填空题A recession marked the early years of Reagan's presidency, but conditions started to improve in 1983 and the United States entered one of the longest periods of sustained economic growth since World War Ⅱ. However, an alarming percentage of this growth was based on deficit spending. In 1988, former vice president George Bush became President. He continued many of Reagan's policies. Bush's efforts to gain control over the federal budget deficit, however, were problematic. The 1990s brought a new president, Bill Clinton, a cautious, moderate Democrat, whose liberal initiatives created a myth for the American economy. 41)__________. Still, although Clinton reduced the size of the federal work force, the government continued to play a crucial role in the nation's economy. Mast of the major innovations of the New Deal, and a good many of the Great Society, remained in place. And the Federal Reserve system continued to regulate the overall pace of economic activity, with a watchful eye for any signs of renewed inflation. 42)__________. Technological developments brought a wide range of sophisticated new electronic products. Innovations in telecommunications and computer networking spawned a vast computer hardware and software industry and revolutionized the way many industries operate. 43)__________. No longer are Americans afraid that the Japanese will overwhelm them with superior technology or that they will saddle their children with government debt. America's labor force changed markedly during the 1990s. Continuing a long term trend, the number of farmers declined. A small portion of workers had jobs in industry, while a much greater share worked in the service sector, in jobs ranging from store clerks to financial planners. If steel and shoes were no longer American manufacturing mainstays, computers and the software that make them run were. 44)__________. Economists, surprised at the combination of rapid growth and continued low inflation, debated whether the United States had a "new economy" capable of sustaining a faster growth rate than seemed possible based on the experiences of the previous 40 years. 45)__________. Asia, which had grown especially rapidly during the 1980s, joined Europe as a major supplier of finished goods and a market for American exports. Sophisticated worldwide telecommunications systems linked the world's financial markets in a way unimaginable even a few years earlier.A. The economy, meanwhile, turned in an increasingly healthy performance as the 1990s progressed. With the fall of the Soviet Union and Eastern European communism in the late 1980s, trade opportunities expanded greatly.B. Still, Americans ended the 1990s with a restored sense of confidence. By the end of 1999, the economy had grown continuously since March 1991, the longest peacetime economic expansion in history.C. Clinton sounded some of the same themes as his predecessors. After unsuccessfully urging Congress to enact an ambitious proposal to expand health-insurance coverage, Clinton declared that the era of "big government" was over in America. He pushed to strengthen market forces in some sectors, working with Congress to open local telephone service to competition. He also joined Republicans to reduce welfare benefits.D. Finally, the American economy was more closely intertwined with the global economy than it ever had been. Clinton, like his predecessors, had continued to push for elimination of trade barriers. A North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA. had further increased economic ties between the United States and its largest trading partners, Canada and Mexico.E. While many Americans remained convinced that global economic integration benefited all nations, the growing interdependence created some dislocations as well. Workers in high-technology industries at which the United States excelled fared rather well, but competition from many foreign countries that generally had lower labor costs tended to dampen wages in traditional manufacturing industries.F. The expansion that began in March 1991 has raised real gross domestic product by more than a third, minted 100,000 more people earning a million dollars a year. After peaking at $290,000 million in 1992, the federal budget deficit steadily shrank as economic growth increased tax revenues. In 1998, the government posted its first surplus in 30 years, although a huge debt mainly in the form of promised future Social Security payments to the baby boomers remained.G. Best of all, the healthy economy has transformed the psyche of millions of Americans. The pervasive gloom at the beginning of the 1990s is gon

填空题Don"t make Helen"s remarks too seriously . She is so upset that I don"t think she really knows what she is saying . A. make B. seriously C. upset D. what she is saying

