填空题[A] Methods of settling conflicting interests[B] Fulfilling acts of aggression[C] Handling rightsbased disputes[D] The use of negotiation for different dispute types[E] The role of arbitrators[F] Disagreement of interests[G] The role of power in settling disagreements The Nature of Disputes To resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome. The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors. They may seek to reconcile their interests, determine who is right, and/or determine who is more powerful. 41．______ Interests are needs, desires, concerns, fears—the things one cares about or wants. They provide the foundation for a person's or an organization's position in a dispute. In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict. For example, the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce. The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets; more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales. The director of manufacturing, however, wants to produce fewer models. His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs. 42．______ Reconciling such interests is not easy. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making tradeoffs and compromises where interests are opposed. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach agreement. Another interests based procedure is mediation, in which a third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute, in reaching agreement. 43．______ By no means do all negotiations (or mediations) focus on reconciling interests. Some negotiations focus on determining who is right, such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit. Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful, such as when quarrelling neighbors or nations exchange threats and counter threats. Often negotiations involve a mix of all threesome attempts to satisfy interests, some discussion of rights, and some references to relative power. 44．______ It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute. Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalised in law, other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior, such as reciprocity, precedent, equality, and seniority. There are often different — and sometimes contradictory standards that apply to rights. Reaching agreement on rights, where the outcome will determine who gets what, can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure, in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants. (In mediation, by contrast, the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute.) Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies. Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators. 45．______ A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power. We define power, somewhat narrowly, as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do. Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so. The exercise of power takes two common forms: acts of aggression, such as physical attack, and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship, as when employees stop working in a strike.

填空题Tommy felt quite ______ when he stayed with his aunt，a good-natured old lady． 汤米和姑姑待在一起时非常自在，他姑姑是一个脾气好的老太太。

填空题A. Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s. B. In another case, American archaeologists Retie Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city"s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. C. How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites. D. Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed. E. To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photo-graphic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields. F. Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamum existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers" stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for ting engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans"s interpretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosó s), on the island of Crete, in 1900. G. Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research. Order: 6 →A→ 7 →E→ 8 → 9 → 10

填空题Directions: Pick out the appropriate expressions from the eight choices below and complete the following dialogues by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. A. See you this evening B. I've gotta run C. See you again D. I probably won't be back for supper E. I'll go to the office F. take care G. Don't worry H. I'll just take the subway Gary: Dear, I have to go to the office early today. Can you take Sally to school? Ada: Sure. Want me to give you a ride? Gary: No, forget it. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}. It's very quick. I'll pick Sally up this afternoon. You can just come home after work. Ada: OK. Oh, I almost forgot. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}. I've made an evening appointment with Mr. Steven to talk about our next project. Gary: Oh, I see. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Hurry Sally up a little. She hasn't even had her breakfast yet. Ada: OK. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Love you, honey. Gary: I love you, too. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}.

填空题( )mineral ore A. sample ( )ordinary garments B. manual ( )fish C. F. A. Q. ( )hair washing machines D. G. M. Q. ( )medical apparatus E. famous brand ( ) wheat F. specification ( ) calligraphic works C. inspection ( ) power plant generator H. drawing or diagram

填空题Not Uuntil/U she Ugot to/U the classroom Ushe found/U that she Uhad forgotten/U to bring her books.

填空题Old houses have been pulled down to ______ greenery.

填空题In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentences.

填空题Online educational courses would be put to use ______ a global ______ in the following decade.

填空题Even if what you said is right, some other factors should also be taken into consideration.

填空题This old picture reminded her of those days spent in the countryside.

填空题 Part Ⅴ Cloze Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are .four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. If you know where to find a good plastic-free shampoo, can you tell Jeanne Haegele? Last September, the 28-year-old Chicago resident (62) to cut plastics out of her life. The marketing coordinator was concerned about (63) the chemicals coming out of some common types of plastic might be doing to her body. She was also worried about the damage all the plastic (64) was doing to the environment. So she (65) on her bike and rode to the nearest grocery store to see what she could find that didn't (66) plastic. "I went in and (67) bought anything," Haegele says. She did (68) some canned food and a carton (纸盒)of milk— (69) to discover later that both containers were (70) with plastic resin (树脂). "Plastic," she says,"just seemed like it was in everything." She's right. Back in the 1960s, plastic was well (71) its way to becoming a staple of American life. The U.S. produced 28 million tons of plastic waste in 2005—27 million tons of which (72) in landfills (垃圾填埋场). Our food and water come (73) in plastic. It's used in our phones and our computers, the cars we drive and the planes we ride in. But the (74) adaptable substance has its dark side. Environmentalists feel worried about the petroleum needed to make it. Parents worry about the possibility of (75) chemicals making their way from (76) plastic into children's bloodstreams. Which means Haegele isn't the only person trying to cut plastic out of her life—she isn't (77) the only one blogging about this kind of (78) . But those who've tried know it's (79) from easy to go plastic-free. "These things seem to be so common (80) it is practically impossible to avoid coming into (81) with them," says Frederick vom Saaha biologist at the University of Missouri. 62. A) recovered B) resolved C) removed D) retreated 63. A) what B) why C) who D) when 64. A) crust B) unit C) rubbish D) essence 65. A) hinged B) dipped C) stretched D) hopped 66. A) induce B) consist C) include D) compose 67. A) slightly B) roughly C) barely D) nearly 68. A) pursue B) prescribe C) purchase D) preserve 69. A) ever B) merely C) rather D) only 70. A) coupled B) lined C) combined D) probed 71. A) by B) on C) under D) over 72. A) ended up B) put up C) set up D) pulled up 73. A) trapped B) adopted C) wrapped D) adapted 74. A) infinitely B) interactively C) resolutely D) remotely 75. A) absurd B) sensible C) toxic D) attractive 76. A) civil B) household C) internal D) family 77. A) largely B) still C) even D) hardly 78. A) diligence B) recreation C) accomplishment D) endeavor 79. A) far B) little C) well D) much 80. A) but B) that C) which D) while 81. A) fashion B) contact C) approach D) agreement

填空题They all enjoyed ______ (learning/to learn) to skate.

填空题0.89

填空题词语翻译：英译汉。(国际关系学院2012研，考试科目：英语翻译基础)universal suffrage