one’s word.” B、It means “to make good use of one’s time.” C、It means “to be on time.” D、It means “to have a good time.” 2.The Minister kept the American waiting because （ ）. A、the Minister didn’t think it was wrong to keep people waiting B、the appointed time did not suit the Minister C、the Minister intended to insult the American D、the Minister forgot the appointed time 3.When fifteen minutes had passed after the appointed time, the American （ ）. A、told the secretary that he should not have been kept waiting B、urged the secretary in some indirect way to remind the Minister that he was waiting for him C、put forward a suggestion that the secretary go and tell the Minister that he was waiting D、went about finding out whether the Minister knew that he was waiting for him in the outer office 4.The American got angry after being kept waiting for nearly an hour for the appointed meeting because （ ）. A、he felt disappointed B、he felt disrespected C、he felt embarrassed D、he felt frustrated 5.Who would think the American’s action of leaving the office angrily to be unreasonable as it was impolite? （ ） A、People in the United States. B、The reader of the passage.C、The author of the passage. D、People in the Minister’s country.

英译汉 Directions: Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Passage 1 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. 　　The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. 　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com. 　　Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep. 　　Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. 41. The emergence of the Net has ________. 　　A) received support from fans like Donovan 　　B) remolded the intelligence services 　　C) restored many common pastimes 　　D) revived spying as a profession 42. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________. 　　A) introduce the topic of online spying 　　B) show how he fought for the US 　　C) give an episode of the information war 　　D) honor his unique services to the CIA 43. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________. 　　A) causing the biggest trouble 　　B) exerting the greatest effort 　　C) achieving the greatest success 　　D) enjoying the widest popularity 44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________. 　　A) Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true 　　B) Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information 　　C) Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability 　　D) Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information 45. Straitford is most proud of its ________. 　　A) official status 　　B) nonconformist image 　　C) efficient staff 　　D) military background passage 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. 　　For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. 　　Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. 　　Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________. 　　A) call on scientists to take some actions 　　B) criticize the misguided cause of animal rights 　　C) warn of the doom of biomedical research 　　D) show the triumph of the animal rights movement 47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________. 　　A) cruel but natural 　　B) inhuman and unacceptable 　　C) inevitable but vicious 　　D) pointless and wasteful 48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________. 　　A) discontent with animal research 　　B) ignorance about medical science 　　C) indifference to epidemics 　　D) anxiety about animal rights 49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________. 　　A) communicate more with the public 　　B) employ hi-tech means in research 　　C) feel no shame for their cause 　　D) strive to develop new cures 50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________. 　　A) a well-known humanist 　　B) a medical practitioner 　　C) an enthusiast in animal rights 　　D) a supporter of animal research passage 3 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. 　　Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. 　　The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. 　　Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. 　　Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. 51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ________. 　　A) cost reduction is based on competition 　　B) services call for cross-trade coordination 　　C) outside competitors will continue to exist 　　D) shippers will have the railway by the throat 52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? 　　A) Indifferent. 　　B) Supportive. 　　C) Indignant. 　　D) Apprehensive. 53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________. 　　A) shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad 　　B) there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide 　　C) overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief 　　D) a government board ensures fair play in railway business 54. The word "arbiters" (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________. 　　A) who work as coordinators 　　B) who function as judges 　　C) who supervise transactions 　　D) who determine the price 55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________. 　　A) the continuing acquisition 　　B) the growing traffic 　　C) the cheering Wall Street 　　D) the shrinking market passage 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death — and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. 　　In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. 　　I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. 　　Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 56. What is implied in the first sentence? 　　A) Americans are better prepared for death than other people. 　　B) Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. 　　C) Americans are over-confident of their medical technology. 　　D) Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that ________. 　　A) medical resources are often wasted 　　B) doctors are helpless against fatal diseases 　　C) some treatments are too aggressive 　　D) medical costs are becoming unaffordable 58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of ________. 　　A) strong disapproval 　　B) reserved consent 　　C) slight contempt 　　D) enthusiastic support 59. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________. 　　A) more flexibly 　　B) more extravagantly 　　C) more cautiously 　　D) more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that ________. 　　A) medicine will further prolong people's lives 　　B) life beyond a certain limit is not worth living 　　C) death should be accepted as a fact of life 　　D) excessive demands increase the cost of health care

英译汉My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realised that I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be absolutely honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream-I knew that no one, apart from myself, could imagine me in the fashion industry at all!