填空题Computer Systems Architecture[1] 计算机系统结构 1. Computer systems-the importance of networking Since there is not yet a universal definition of Computer Systems Architecture (CSA), interpretations vary. Student confusion increases because commercial terminology can be even more creative! Sometimes CSA appears in the hardware orientation of digital electronics; at other times it takes on the guise of a unified software specification for a family of computers. Rarely is the central importance of network facilities,[2] both to the computer designer and to the end user, sufficiently acknowledged, even though we are all aware of its growing significance in society. Indeed, more and more computer science graduates become involved in the data communications industry, and would therefore benefit from grounding in this field. Thus an aim of this text is to place networks solidly within CSA.[3] It is clear that computers and networks require both hardware and software in order to work. But the historical academic separation of the two poses a difficult balancing problem when presenting such a course.[4] Both are equally important and strongly connected by their enthusiastic supporters. The distinction between hardware and software can be likened to the distant relationship between the formal team player, rigidly posed in front of the goalmouth, and the exciting unpredictability of the World Cup final.[5] The static photograph of the players only vaguely hints at the limitless possibilities of the dynamic game. With the increasing sophistication of computer hardware, perhaps it is unfortunate that the taking-apart and exploration of old computers is no longer encouraged. The unexpectedly rising prices of electronic components, added to the need to have modern equipment to run the latest games, have resulted, for the moment, in a salespersons dream. Unexpectedly, this trend, although attracting many more people to use computers, has had an adverse effect on the fundamental level of knowledge among computing undergraduates on entry to university. Although we cannot turn the clock back to the self- build hobbyist days of home computing,[6] knowledge of the interaction of hardware and software is still useful, if not necessary, for anyone wanting to be fully involved in the professional use of computers. Curiosity about the computer systems which surround us, the Internet that frustrates us, and the mobile telephone networks that we increasingly rely on should drive us to investigate and question what is happening in the fields of software and electronics. The facilities that will become available to us in the next few years will depend largely on current developments in microelectronics and software design methodology. It is here that we can look for the future. Throughout this passage we will treat CSA as a study of the interaction of hardware and software which determines the performance of network computer systems. We will also try to show that computers can always be viewed as hierarchical ordered systems which can be broken down into simpler component parts in order to fully understand their operation.[7] Unlike other areas of study, such as physics or chemistry, complex ideas can always be split into simpler concepts which may then be understood more easily. This progressive decomposition approach not only is useful when studying computers, but can also be invaluable when designing and building new systems.[8] 2. Hardware and software-mutual dependence Although it is widely recognized that computer systems involve both hardware and software, it is still rare for college computer courses to require you to have a comparable understanding in both fields. Perhaps the analogy of only eating half a boiled egg is appropriate-you risk missing out on the yolk. This separation, or specialization, has a number of serious negative results. When teams of developers are separately recruited as hardware engineers or programmers, the danger of an opposing split progressively opening up between the two camps is always present. Professional rivalry can arise through simple misunderstandings due to the different approaches and vocabulary used by hardware and software engineers. Problems, when they inevitably occur, can be blamed on the other camp and then take longer to resolve. Programmers sometimes find that unsuitable equipment has already been specified without consultation, and hardware designers can sit helplessly by as unsuitable software fails to exploit the performance advantages offered by their revolutionary new circuits. It has been claimed by some business analysts that hardware manufacturing will be of no great commercial consequence. The profit lies in programming: lead the world in the development of systems software! But it is now clear that in such a rapidly changing world, early access to new hardware designs gives the software industry an important marketing lead. The first software products to exploit some new hardware faculty have a clear leadership in the market-place. The neglect of the hardware side of the computing industry has never delivered any long-term advantage. Understanding basic principles and appreciating their application by modem technology within a range of current products is a central aim of this text. Programmers neglect developments in hardware at their peril. The opposite situation, where software is overlooked, can lead to similar failures. Consider the much greater commercial success of the PC since running the Windows operating system and the recent explosion in use of the Internet. Many excellent machines became commercial failures because of their sub-standard software. These well-rehearsed public examples can be added to and confirmed by thousands of private disasters which all underline the need to pursue hardware and software developments in concert. We now recognize that despite their technical superiority, computer systems can fail to win acceptance for many reasons, such as a poorly thought-out user interface, a lack of applications s.oftware, or an inappropriate choice of operating system.