问答题Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or constituents. The phrases labeled in the sentence given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification. You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. [The children] NP will[stop[at the corner] PP ] VP if they see us do so.

问答题Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 家庭环境因素对儿童健康的影响 没有哪一个地方像家那么重要?真的吗?世卫组织的一项新研究确定了危及儿童健康的家庭环境因素。 世卫科学家们在报告中指出，欧洲婴幼儿和儿童多达90％的时间是在家中度过的，家庭环境从很多方面影响着儿童健康。该研究对世卫组织欧洲区的八个城市就住房、健康状况等进行了全面的分析和回顾。这八个城市分别是：法国的安格斯、德国的波恩、斯洛伐克的布拉迪斯拉发、匈牙利的布达佩斯、葡萄牙的佛雷拉、意大利的福尔姆、瑞士的日内瓦、立陶宛的维尔纽斯，以及后来加入的吉尔吉斯斯坦的奥沙。 根据这份报告，虽然家常常被认为是对儿童而言最安全的地方，但家却包藏了各种有害的环境因素：霉菌、噪音、环境烟草烟气、家用固体燃料燃烧、不洁用水、铅中毒及意外事故。下面是研究中的部分结果。 潮湿环境促使霉菌生长，从而导致儿童呼吸系统疾病。床垫上10 μg／g的尘螨含量对11岁以前双亲有过敏性哮喘的儿童而言发病危险要增加五倍。50％以上哮喘患儿都有由猫、狗引发的病症。 环境烟草烟气(ETS)、室内固体燃料的燃烧、潮湿环境、尘螨颗粒以及宠物脱落的毛屑都构成了对儿童呼吸的主要威胁。在世卫组织欧洲区，据估计每年约有5万以上0～4岁儿童死于由室内污染导致的急性下呼吸道感染。在该地区，总体上说，使用固体燃料是室内空气污染的最大来源，在同年龄组中因此而死亡的病例达1万例之多。 睡眠质量也与健康状况有关。睡眠受到噪音干扰的儿童患偏头痛的几率是免受噪音干扰儿童的120％，并且这些儿童中90％以上极有可能伴有呼吸系统功能紊乱。 在所调查的8个城市中，1％的儿童家中没有水源，12％的儿童家中没有热水。虽然该数字因城市不同而变化，但还没有一个城市的所有儿童都可以在其住所用上热水。 对儿童健康最严重的威胁之一是铅中毒。在老房子，油漆和管道焊接处都有铅。禁止使用含铅汽油是减少血铅浓度含量高的儿童数量的有效措施，这些措施已使一些国家大于10μg／dl血铅浓度的儿童从1976—1980年的88．2％降至1999—2000年的2．2％。然而要彻底解决这个问题，就一定要在欧洲区实施该措施。 意外事故是5～15岁儿童致死的首要原因，家是他们容易受伤的一个地方，但很多危险是可以预防的。 在调查的儿童中，20％的孩子抱怨家周围没有足够的空间可以进行娱乐活动。这可能对进行体育活动的量产生直接影响。