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single ling through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver, Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone, By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger. The authors also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight, with passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident. Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with “really stupid behavior” than with just a lack of driving experience. “The basic issue.” Be says, “is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is.” Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使…缓解) the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges. Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers, California is the strictest, with a novice (新手) driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months. 21. Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage? A) Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the highway after 10 p.m. B) A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car. C) Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night. D) A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.（B） 22. According to Robert Foss. The high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to ________. A) their frequent driving at night B) their improper way of driving C) their lack of driving experience D) their driving with passengers（C） 23. According to Paragraph 3. which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive. B) Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn. C) Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons. D) The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers’ driving accidents.（D） 24. A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers’ driving accidents is that ________. A) driving in the presence of an adult should be made a rule B) they should be prohibited from taking on passengers C) they should not be allowed to drive after 10 p.m. D) the licensing system should be improved（D） 25. The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system ________. A) is under discussion B) is about to be set up C) has been put into effect D) has been perfected（C） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. If you know exactly what you want, the best route to a job is to get specialized training. A recent survey shows that companies like graduates in such fields as business and health care who can go to work immediately with very little on-the-job training. That’s especially true of booming fields that are challenging for workers. At Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration, for example, bachelor’s degree graduates get an average of four or five job offers with salaries ranging from the high teens to the low 20s and plenty of chances for rapid advancement. Large companies, especially, like a background of formal education coupled with work experience. But in the long run, too much specialization doesn’t pay off. Business, which has been flooded with MBAs, no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval. The MBA may open doors and command a higher salary initially, but the impact of a degree washes out after five years. As further evidence of the erosion (销蚀) of corporate (公司的) faith in specialized degrees, Michigan State’s Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices, although companies tend to take on specialists as new hires, they often seek out generalists for middle and upper-level management. “They want someone who isn’t constrained (限制) by nuts and bolts to look at the big picture, “says Scheetz. This sounds suspiciously like a formal statement that you approve of the liberal-arts graduate. Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents that liberal-arts majors are assumed to have: writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adaptability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems, David Birch claims he does not hire anybody with an MBA or an engineering degree, “I hire only liberal-arts people because they have a less-than-canned way of doing things,” says Birch. Liberal-arts means an academically thorough and strict program that includes literature, history, mathematics, economics, science, human behavior—plus a computer course or two. With that under your belt, you can feel free to specialize, “A liberal-arts degree coupled with an MBA or some other technical training is a very good combination in the marketplace,” says Scheetz. 26. What kinds of people are in high demand on the job market? A) Students with a bachelor’s degree in humanities. B) People with an MBA degree front top universities. C) People with formal schooling plus work experience. D) People with special training in engineering.（C） 27. By saying “... but the impact of a degree washes out after five years” (Line 3, Para, 3), the author means ________. A) most MBA programs fail to provide students with a solid foundation B) an MBA degree does not help promotion to managerial positions C) MBA programs will not be as popular in five years’ time as they are now D) in five people will forget about the degree the MBA graduates have got（B） 28. According to Scheetz’s statement (Lines 4-5. Para. 4), companies prefer ________. A) people who have a strategic mind B) people who are talented in fine arts C) people who are ambitious and aggressive D) people who have received training in mechanics（A） 29. David Birch claims that he only hires liberal-arts people because ________. A) they are more capable of handling changing situations B) they can stick to established ways of solving problems C) they are thoroughly trained in a variety of specialized fields D) they have attended special programs in management（A） 30. Which of the following statements does the author support? A) Specialists are more expensive to hire than generalists. B) Formal schooling is less important than job training. C) On-the-job training is, in the long run, less costly. D) Generalists will outdo specialists in management.（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table, I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked: “So, how have you been?” And the boy—who could not have been more than seven or eight years old—replied. “Frankly, I’ve been feeling a little depressed lately.” This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school. The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children don’t seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to. Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Childhood as it once was no longer exists, Why? Human development is based not only on innate (天生的) biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social rote to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new status. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders. In the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation (揭示) machine has been installed in 98 percent of American homes. It is called television, Television passes information, and indiscriminately (不加区分地), to all viewers alike, be they children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation, many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more vivid moving pictures. Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practices. Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials. 31. According to the author, feeling depressed is ________. A) a sure sign of a psychological problem in a child B) something hardly to be expected in a young child C) an inevitable has of children’s mental development D) a mental scale present in all humans, including children（B） 32. Traditionally, a child is supposed to learn about the adult world ________. A) through contact with society B) gradually and under guidance C) naturally and by biological instinct D) through exposure to social information（B） 33. The phenomenon that today’s children seem adult like is attributed by the author to ________. A) the widespread influence of television B) the poor arrangement of teaching content C) the fast pace of human intellectual development D) the constantly rising standard of living（A） 34. Why is the author in favor of communication through print for children? A) It enables children to gain more social information. B) It develops children’s interest in reading and writing. C) It helps children to memorize and practice more. D) It can control what children are to learn.（D） 35. What does the author think of the change in today’s children? A) He feels amused by chair premature behavior. B) He thinks it is a phenomenon worthy of note. C) He considers it a positive development. D) He seems to be upset about it.（B） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. “Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most to attach great importance to it. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. In fact, anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant. Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you think of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. For it’s obvious that by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.” But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not shale their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes, they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation. Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence. Is everyone entitled to his opinion? Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others. 36. Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the author? A) Everyone has a right to hold his own opinion. B) Free expression of opinions often leads to confusion. C) Most people tend to be careless in forming their opinions. D) Casual use of the word “opinion” often brings about quarrels.（A） 37. According to the author, who of the following would be labored as intolerant? A) Someone who turns a deaf ear to others’ opinions. B) Someone who can’t put up with others’ tastes. C) Someone who values only their own opinions. D) Someone whose opinion harms other people.（B） 38. The new Ford cars are cited as an example to show that ________. A) it is foolish to criticize a famous brand B) one should not always agree to others’ opinions C) personal tastes are not something to be challenged D) it is unwise to express one’s likes and dislikes in public（C） 39. Considered judgment is different from personal preference in that ________. A) it is stated by judges in the court B) it reflects public like and dislikes C) it is a result of a lot of controversy D) it is based on careful thought（D） 40. As indicated in the passage, being free to act on one’s opinion ________. A) means that one can ignore other people’s criticism B) means that one can impose his preferences on others C) doesn’t mean that one has the right to do things at will D) doesn’t mean that one has the right to charge others without evidence（C）

英译汉 This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 1hrough 5. Heart disease, cancer and stroke (中风) are now the top killers of middle-aged people in China, followed by high blood pressure and smoking, which have developed alongside the country's economy, according to one of the largest surveys of its kind. The research into the major causes of death in adults found that over the past 45 years, China has experienced a huge health transition. Infectious disease has been replaced by the same chronic(慢性的) killers that plague(困扰) the West. The findings from the study of nearly 170,000 Chinese men and women over age 40 showed that about two-thirds of the 20, 033 people who died during the research period were killed by heart disease, cancer or stroke. Of those deaths involving people in their 40s to mid-60s - prime working years - Chinese mortality(死亡率 ) rates from each of the three categories topped deaths among the same age group in the United States, according to the study. This study indicates that chronic disease is not only the leading cause of death in wealthy countries, but also in developing countries. such as China. The findings also revealed more deaths occurred from the top three chronic diseases in China's rural areas than in cities, indicating the problem is widespread. Robert Beaglehole, the World Health Organization's director of chronic diseases urged China to learn from the struggles of wealthier countries and to develop a strategy to combat chronic diseases, while still addressing(对付) high-profile infectious diseases like AIDS and bird flu(禽流感) . The study found that Chinese men are slightly more at risk than women, with 68. 7 percent of male participants dying from the top three killers compared to 62. 6 percent of females. High blood pressure was the top preventable contributing factor to the deaths, followed by cigarette smoking, physical inactivity and being underweight. Lung cancer was the top cause of death in that disease category, and 63 percent of the men surveyed were smokers. Many experts in China called on the government to decrease tobacco advertising and raise taxes on cigarettes, while prohibiting smoking in public places. 1. According to the writer, the top killers in China are A) stroke B) cancer C) heart disease D) All of the above. 2. From the passage, we can know that A) chronic disease is the leading cause of death only in wealthy countries B) chronic disease has developed alongside the country's economy C) chronic disease is not the leading cause of death in China D) more deaths occurred from the top three chronic diseases in cities than in rural areas in China 3.( ) was the top preventable contributing factor to the deaths. A) Being underweight C) Cigarette smoking B) Physical inactivity D) High blood pressure 4. More than half of the men surveyed were ( ). A) farmers B) old people C) smokers D) experts 5. Robert Beagle hole suggested that ( ). A) the government decrease tobacco advertising and raise taxes on cigarettes B) China learn from the experience of developing countries C) the government prohibit smoking in public places D) China develop a strategy to combat chronic diseases

