判断题The aim of granting GSP to some developing countries is for reduction and exemption from taxation on certain commodities imported to the developed countries.

判断题Representative real-life problems cover a wide range of areas.

判断题Computers can process information even if complete programs are not put in internal storage.

判断题Assembly Language汇编语言Introducing Assembly Language Assembly language unlocks the secrets of your computers hardware and software[1]. It teaches you about the way the computers hardware and operating system work together and how application programs communicate with the operating system. To understand a computer and it.s operating system fully, one needs to study software at various levels. One is the application program level, where such programs interact with DOS. Another is the high-level language level, where powerful statements are expanded into many machine instructions recognized directly by CPU (Central Processing Unit), as well as the way programs communicate with DOS. What Is Assembly Language? Assembly language is a programming language with a one-to-one correspondence between its statements and a computers machine language. There is no single assembly language because there is no single type of computer CPU. Each assembly language is directly influenced by a computers machine instruction set and hardware architecture. Strictly speaking, IBM-PC assembly language refers to instructions recognized by the intel 8086-80486(CPU) microprocessor family. But there is such close interaction between the CPU, computer peripherals, the DOS operating system, and the macro assembler itself that our discussions will often include all these topics. What Is An Assembler? An assembler is a program that converts source-code programs into machine language. In this passage, we will refer to an assembler that generates machine instructions for IBM- compatible microcomputers. All such computers use the Intel family of microprocessors, beginning with the Intel 8088, through the Intel 80486 (and beyond). Our programs will run under the PC-DOS/MS-DOS operating system, version 3. 0 or later. The two best- known assemblers for the IBM-PC are MASM ( Microsoft Assembler) and TASM (Borland Turbo Assembler). Assembly language is a specific set of instructions for a particular computer system. It provides a direct correspondence between symbolic statements and machine language. An assembler is a program that translates a program written in assembly language into machine language, which may in turn be executed by the computer. Each type of computer has a different assembly language, because the computers design influences the instructions it can execute. Assembly language is called a low-level language because it is close to machine language in structure and function. We can say that each assembly language instruction corresponds to one machine instruction. In contrast, high-level languages such as Pascal[2], BASIC[3], FORTRAN[4], and COBOL[5] contain powerful statements that are translated into many machine instructions by a compiler. Why Learn Assembly Language? People learn assembly language for various reasons. The most obvious one may be to learn about the computers architecture and operating system. You may want to learn more about the computer you work with and about the way languages generate machine code. Because of assembly languages close relationship to machine language, it is closely tied to the computers hardware and software. You may also want to learn assembly language for its utility. Certain types of programming are difficult or impossible to do in high-level language. For example, direct communication with the computers operating system may be necessary. A high-speed color graphics program may have to be written using a minimum of memory space. A special program may be needed to interface a printer to a computer. Perhaps you will need to write a telecommunications program for the IBM-PＣ. Clearly, the list of assembly language applications is endless. Often there is a need to remove restrictions. High-Ievel languages, out of necessity, impose rules about what is allowed in a program. For example, Pascal does not allow a character value to be assigned to an integer variable.[6] This makes good sense unless there is a specific need to do just that. An experienced programmer will find a way around this restriction or rule; nearly everything is left to the discretion of the programmer. The price for such freedom is the need to handle many details that would otherwise be taken care of by the programming language itself. Assembly languages usefulness as a learning tool should not be underestimateＤ. By having such intimate contact with the operating system, assembly language programmers come to know instinctively is how the operating system works. This knowledge, coupled with knowledge of hardware and data storage, gives them a tremendous advantage when tackling unusual programming problems. They have a different viewpoint than programmers who know only high-level language. Assembly Language Applications At first, the