问答题Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 医德之风 随着经济体制市场化改革的逐步深入，我国自20世纪80年代以来对传统的医疗制度进行了一系列的改革。但是，由于医疗制度的复杂性，国内对出台的医疗制度改革方案还存在不少意见分歧。随着医疗卫生改革的不断深入，医德医风建设也面临着新的问题，卫生行业的不正之风已引起了全社会的关注。在新形势下，如何加强医德医风建设，改善行业作风，是摆在医院管理者面前的重大课题。 在医疗卫生战线上，广大职工能够自觉遵守社会主义医德原则和规范，在平凡而又光荣的岗位上兢兢业业地履行白衣天使的职责，以高尚的医德医风、精湛的医疗技术战斗在救死扶伤的第一线，为保障人民群众的身体健康作出了贡献，受到社会各界和人民群众的好评。 但是因受市场经济负面效应的影响，少数医务工作者政治学习有些放松，为人民服务的思想观念有些淡薄，在行业作风建设的认识上产生了误区，表现为重经济效益、轻社会效益，服务意识不强，对患者检查不仔细，诊疗不认真，不按规章制度办事，缺乏责任心。目前热点问题反应较多的是给病员开大处方、检查多、用好药多、费用高，增加了患者的负担。这些问题都属于医德问题，虽是少数人的事，但其影响不可低估，它使医患之间产生了鸿沟，甚至互不信任，直接影响到医疗卫生战线的形象，同时还会给党和政府造成不良影响。 目前我国医疗系统医德医风存在的问题主要有：(1)部分医务人员不讲救死扶伤的人道主义医德观，不讲为人民服务的宗旨，把医疗服务视为商品交换，用等价交换原则看待医患关系，这些少数的害群之马，严重践踏了医疗道德，损坏了医务人员的形象。目前，有些医务人员事业心不强，有的医生满足于一般性的应付，上班无精打采，看病马马虎虎，对患者缺乏感情，缺乏责任心；有的甚至酿成医疗事故，造成医患纠纷；有的给患者留下后遗症，带来终生痛苦；有的使危重患者错过了抢救时间，使患者失去了宝贵的生命。(2)为医不廉，收受好处。有的患者总是怕医生不尽心，觉得送了红包心里才踏实，一些医护人员也就泰然笑纳。有的医生道德素质较差，暗示甚至索要好处。有的医生被医药代表买通，为了按一定比例获取提成而乱施高价药。至于接受请客吃饭，收点土特产则已经不当一回事了。(3)不平衡和消极埋怨的心理。市场经济使一些行业在一定时期内有较大的赢利，社会上一部分人员收入过高，与医务人员的收入差距较大，一些医务人员产生了“拿手术刀的不如拿剃头刀的”不正常心态，这种心态在医务人员中有一定的市场。(4)部分医务人员在经济利益的驱使下，医德医风削弱，义务感淡薄，在医疗活动中不讲医德，把单纯追求经济利益作为最高准则，认为医疗工作也应全面适应市场经济，一切以经济效益为依据，以赚钱获利为目的，拒绝执行国家有关规定和医德规范，一切向钱看。一些医疗机构盲目花高价购进大量诊断和治疗设备，为急于收回投资和产生利润，不顾患者需要不需要，照样开单检查。有的医院要搞基本建设，改善环境，就给各科室下创收任务，要求必须完成规定指标，否则不发奖金。如少数医院和科室或个别医生无病当有病看，小病当大病看，不需检查也检查，尽量使用昂贵药品。有的医生习惯于开大处方，不管什么病，都要用最好的药。这些做法，不仅加重了患者负担，而且造成了医疗资源的浪费。 注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。

问答题Wi-Fi

问答题Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic: My View on Mobile Phone. You should write at least 100～120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. Outline: 1．平时你用手机做什么； 2．假设没有手机，你会做什么； 3．如何合理地使用手机。

问答题In May 2004 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) released its 2003-2004 book-length report, The State of Food and Agriculture: Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor? It immediately attracted significant press and media attention. In fact, while reporting on its survey of existing examinations of risks posed by agricultural biotechnology, the FAO report concludes that "biotechnology is capable of benefiting small resource-poor farmers" and that in numerous situations the benefits clearly outweigh the risks. In addition to attempting to re-orient biotechnology discussions and lessen the polemics attendant to them, 1. the FAO report offers and illuminates much factual information that is encompassed by biotechnology research, applications, and distribution. In fact, report lays out a coherent understanding of what biotechnology is, and offers a clear exposition for general readers--as well as policy and scientific specialists--of essential biotechnology concepts and methods such as market-assisted breeding, cell as well as genetic engineering. 2. Of particular importance, the essay has a thoughtful discussion on the health and environmental concerns associated with biotechnology. While concluding that, as to health concerns, there is a scientific consensus that biotechnology-altered foodstuffs are safe, the report stresses the scientific consensus on the need for case-by-case studies for all biotechnology products and processes. Regarding environmental concerns, of which the reports describes the science community's call for more scientific research and investigation, the FAO report surveys and describes the international instruments that are beginning to direct policy and regulatory standard development for biotechnology, such as the International Plant Protection Convention and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Notwithstanding its multi-faceted examination of biotechnology for the 21st century, 3. the FAO report's other major emphasis--alongside the potential of biotechnology for poor farmers--is that the mode for bringing this biotechnology potential to poor farmers is woefully deficient. Although some obstacles are indeed formidable for bringing biotechnology potential benefits to the poor, the report does not despair, and it offers ideas and even an agenda for reorienting the biotechnology enterprise for greater technology transfer and benefits for the poor. To overcome technology transfer and development obstacles, 4. the FAO report calls on all countries and the international community as a whole to: "establish transparent, predictable science-based regulatory procedures; establish appropriate intellectual property rights to insure that developers can earn an adequate return of investment." Along with these supportive measures, more direct measures for bio-technology need to be taken, and these include a dramatic increase in public research, a fostering of public-private partnerships, greater focus on the crops that poor farmers grow, and the emergence of developing world regional centers of biotechnology research and dissemination. The FAO report is hopeful that this can be done. 5. Underlying its propounding of this hopeful vision is not only an examination of what is currently amiss, but also important case studies in which biotechnology is actually helping poor farmers, in terms of economics and also human health, as is the case with biotechnology-modified cotton in China.