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. For years, doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking multivitamins does is give them extensive urine (尿). After all, true vitamin deficiencies are practically unheard of in industrialized countries. Now it seems those doctors may have been wrong. The results of a growing number of studies suggest that even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to your health. Although proof of the benefits of multivitamins is still far from certain, the few dollars you spend on them is probably a good investment. Or at least that’s the argument put forward in the New England Journal of Medicine. Ideally, say Dr. Walter Willett and Dr. Meir Stampfer of Harvard, all vitamin supplements would be evaluated in scientifically rigorous clinical trials. But those studies can take a long time and often raise more questions than they answer. At some point, while researchers work on figuring out where the truth lies, it just makes sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost. The best evidence to date concerns folate, one of the B vitamins. It’s been proved to limit the number of defects in embryos (胚胎), and a recent trial found that folate in combination with vitamin B 12 and a form of B6 also decreases the re-blockage of arteries after surgical repair. The news on vitamin E has been more mixed. Healthy folks who take 400 international units daily for at least two years appear somewhat less likely to develop heart disease. But when doctors give vitamin E to patients who already have he art disease, the vitamin doesn’t seem to help. It may turn out that vitamin E plays a role in prevention but cannot undo serious damage. Despite vitamin C’s great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has not been positively linked to any great benefit. The body quickly becomes saturated with C and simply excretes (排泄) any excess. The multivitamins question boils down to this: Do you need to wait until all the evidence is in before you take them, or are you willing to accept that there’s enough evidence that they don’t hurt and could help? If the latter, there’s no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest horse pills or the most expensive bottles. Large doses can cause trouble, including excessive bleeding and nervous system problems. Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet, of course. As long as you understand that any potential benefit is modest and subject to further refinement, taking a daily multivitamin makes a lot of sense. 21. At one time doctors discouraged taking multivitamins because they believed that multivitamins ________. A) could not easily be absorbed by the human body B) were potentially harmful to people’s health C) were too expensive for daily consumption D) could not provide any cure for vitamin deficiencies（A） 22. According to the author, clinical trials of vitamin supplements ________. A) often result in misleading conclusions B) take time and will not produce conclusive results C) should be conducted by scientists on a larger scale D) appear to be a sheer waste of time and resources（B） 23. It has been found that vitamin E ________. A) should be taken by patients regularly and persistently B) can effectively reduce the recurrence of heart disease C) has a preventive but not curative effect on heart disease D) should be given to patients with heart disease as early as possible（C） 24. It can be seen that large doses of multivitamins ________. A) may bring about serious side effects B) may help prevent excessive bleeding C) are likely to induce the blockage of arteries D) are advisable for those with vitamin deficiencies（A） 25. The author concludes the passage with the advice that ________. A) the benefit of daily multivitamin intake outweighs that of exercise and a balanced diet B) it’s risky to take multivitamins without knowing their specific function C) the potential benefit of multivitamins can never be overestimated D) it’s reasonable to take a rational dose of multivitamins daily（D） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge (剧增) of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse (反面) of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriages. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises. Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife’s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising a family’s standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family’s financial and emotional stability. Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union. Also, a major part of women’s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within the family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities. 26. The word “portend” (Line 2, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to “________”. A) defy B) signal C) suffer from D) result from（B） 27. It is said in the passage that when the economy slides, ________. A) men would choose working women as their marriage partners B) more women would get married to seek financial security C) even working women would worry about their marriages D) more people would prefer to remain single for the time being（D） 28. If women find fulfillment through work outside the home, ________. A) they are more likely to dominate their marriage partners B) their husbands are expected to do more housework C) their marriage ties can be strengthened D) they tend to put their career before marriage（C） 29. One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that ________. A) they feel that they have been robbed of their freedom B) they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbands C) they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectations D) they tend to suspect their husbands’ loyalty to their marriage（A） 30. Which of the following statements can best summarize the author’s view in the passage? A) The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of the country. B) Even when economically independent, most women have to struggle for real equality in marriage. C) In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and remain independent. D) The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case.（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that the re is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists—that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal. More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called “human nature.” The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology (人类学). The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate (天生的) human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to “human nature” in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying. Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man. 31. The traditional view of “human nature” was strongly challenged by ________. A) the emergence of the evolutionary theory B) the historical approach to man C) new insight into human behavior D) the philosophical analysis of slavery（A） 32. According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings ________. A) have some traits in common B) are born with diverse cultures C) are born without a fixed nature D) change their characters as they grow up（C） 33. The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker, in order to ________. A) emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of “human nature” B) show that the concept of “human nature” was used to justify social evils C) prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of “human nature” D) support the idea that some human traits are acquired（D） 34. The word “untenable” (Line 3) in the last paragraph of the passage most probably means ________. A) invaluable B) imaginable C) changeable D) indefensible（D） 35. Most philosophers believed that human nature ________. A) is the quality distinguishing man from other animals B) consists of competitiveness and selfishness C) is something partly innate and partly acquired D) consists of rationality and undesirable behavior（A） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual” or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (从业者). “With virtual reality we’ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench,” said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Although Satava’s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor (肿瘤). Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery. During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.” 36. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine ________. A) will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield B) can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield C) will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield D) can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield（D） 37. Richard Satava has visions of ________. A) using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas B) wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield C) wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons D) setting up mobile surgical units overseas（A） 38. How is virtual reality surgery performed? A) It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device. B) Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer. C) Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them. D) A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.（C） 39. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because ________. A) he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen B) the cuts can be examined from different angles C) the cuts have been highly magnified D) he is wearing 3-D glasses（B） 40. Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they ________. A) cause less pain to the wounded B) allow the patient to recover more quickly C) will make human surgeons’ work less tedious D) are done by robot surgeons with greater precision（D）

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage one Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future. The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types. Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system. When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements. The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway. 21. One significant improvement in the future car will probably be ________. A) its power source B) its driving system C) its monitoring system D) its seating capacity（A） 22. What is the author’s main concern? A) How to render automobiles pollution-free. B) How to make smaller and safer automobiles. C) How to solve the problem of traffic jams. D) How to develop an automated subway system.（C） 23. What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system? A) A rail. B) An engine. C) A retractable arm. D) A computer controller.（A） 24. In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is ________. A) keep in the right lane B) wait to arrive at his destination C) keep in constant touch with the computer center D) inform the system of his destination by phone（D） 25. What is the author’s attitude toward the future of autos? A) Enthusiastic. B) Pessimistic. C) Optimistic. D) Cautious.（C） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them. Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it. People who take part in hunting think of as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy. It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal (残酷的), has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox’s smell, which the dogs follow. Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain. 26. Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes ________. A) for recreation B) in the interests of the farmers C) to limit the fox population D) to show off their wealth（A） 27. What is special about fox hunting in Britain? A) It involves the use of a deadly poison. B) It is a costly event which rarely occurs. C) The hunters have set rules to follow. D) The hunters have to go through strict training.（C） 28. Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game ________. A) by resorting to violence B) by confusing the fox hunters C) by taking legal action D) by demonstrating on the scene（B） 29. A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to ________. A) prohibit farmers from hunting foxes B) forbid hunting foxes with dogs C) stop hunting wild animals in the countryside D) prevent large-scale fox hunting（B） 30. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A) killing foxes with poison is illegal B) limiting the fox population is unnecessary C) hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent D) fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich（C） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs, coupled with the aging of the baby-boom (生育高峰) generation, a longer life span means that the nation’s elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. “In addition to the doctors, we’re going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers,” says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California’s (USC) School of Gerontology (老年学). Lawyers can specialize in “elder law,” which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination (歧视). Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. “Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money,” one professor says. Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but found she was “really bored with bacteria.” So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she lied it. She says, “I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying.” 31. “... Old is suddenly in” (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means “________”. A) America has suddenly become a nation of old people B) gerontology has suddenly become popular C) more elderly professors are found on American campuses D) American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students（B） 32. With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit ________. A) from the adoption of the “elder law” B) from rendering special services to the elderly C) by enriching their professional knowledge D) by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests（B） 33. Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market? A) Retirees are more generous in spending money. B) They can employ more gerontologists. C) The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power. D) There are more elderly people working than before.（C） 34. Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage? A) Retirees who are business-minded. B) The volunteer workers in retirement homes. C) College graduates with an MBA or law degree. D) Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.（D） 35. It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of America’s elderly population ________. A) will provide good job opportunities in many areas B) will impose an unbearable burden on society C) may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination D) will create new fields of study in universities（A） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. The decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad. The fact the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation’s moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it. But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought that ‘I’m in it for me’ has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness,” Ms. Elshtain says. Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today’s greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self. In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. and Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers. The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent “golden age,” Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful (一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice. Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant’ be bought.” 36. Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans ________. A) have adapted to a new set of moral standards B) are longing for the return of the good old days C) have realized the importance of material things D) are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards（D） 37. The moral decline of American society is caused manly by ________. A) its growing wealth B) the self-centeredness of individuals C) underestimating the impact of social changes D) the prejudice against women and minorities（B） 38. Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities? A) Great mobility. B) Concern for one’s neighbors. C) Emphasis on individual effort. D) Ever-weakening social bonds.（B） 39. In the 1950s, classroom violence ________. A) was something unheard of B) was by no means a rare occurrence C) attracted a lot of pubic attention D) began to appear in analysts’ data（A） 40. According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed ________. A) if people can return to the “golden age” B) when women and mean enjoy equal rights C) when people rid themselves of prejudice D) if less emphasis is laid on material things（D）