assembly language programs presented later will seem almost trivial. Those new to assembly language often cannot believe the amount of work required to perform relatively simple tasks. The language requires a great deal of attention to detail. Most programmers dont write large application programs in assembly language. Instead, they write short, specific routines. Often we write subroutines in assembly language and call them from high-level language programs. You can take advantage of the strengths of the high-level languages by using them to write applications. Then you can write assembly language subroutines to handle operations that are not available in the high-level language. Suppose you are writing a business application program in COBOL for the IBM-PＣ. You then discover that you need to check the free space on the disk, create a subdirectory, write a file, and create overlapping windows, all from within the program. Assuming that your COBOL compiler does not do all this, you can then write assembly language subroutines to handle these tasks. Lets use another example: you might have written a word processing program in C[7] or Pascal, but it performs slowly when.updating the screen display. If you knew how, you could write routines in assembly language to speed up critical parts of the application and allow the program to perform up to professional standards. Large application programs written purely in assembly language, however, are beyond the scope of the person who has just finished this book. There are many people who write complete assembly language application program for the IBM-PＣ. The few programmers in this group are familiar with several machine architectures and assemblers, and have been programming professionally for at least several years. These fortunate individuals still had to start with a basic foundation, and this book is intended to help you acquire just that. Above all, assembly language programmers must know their date, for without a detailed understanding of how each date type is stored(at the bit level) , one might make serious mistakes. High-Ievel programming languages intentionally shield programmers from implementation-specific details, in the name of convenience and source-code portability. Assembly language, in contrast, is highly machine-specific and imposes few, if any, restrictions. Machine Language Before we embark on a rather long and detailed study of assembly language, lets put it into perspective. A computer doesnt actually understand assembly language-it understands machine language. Machine language is a language made up of numbers, which can be interpreted by a computers CPU. A CPU usually has a small program embedded directly in the chip, called microcode. The microcode interpreter translates machine instructions directly into hardware signals. Machine language makes it possible for the CPU to perform ordinary tasks, such as moving numbers or performing arithmetiＣ. Each CPU has its own machine language; or, in the case of IBM-compatible computers, all CPUs that belong to the intel family (8088, 8086,80186,80286,80386,80486) share a common machine language. This is an example of a machine language instruction that moves 5 into the AL register: 10110000 00000101. The number is written in binary, a number system made up of only the digits 1 and 0. The first 8 bits are the operation code (op code), which identifies it as the instruction that moves an 8-bit number to the AL register. The second 8 bits are the operand[8]. The complete instruction moves the number 5 to a register called AL. Registers are high-speed storage locations inside the CPU. They are identified by two-letter names, such as AH, AL, or AX. A CPUs instructions set is the set of machine instruciions that the CPU is able to execute. For the Intel CPU family, the instruction set is downward-compatible, meaning that an instruction that works on a lower-level processor will always work on a higher-level processor. For example, the MOV instruction[9] works on the 8088, and therefore must work on the 80286. But there are many advanced instructions for the 80286 that do not work on the 8088. At one time, all programs were written in machine language. But its easy to see that machine instructions are difficult for humans to read and write. This is why assemblers and compilers were created, which would convert more readable instructions, created by a text editor, into machine language. Instead of writing the machine instruction shown earlier, we would write the following in assembly language: M o v ah, 5 Notes [1]unlocks the secrets：揭开了……奥秘。 [2]Pascal(Philips Automatic Sequence Calculator)：菲利浦自动顺序计算机语言。 [3]Basic(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)：初学者通用符号指令码。 [4]Fortran(Formula Translator)：公式翻译程序设计语言，FORTRAN语言。 [5]COBOL(Common Business-Oriented Language)：面向商业的通用语言，COBOL语言。 [6]For example，Pascal does not allow a character value to be assigned to an integer variable．例如，Pascal语言就不允许给一个整变量赋予字符值。 [7]C：C语言，一种高级程序设计语言，由贝尔实验室开发成功。 [8]Operand：操作数；运算数。 [9]Mov instruction：数据传输指令。 Say whether the following is true or not:

判断题Presently

判断题Robots used today in industrial applications are programmed mainly to perform some repetitive task.

判断题If I were asked to give what I consider the single most useful bit of advice for all humanity, it would be this: Expect trouble as an inevitable part of life and, when it comes, hold your head high, look it squarely in the eye and say, "I will be bigger than you. You can not defeat me." Then repeat to yourself the most comforting of all words. "This too shall pass." To forgive oneself in the face of a devastating experience is perhaps the most difficult of life's challenges. Most of us find it much easier to forgive others. In many instances we can't control what happens to us, but we can control our reactions to what happens to us. We can stay down for the count and be carried out of the ring or we can pull ourselves back to our feet. If we are victimized by others, we must refuse to give them the power to break our spirit, make us physically ill, perhaps even shorten our lives. Most doctors will tell you that worry, anxiety, tension and anger can make you sicker than a virus. The expression "nervous breakdown" suggested that nerves have broken down, but organically the nerves are healthy. The problem is purely emotional. A doctor on the staff of the Mayo Clinic has said the majority of patients in hospital beds today are there because of illnesses that were psycho-generated. This means the sickness was triggered by an unresolved problem. I believe in blind faith. I have known people who have suffered deep personal tragedies, and this faith has helped them. But I also believe in the efficacy of positive action to overcome grief. Time is a healer, but those who help time using it wisely and well make a more rapid adjustment. Grief, in part, is self-pity turned inside out. The widow who cries, "He was everything to me. How can I go on without him?" is crying for herself, not for him. The mourner who refuses to let go of his grief eventually isolated himself from his friends. The world may stop for a few hours, or perhaps a few days, to hold a hand or to wipe away a tear, but friends and relatives have problems of their own. Life goes on—and those who refuse to go on with it are left alone to wallow in their misery. The best prescription for a broken heart is activity. I don't mean plunging into a social whirl or running off on trips. Too many people who try to escape by doing just that succeed only in taking their troubles with them. The most useful kind of activity involves doing something to help others. I have told thousands of depressed people, "Enough of this breast-beating. No matter how bad things are with you, there is someone who is worse off—and you can help him." Most touching to me is the heroism, the courage and faith of the average people in the world. Often readers who write about a problem will add something about their personal lives. I am moved by the magnificent people who write such lines as "My husband lost his sight shortly after we married, but we manage beautifully." or, "I've had two operations for cancer, but I know I'll be able to attend my son's graduation in June and I'm so thankful for that." Decide whether the statements are True or False according to the passage.

判断题Effective distance education administers are not only idea people.

判断题The time draft or usance draft is used in a deferred payment arrangement.

判断题Documentary collection means collection of financial documents accompanied by commercial documents, or financial documents not accompanied by commercial documents.

判断题Electronic mail is the most effective way to send messages, assignment feedback, and other targeted communication to one or more class members in distance education.

判断题The improvement in computer technology in the past half century is greater than that in any other industry.

判断题Assembly language is a low-level language.

判断题An SIMD exploits temporal rather than spatial parallelism.

判断题A bill of lading is both a receipt for merchandise and a contract to deliver it as freight.

判断题AI can help to reason about the significant qualitative features of a situation.

判断题Petitions have long been a part of British political life. Anyone who wanted to change something would get a list of signatures from people who agreed to the idea and either send them to the government or deliver them personally to the Prime Minister"s house in London. They are always accepted at the door by one of the PM"s officials. What happens then? Nothing much, usually. But petitions have always been thought of as a useful way for those who govern to find out what the people really think. That"s why the UK government launched its "e-petition" site in November 2006. Instead of physically collecting signatures, all anyone with an idea has to do now is to make a proposal on the government website, and anyone who supports the idea is free to add his or her signature. The petitions soon started to flow in. The idea was for the British people to express their constructive ideas. Many chose instead to express their sense of humor. One petitioner called on Tony Blair "to stop the Deputy Prime Minister eating so much". Another wanted to expel Scotland from the United Kingdom because Scottish football fans never support England in the World Cup. Other petitioners called on the Prime Minister to abolish the monarchy. Some wanted to give it more power. Some wanted to oppose the United States. Others wanted to leave the European Union. Some wanted to send more troops to Iraq and others wanted them all brought home. Some wanted to adopt the Euro. Others wanted to keep the pound. Yet if some petitions are not serious, others present a direct challenge to government policy. A petition calling on the government to drop plans to charge drivers for using roads has already drawn around 1.8 million signatures. In response to that, a rival petition has been posted in support of road pricing. And that is also rapidly growing. There are about 60 million people in Britain. So it is understandable that the government wants to find out what people are thinking. But the problem with the e-petition site seems to be that the British people have about 70 million opinions, and want the Prime Minister to hear all of them. Perhaps he could start a petition asking everyone to just shut up for a while.

判断题Unclean B/L can be negotiated and accepted by the buyer and the bank.

判断题Documentary collection means collection of financial documents accompanied by commercial documents, or commercial documents not accompanied by financial documents . ( )

判断题For payment in advance or cash with order