[9] Many recent developments have arisen from a simultaneous advance in hardware and software: windowing interfaces are only possible through sophisticated software and powerful graphics cards; network connections are supported by autonomous coprocessors working with complex driver routines; laser printers became universally popular when the xerography print engine was supplemented by the PostScript interpreter.[10] Many such examples demonstrate the value of keeping abreast of developments in both hardware and software. An increasing difficulty with investigating the interaction of hardware and software i.s gaining access to the relevant facilities. With large, multi-user mainframe computers it was understandable that the ordinary programmer was denied[11] access to the hardware and critical software to protect other users. However, with the introduction of Windows NT such security constraints were introduced to single-user personal workstations, making it impossible to access the hardware directly. Only the operating system code has this privilege, while ordinary programs are forced to call trusted system routines to read or write to any part of the hardware. 3. Programming your way into hardware A remarkable empirical law describing the rapid growth of silicon technology was proposed by Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel.[12] His well-known rule, Moores Law, states that the amount of circuitry (number of transistors) which can be placed on a given chip area approximately doubles every two years. A circuit designed 24 months ago can now be shrunk to fit into an area of half the size. Intels original 4004 processor involved 2300 transistors, while the Pentium 4 has somewhere of the order of 42 million. The chip area had not increased by a factor of 2000! This capability to progressively shrink the size of electronic circuits could reduce the chip cost, because more circuits are processed on a single slice of silicon, but the technical advance has more often been exploited by enhancing the chip s functionality. Surprisingly, this law has held true since the early 1970s and is likely to stand well into the 2020s before the size of circuit elements become so small that quantum physics intervenes through Heisenberg s uncertainty principle.[13] Already the on-chip circuit interconnections are only 0.25 um long and the insulating layers can be as thin as a couple of dozen molecules. However, Moores Law remains somewhat of a mystery, given that the underlying variables responsible for the trend are as diverse as the ability to maintain ultra-clean factory environments, reduction of international trade barriers, development of increasingly high-resolution technology and the marketing success of games consoles! Although the split between those concerned with hardware and those concerned with software is now deeply rooted, there are developments which might reverse this trend. As manufacturing techniques allow components to shrink in size, hardware engineers find it increasingly difficult to wire up breadboard prototypes because the circuits they are building have grown too complicated.[14] In any case. the performance of the large-sized components which they can handle easily in a traditional way is not identical to that of the miniature equivalents which will make up the final integrated circuit that is produced. In the past there was a tendency for trained electronic engineers to migrate towards software, to pick up programming skills and to get involved in systems programming. Will this trend now be reversed? Programmers, software engineers, trained to deal with large systems and complex specifications, may take the opportunity of contributing to the hardware design. This is another example of how hardware and software can come together through the tools and skills demanded by systems developers. Notes [1]Computer Systems Architecture (CSA)计算机系统结构。计算机系统结构是从外部来研究计算机系统的一门学科，一般说来，凡是计算机系统的使用者(包括一般用户和系统程序员)所能看到的计算机系统的属性都是计算机系统结构所要研究的对象。 [2]Rarely is the central importance of network facilities……计算机设计者和终端用户很少能认识到网络设备的重要性。否定副词rarely放在句首表示强调，句子要倒装。例如：Rarely can he finish his work in time. 他很少按时完成作业。 [3]Thus an aim of this text is to place networks solidly within CSA. 因此，本文旨在于计算机系统结构中打下坚实的基础。 [4]But the historical academic separation of the two poses a difficult balancing problem when presenting such a course. 由于历史上两者的教学相互分离，开设这门课程，就出现了怎么样兼顾的问题。 [5]The distinction between hardware and software can be likened to the distant relationship between the formal team player, rigidly posed in front of the goalmouth, and the exciting unpredictability of the World Cup final．计算机硬件与软件的区别，正如足球场上生硬地点在球门前准备射门的球员，与世界杯决赛的结果，扑朔迷离，难以预测。 [6]Although we cannot turn the clock back to the self-build hobbyist days of home computing……虽然我们不能使时光倒流到自己组装家用电脑的年代…… [7]We will also try to show that computers can always be viewed as hierarchical ordered systems which can be broken down into simpler component parts in order to fully understand their operation. 我们试图说明计算机是一个分级有序的系统，可以分解成更简单的组成部分，这样的话我们就可以更好地了解他们是如何运行的。 [8]This progressive decomposition approach……这种循序渐进的分解方法 [9]...such as a poorly thought-out user interface……例如一个缺乏深思熟虑的用户界面 [10]...the PostScript interpreter... PostScript解码器……。PostScript是由Adobe公司所开发的页面描述语言，是一种桌面系统向输出设备输出的界面语言，专门为描述图像及文字而设计。PostScript是国际是最流行的页面描述语言，其最大特点是能够综合处理文字和图形、图像，也是事实上的工业标准。几乎所有的印前输出设备都支持PS语言，PS语言的成功也使开放式的电子出版系统在国际上广泛流行。 [11]was denied access to the hardware……被拒绝使用硬件 [12]Gordon Moore戈登·摩尔。1929年出生在美国加州，并在加州理工大学(CIT)获得物理和化学两个博士学位。1950s中期他和集成电路的发明者罗伯特·诺伊斯(Robert Noyce)一起，在威廉·肖克利半导体公司工作。后来，诺伊斯和摩尔等8人集体辞职创办了半导体工业史上有名的仙童半导体公司(Fairchild Semiconductor)。仙童成为现在的Intel和AMD之父。1968年，摩尔和诺伊斯一起退出仙童公司，创办了Intel。摩尔定律是指IC上可容纳的晶体管数目，约每隔18个月便会增加一倍，性能也将提升一倍。 [13]Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. 海森堡测不准原理，又名“测不准原理”、“不确定关系”。该原理表明：一个微观粒子的某些物理量(如位置和动量，或方位角与动量矩，还有时间和能量等)，不可能同时具有确定的数值，其中一个量越确定，另一个量的不确定程度就越大。测量一对共轭量的误差的乘积必然大于常数h/2π(h是普朗克常数)是海森伯在1927年首先提出的，它反映了微观粒子运动的基本规律，是物理学中又一条重要原理。 [14]...wire up breadboard prototypes……为电路实验板原型接通电源