英译汉 Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A), B), C) and D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text 1 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States." 51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________. A) it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal B) its domestic market was eight times larger than before C) the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors D) the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________. A) TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market B) semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises C) machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions D) auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 53. What can be inferred from the passage? A) It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride. B) Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. C) The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. D) A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________. A) turning of the business cycle B) restructuring of industry C) improved business management D) success in education Text 2 Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80/% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? A) A lack of mates. B) A fierce competition. C) A lower survival rate. D) A defective gene. 56. What does the example of India illustrate? A) Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. B) Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. C) The middle class population is 80/% smaller than that of the tribes. D) India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate. 57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________. A) life has been improved by technological advance B) the number of female babies has been declining C) our species has reached the highest stage of evolution D) the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A) Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution B) Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution C) The Evolutionary Future of Nature D) Human Evolution Going Nowhere Text 3 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature. This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will. Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms." This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed? 59. This passage is mainly ________. A) a survey of new approaches to art B) a review of Futurist poetry C) about merits of the Futurist movement D) about laws and requirements of literature 60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________. A) determine its purposes B) ignore its flaws C) follow the new fashions D) accept the principles 61. Futurists claim that we must ________. A) increase the production of literature B) use poetry to relieve modern stress C) develop new modes of expression D) avoid using adjectives and verbs 62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________. A) based on reasonable principles B) new and acceptable to ordinary people C) indicative of basic change in human nature D) more of a transient phenomenon than literature Text 4 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents." But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. 63. In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was ________. A) under aimless development B) a positive example C) a rival to the West D) on the decline 64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? A) Women's participation in social activities is limited. B) More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs. C) Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics. D) The life-style has been influenced by Western values. 65. Which of the following is true according to the author? A) Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. B) Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. C) More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. D) Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. 66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that ________. A) the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life B) the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S. C) the Japanese endure more than ever before D) the Japanese appreciate their present life Text 5 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. 67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________. A) its returns well compensate for the sacrifices B) it is rewarded with money, fame and power C) its goals are spiritual rather than material D) it is shared by the rich and the famous 68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________. A) customary of the educated to discard ambition in words B) too late to check ambition once it has been let out C) dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal D) impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition 69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________. A) they think of it as immoral B) their pursuits are not fame or wealth C) ambition is not closely related to material benefits D) they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible 70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained ________. A) secretly and vigorously B) openly and enthusiastically C) easily and momentarily D) verbally and spiritually

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There tire 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the, Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say ‘about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, winners of the MacArthur Award for creative accomplishment, had good things to say about their precollegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs. Anecdotal (名人轶事) reports support this. Pablo Picasso, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Oliver Goldsmith, and William Butler Yeats all disliked school. So did Winston Churchill, who almost failed out of Harrow, an elite British school. About Oliver Goldsmith, one of his teachers remarked, “Never was so dull a boy.” Often these children realize that they know more than their teachers, and their teachers often feel that these children are arrogant, inattentive, or unmotivated. Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way. But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently lost interest. Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: “Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts, I was difficult to teach.” As noted earlier, gifted children of all kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists. Nonconformity and stubbornness (and Yeats’s level of arrogance and self-absorption) are likely to lead to Conflicts with teachers. When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers. A writing prodigy (神童) studied by David Feldman and Lynn Goldsmith was taught far more about writing by his journalist father than his English teacher. High-IQ children, in Australia studied by Miraca Gross had much more positive feelings about their families than their schools. About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had little good to say about school. They all did well in school and took honors classes when available, and some skipped grades. 