问答题{{U}}That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth- century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture.{{/U}} Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. (47) {{U}}It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power.{{/U}} Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States : (48) {{U}}while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940's, it was only after 1945--when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world--that major sculpture was produced in the United States.{{/U}} Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail. " Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. (49) {{U}}Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century.{{/U}} Nevelson says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind. " (50) {{U}}Using mostly discarded wooden objects like broken pieces of furniture and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power.{{/U}} Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.

问答题A good book is often the best urn (瓮) of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man"s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. "They are never alone," said Sir Philip Sidney, "that are accompanied by noble thoughts." Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens.

问答题Generally, luck is something that happens to individuals. If a society or a century is considered as a whole, the random individual events that are set down to luck or fortune form more coherent overall patterns; large historical forces become discernible. But entire societies should not mock luck either. (46)The classic Mayan civilization disappeared so strangely, so unexpectedly, that some massive stroke of bad luck must have been at work--a sudden plague, say, a viral riot. Of all civilizations, America seemed the luckiest. With its vast spaces and immense natural wealth, with its extraordinary freedom from the stultifications of caste and poverty, the place seemed born in luck. (47)Or so it appeared to the white Europeans who settled the continent, if not to the Indians they violently displaced or the Africans they imported in slave ships to work the plantations. Americans eventually made the mistake of de- scribing their national luck as their "manifest destiny." Whatever the motions of free will and necessity, Herman Melville wrote, "chance has the last featuring blow at events." (48)Luck may be simply another name for the odd, unexpected notes in the huge symphony of things, of circumstance and coincidence, chemistry and character, diet and disease, weather and timing, the vastly_ subtle totality of being. But whatever the agnostics say, luck is not completely blind, or completely wild either. Within limits, it can be domesticated-although it will always be part wolf and may unexpectedly tum mad and eat the children one afternoon. As Hector Berlioz said, "The luck of having talent is not enough; one must also have a talent for luck." Genius, in fact, may be defined as the ability to control luck. (49)"The older I grow, the more impressed I am with the role of luck or chance in life. The world's distribution of wealth depends almost as much on luck as on energy, foresight and skill." Philosopher Sidney Hook wrote a few years ago. (50)Surely the ultimate purpose of luck, if there is one at all, is to offer such a spectacle that men and women, besides being vastly entertained, come to recognize their common vulnerability to luck's weird and end- lessly inventive impulses. But perhaps luck, good and bad, also has a deeper physiological purpose, programmed into the human animal in the first dawn of his intelligence: to keep the adrenaline "flowing, maybe, and the. brain alert to the world's epic of apprehension, terror, greed and hope.

问答题Directions: You are a salesman in a pharmacy company. Write a letter to Mr. Wang, one of your customers, to introduce a new medicine to him. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition of at least 150 words on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. In your composition, you should clearly state your opinion and give reasons to support your arguments.

问答题liberal arts education

问答题(10 points)

问答题读好书会使我们受益匪浅。

问答题你是Lucy,写一封信给老同学Allen的邀请信，邀请他参加下个星期日下午4点(12月26日) 的校友聚会。希望Allen尽快回信接受邀请，以便他们及时做好安排。

问答题{{B}}52.Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160--200words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Firstdescribethepicture,interpretitsmeaning,2)Andthengiveyourcomments.

问答题Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (武汉大学2004研)