填空题Sandy: How' s the young man? Kazi: He' s ______ .

填空题breaking news

填空题崇祯五年(1632)十二月，余住西湖。大雪三日，湖中人鸟声俱绝。是日更定矣，余挈一小舟，拥毳衣炉火，独往湖心亭看雪。雾凇沆砀，天与云与山与水，上下一白。湖上影子，惟长堤一痕、湖心亭一点、与余舟一芥，舟中人两三粒而已。 到亭上，有两人铺毡对坐，一童子烧酒炉正沸。见余，大喜日：“湖中焉得更有此人!”拉余同饮。余强饮三大白而别，问其姓氏，是金陵人，客此。及下船，舟子喃喃曰：“莫说相公痴，更有痴似相公者!”

填空题In their book ______ written in 1923,C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a " representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22.

填空题Parents should bring up their children to be generous, not ______ (self).

填空题Since childhood, most of us have been bombarded with roles—don't be selfish, don't complain, don't be unreasonable, don't interrupt, etc. 41) __________Do you wish you could learn to deal with minor irritations before anger festers into intense resentment and explosive aggression? Assertiveness training can reduce stress by teaching you to stand up for your legitimate rights without bullying or being bullied. Step one is realizing that changes are needed. Then you must take action to make those changes a reality. Assertiveness training might be offered through your employer, your university or a private consultant. It might even be offered through distance learning on the Internet. 42)__________. Such a workshop might include two workshop leaders for up to 18 participants in an all-day, six-hour event or two morning sessions one week apart, with "homework" being assigned between the two sessions. What kind of homework? Practicing what you have learned and describing the experience in a personal diary. 43) __________. Long breaks encourage free talk and generate enthusiasm among participants. It helps to know that others like yourself share your problems. At the beginning of the workshop, you may be asked to describe specific situations that you would like to handle better. During the workshop, you will hear lectures, see vignettes on DVD or video, and receive printed information on how to become more forthright. Role playing is an important element in assertiveness training. The workshop leader will present a scenario submitted by a workshop participant. 44) __________ Research has shown that an American man is much likelier to feel at ease asking for a higher starting salary than an American woman. A woman with the same qualifications being considered for the same position is commonly inclined to fret: "If I ask for a higher salary, maybe they won't hire me, "or" Maybe the company will think I don't have enough experience for such a high salary." 45) __________. The real-life situation can be thought of as a game; once that perception takes root, some of the stress and inhibition disappears. Meanwhile, the already more confident males in the workshop gain a better understanding of how the situation looks and feels for an inhibited job seeker. They acquire a bit of sympathy. And of course women aren't the only people who ever ask for a higher starting salary or a raise; the communication techniques tried out in assertiveness workshops can be used by anyone.A. Since assertiveness training arose in the US. the principles trainers try to instill would need to be adjusted for a non-Western culture. Yet many would doubtless be as much in place in China as they are in North America or Europe.B. But what if those "rules" have made you into a passive, unassertive, accommodating, compliant person when you would really prefer to speak up more about your true feelings and desires?C. The role playing session helps female workshop participants find out how it feels to ask for a higher salary. They see what the possible responses are, and the workshop participants pool their brains and experience to come up with useful tactics.D. A typical example might be a situation from a job interview: the employer is offering a certain salary but the prospective employee thinks it's too low. How to make it clear that you want a higher salary without sacrificing your chances of landing the job? The workshop leader will have small groups work out strategies. probably involving a female job seeker and a male employer.E. If you are highly motivated, you could read and learn about how to become more assertive independently. Probably the best way to build assertiveness is a good assertiveness training workshop.F. For example, North American trainees are urged to focus positively on goals, not g on the other person. You may not like the other person. You may, in fact, mistrust, despise or fear the other person, but he is the fellow you have to negotiate with.G. The workshop should take place in a hospitable atmosphere with plenty of room, a comfortable temperature and light refreshments during breaks.