21. The main point the author is making about schools is that ________. A) they should enroll as many gifted students as possible B) they should organize their classes according to the students’ ability C) they are often incapable of catering to the needs of talented students D) they should satisfy the needs of students from different family backgrounds（C） 22. The author quotes the remarks of one of Oliver Goldsmith’s teachers ________. A) to show how poor Oliver’s performance was at school B) to illustrate the strong will of some gifted children C) to explain how dull students can also be successful D) to provide support for his argument（D） 23. Pablo Picasso is listed among the many gifted children who ________. A) could not cope with their studies at school successfully B) paid no attention to their teachers in class C) contradicted their teachers much too often D) behaved arrogantly and stubbornly in the presence of their teachers（A） 24. Many gifted people attributed their success ________. A) less to their systematic education than to their talent B) mainly to parental help and their education at home C) both to school instruction and to their parents’ coaching D) more to their parents’ encouragement than to school training（B） 25. The root cause of many gifted students having bad memories of their school years is that ________. A) they were seldom praised by their teachers B) school courses failed to inspire or motivate them C) their nonconformity brought them a lot of trouble D) teachers were usually far stricter than their parents（B） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. It’s hardly news that the immigration system is a mess. Foreign nationals have long been slipping across the border with fake papers, and visitors who arrive in the U.S. legitimately often overstay their legal welcome without being punished. But since Sept. 11, it’s become clear that terrorists have been shrewdly factoring the weaknesses of our system into their plans. In addition to their mastery of forging passports, at least three of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers (劫机者) were here on expired visas. That’s been a safe bet until now. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) (移民归化局) lacks the resources, and apparently the inclination, to keep track of the estimated 2 million foreigners who have intentionally overstayed their welcome. But this laxness (马虎) toward immigration fraud may be about to change. Congress has already taken some modest steps. The U.S.A. Patriot Act, passed in the wake of the Sept. 11 tragedy, requires the FBI, the Justice Department, the State Department and the INS to share more data, which will make it easier to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border. But what’s really needed, critics say, is even tougher laws and more resources aimed at tightening up border security. Reformers are calling for a rollback of rules that hinder law enforcement. They also want the INS to hire hundreds more border patrol agents and investigators to keep illegal immigrants out and to track them down once they’re here. Reformers also want to see the INS set up a database to monitor whether visa holders actually leave the country when they are required to. All these proposed changes were part of a new border-security bill that passed the House of Representatives but died in the Senate last week. Before Sept. 11, legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies: universities, which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law, and business, which relies on foreigners for cheap labor. Since the attacks, they’ve backed off. The bill would have passed this time but for congressional maneuverings and is expected to be reintroduced and to pass next year. Also on the agenda for next year: a proposal, backed by some influential law-makers, to split the INS into two agencies-a good cop that would tend to service functions like processing citizenship papers and a bad cop that would concentrate on border inspections, deportation and other functions. One reason for the division, supporters say, is that the INS has in recent years become too focused on serving tourists and immigrants. After the Sept, 11 tragedy, the INS should pay more attention to serving the millions of ordinary Americans who rely on the nation’s border security to protect them from terrorist attacks. 26. Terrorists have obviously taken advantage of ________. A) the irresponsibility of the officials at border checkpoints B) the legal privileges granted to foreigners C) the excessive hospitality of the American people D) the low efficiency of the Immigration and Naturalization Service（D） 27. We learn from the passage that coordinated efforts will be made by various U.S. government agencies to ________. A) limit the number Of immigrants to the U.S. B) prevent the forgery of immigration papers C) ward off terrorist suspects at the border D) refuse the renewing of expired visas（C） 28. It can be inferred from the passage that before Sept. 11, aliens with expired visas ________. A) might stay on for as long as [hey wished B) would be closely watched by FBI agents C) would live in constant fear of deportation D) might have them extended without trouble（A） 29. It is believed by many that all these years the INS ________. A) has been serving two contradictory functions B) has ignored the pleas of the two powerful lobbies C) has over-emphasized its service functions at the expense of the nation’s security D) has been too liberal in granting visas to tourists and immigrants indiscriminately（C） 30. Before Sept. 11, the U.S. Congress had been unable to pass stricter immigration laws because ________. A) education and business circles cared little about national security B) resources were not available for their enforcement C) it was difficult to coordinate the efforts of the congressmen D) they might have kept away foreign students and cheap labor（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. It was the worst tragedy in maritime (航海的) history, six times more deadly than the Titanic. When the German cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff was hit by torpedoes (鱼雷) fired from a Russian submarine in the final winter of World War II, more than 10,000 people-mostly women, children and old people fleeing the final Red Army push into Nazi Germany-were packed aboard. An ice storm had turned the decks into frozen sheets that sent hundreds of families sliding into the sea as the ship tilted and began to go down. Others desperately tried to put lifeboats down. Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard. Most people froze immediately. I’ll never forget the screams,” says Christa Ntitzmann, 87, one of the 1,200 survivors. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave-and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century. Now Germany’s Nobel Prize-winning author Gtinter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children-with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month. The book, which will be out in English next year, doesn’t dwell on the sinking; its heroine is a pregnant young woman who survives the catastrophe only to say later: “Nobody wanted to hear about it, not here in the West (of Germany) and not at all in the East.” The reason was obvious. As Grass put it in a recent interview with the weekly Die Woche: “Because the crimes we Germans are responsible for were and are so dominant, we didn’t have the energy left to tell of our own sufferings.” The long silence about the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was probably unavoidable-and necessary. By unreservedly owning up to their country’s monstrous crimes in the Second World War, Germans have managed to win acceptance abroad, marginalize (使…不得势) the neo-Nazis at home and make peace with their neighbors. Today’s unified Germany is more prosperous and stable than at any time in its long, troubled history. For that, a half century of willful forgetting about painful memories like the German Titanic was perhaps a reasonable price to pay. But even the most politically correct Germans believe that they’ ye now earned the right to discuss the full historical record. Not to equate German suffering with that of its victims, but simply to acknowledge a terrible tragedy. 31. Why does the author say the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was the worst tragedy in maritime history? A) It was attacked by Russian torpedoes. B) It caused the largest number of casualties. C) Most of its passengers were frozen to death. D) Its victims were mostly women and children.（B） 32. Hundreds of families dropped into the sea when ________. A) the badly damaged ship leaned toward one side B) a strong ice storm tilted the ship C) the cruise ship sank all of a sudden D) the frightened passengers fought desperately for lifeboats（A） 33. The Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy was little talked about for more than half a century because Germans ________. A) were eager to win international acceptance B) had been pressured to keep silent about it C) were afraid of offending their neighbors D) felt guilty for their crimes in World War II（D） 34. How does Gunter Grass revive the memory of the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy? A) By describing the ship’s sinking in great detail. B) By giving an interview to the weekly Die Woche. C) By presenting the horrible scene of the torpedo attack. D) By depicting the survival of a young pregnant woman.（D） 35. It can be learned from the passage that Germans no longer think that ________. A) the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy is a reasonable price to pay for the nation’s past misdeeds B) Germany is responsible for the horrible crimes it committed in World War II C) they will be misunderstood if they talk about the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy D) it-is wrong to equate their sufferings with those of other countries（C） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will. As an example of what’s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits. With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues. Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no. The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms. And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans. You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it? Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know. 36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s privacy ________. A) is practiced exclusively by the FBI B) is more prevalent in business circles C) has been intensified with the help of the IRS D) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping（B） 37. We know from the passage that ________. A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private information B) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businesses C) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protection D) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers’ buying habits（D） 38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged without notice for a product or service if ________. A) you happen to reveal your credit card number B) you fail to cancel it within the specified period C) you fail to apply for extension of the deadline D) you find the product or service unsatisfactory（B） 39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because ________. A) it is considered “transaction and experience” information unprotected by law B) it has always been considered an open secret by the general public C) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulation D) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy（A） 40. We can infer from the passage that ________. A) banks will have to change their ways of doing business B) “free trial” practice will eventually be banned C) privacy protection laws will soon be enforced D) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded（D）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communication, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never ending flood of words. In getting a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend quickly can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are poor readers. The main deficiency involves the actual stuff of language itself—words. Taken individually, words have little meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. Unfortunately, however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to reread words and passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over what you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which slows down the speed of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as one reads. To overcome these bad habits some reading clinics use a device called an accelerator, which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate than the reader finds comfortable, in order to "stretch" him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, making word-by-word reading, regression and sub-vocalization, practically impossible. At first comprehension is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, but your comprehension will improve. Many people, business managers, executives and engineers, have found their reading skill drastically improved after some training. Take Charles Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was reasonably good, 172 words a minute before the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that now he can get through a lot more reading materials in a shorter period of time. 1.What do you think is the author's main purpose writing this passage? （ ） A、To help someone succeed in getting a good job. B、To let us overcome our bad habits in reading. C、To persuade you to follow the example set by Charles Au. D、To advise his readers to speed up their reading. 2.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word "regressing" (Line 2, Para. 3)? （ ） A、Looking back. B、Looking after. C、Looking for. D、Looking into. 3.A poor reader usually （ ）. A、reads aloud to himself as he reads B、does not read groups of words and get clear meanings C、does not look back over what he has just read D、looks for the meaning of words, sentences and paragraphs 4.An accelerator in a reading clinic can make a reader （ ）. A、speed up and drive faster B、improve his reading comprehension C、read fast and eliminate regression and vocalization D、read fast but not comprehend what he reads 5.What good results can a reader gain from a reading clinic? （ ） A、He sacrifices his reading comprehension for speed. B、He learns to read groups of words, sentences and paragraphs. C、He learns to read faster, to read ideas and concepts and his comprehension is improved. D、His reading rate improves slightly.