填空题41)__________. In today's prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want. 42) __________. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example)may be a specialty goods in the United States. People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. 43) __________. Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. 44) __________. Shopping goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style, and fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about. Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention. 45) __________.[A] In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased.[B] Or they may be purchased as emergency items.[C] What it really does is give unprecedented insight into the consumer mind. And it will actually result in higher product sales.[D] The product could be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping.[E] Buying an automobile is often done this way.[F] The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products.[G] These proprietary annual surveys address shopping frequency, store preference, shopper profiles, purchase patterns and drivers of shopping behavior.

填空题We are quite ignorant of what has been achieved in this field.(nothing) ____________________.

填空题The ______ of the dinner party was disappointed at the small number of guests who attended． 晚宴的主人看到只有少数客人出席感觉很失望。

填空题A. Analyzing your own taste B. Being cautious when experimenting C. Finding a model to follow D. Getting the final look absolutely right E. Learning to be realistic F. Making regular conscious choices G. How to judge people When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it"s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it"s what"s inside that"s important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 11 For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they"ve seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 12 When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you"re likely to meet, when you"re going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there"s no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else"s idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 13 But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favorite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don"t wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 14 Some colors bring your natural coloring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colors by all means, but remember that dressing in bright color when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it"s good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 15 So, you"ve chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your coloring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won"t achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won"t improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn"t fit perfectly, don"t buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn"t selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You"ll look better and you"ll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian"s book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 percent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn"t it time you made the most of yourself?

填空题A. How about Thursday B. By the way, is Dr. Johnson available on Saturday C. I"d like to make an appointment to see the doctor Clerk: Good morning. This is Doctor Johnson"s office. What can I do for you? Mrs. Reed: Yes, this is Mrs. Reed. 1 this week. Clerk: Well, let"s see. I"m afraid he is fully booked on Monday and Tuesday. Mrs. Reed: 2 ? Clerk: Sorry, but I have to say he is also occupied on Thursday. So, will Wednesday be OK for you, Mrs. Reed? Mrs. Reed: I have to work on Wednesday. 3 ? Clerk: I"m afraid the office is closed on weekends. Mrs. Reed: Well, what about Friday? Clerk: Friday. Let me have a check. Oh, great. Dr. Johnson will be available on Friday afternoon this week. Mrs. Reed: That"s fine. Thank you, I"ll come then.

填空题In accordance with the arrangement, we will visit the Summer Palace today.

填空题The doctor who performed the ______ gave Bob an 85 percent chance of full recovery by September． 负责给鲍勃做手术的医生说他到9月份完全痊愈的可能性是85/%。

填空题Please make sure the terms ______ the L/C are exactly the same as those ______ our contract so that there is no need for amendment, which is costly and time consuming.

填空题To their credit, many people who insist on P. C. usage believe that changing our language can eventually change our thinking and behavior—______ eliminating racism, sexism and all the other isms we deplore.