问答题For example, it is recorded in many history books that people who lived over 3000 years ago ate salted fish. Thousands of years ago in Egypt, salt was used to preserve the dead.

问答题Many advocates of a universal healthcare system in the United States look to Canada for their model. While the Canadian healthcare system has much to recommend it, there's another model that has been too long neglected. That is the healthcare system in France. (1) Although the French system faces many challenges, the World Health Organization rated it the best in the world in 2001 because of its universal coverage, responsive healthcare providers, patient and provider freedoms, and the health and longevity of the country's population. The United States ranked 37. The French system is also not inexpensive. At $3,500 per capita it is one of the most costly in Europe, yet that is still far less than the $6,100 per person in the United States. (2) The French share Americans' distaste for restrictions on patient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as "socialized medicine". Virtually all physicians in France participate in the nation's public health insurance, S~curit~ Sociale. Their freedoms of diagnosis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care-controlled US counterparts envious. However, the average American physician earns more than five times the average US wage while the average French physician makes only about two times the average earnings of his or her compatriots. (3) But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors. Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitive to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter their careers, with little if any debt and pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums. Nor do France's doctors face the high nonmedical personnel payroll expenses that burden American physicians. Securite Sociale has created a standardized and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using electronic funds. (4) It's not uncommon to visit a French medical office and see no nonmedical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers' arcane and constantly changing rules of payment. National health insurance in France stands upon two grand historical bargains--the first with doctors and a second with insurers. Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the law protected a patient's choice of practitioner and guaranteed physicians' resistance by permitting the nation's already existing insurers to administer its new hea!thcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expenses that are not paid for by Securite Sociale. In fact, in France, the sicker you are, the more coverage, care, and treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French confront ongoing problems. (5) Today French reformers' number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll and wage levies because they hamper employers' willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes on earned and unearned income alike to pay for healthcare.

问答题Changing one"s diet can be difficult because it requires new food habits and learning about alternative sources of protein and iron. Cultural barriers, such as gender, race, ethnicity, education and where you live are also involved: white men in the Midwest eat considerably more beef than their compatriots on the coasts, and education is inversely proportional to beef and meat consumption. There"s also a perceived lack of pleasure associated with going meatless because many carnivores perceive vegetarian diets as boring. In addition, historical data on rates of people adopting a vegetarian diet have risen from 0.9 percent in 1991 to about 3 percent in the U. S. now, suggesting that actions perceived as involving sacrifices of comfort or pleasure are not adopted widely. Scientists have identified several energy-saving behaviors that share the obstacles of forgoing comfort and pleasure. Line-drying clothing, for instance, results in stiff fabric that can be scratchy on the skin; shorter showers can feel cold and rushed; and setting the thermostat higher in summer can make a person feel too warm.

问答题Cite an example to explain synchronic linguistics.（人大2005研)

问答题The Fine Art of Marital Fighting In the morning his secretary quits, in the afternoon, his rival at the office gets a promotion; when he gets home that evening he finds out his wife has put a dent in the new car. He drinks four martinis before dinner, and blames his wife a lousy cook. She says how can he tell with all that gin in him, and he says she is getting as mean tempered as her stupid mother, and she says at least her mother wasn"t stupid enough to marry a phony slob, by which time he is bellowing like an enraged moose, she is shrieking and hurling dishes, the baby is screaming, the dogs are yapping, the neighbors are pounding on the walls, and the cops are on their way. Suddenly a car screeches to the curb and a litter man with a tape recorder under his arm hops out and dashed inside. This scene is recurrent dream of George R. Bach, Ph. D. , a Los Angeles clinical psychologist and West Coast channel of the American Academy of Psychotherapy. For him, it is not a nightmare but a rosy fantasy of things to come. His great ambition is to set up a Los Angeles Clinical Night Center which any embattled husband or wife, regardless of race, creed, of hour of the night, could telephone and get a fair heating. Trained marriage counselors would manage the switchboards, referee the disputes, tape-record the hubub for analysis at dawn"s early light, and if necessary, dispatch a mobile referee on a house call. He always has dreamed to become that referee. He studies human aggression, and he loves his work over the last twenty-five years, he has professionally analyzed 23,000 marital rights, including, he figures, at least 2500 of his own. Gifted marital gladiators in action thrill him as the sunset does the poet. Unfortunately, his clinical practice yields so few sunsets that Bach feels the future of American family life is gravely threatened. He recently told a startled audience of newsmen and psychiatrists at the annual meeting of the Ortho-Psychiatric Association that a primary aim of psychotherapy and marriage counseling should be "to teach couples to have more, shorter more constructive fights." Along with a growing number of his colleagues, he says, he has come to believe that proper training in "the fine art of marital fighting" would not only improve domestic tranquility, it could reduce divorces by up to 90 percent. What dismays the doctor is not bloodshed per se; it is the native cowardice and abysmal crudity of American domestic fighting style. Most husbands and wives, he has found, will avail themselves of any sneaky excuse to avoid a fight in the first place. But if cornered, they begin clobbering away at one another like dull-witted Neanderthals. "They are clumsy, weak-kneed, afflicted with poor aim, rotten timing, and no notion of counterpunching. What"s more, they fight dirty. Their favorite weapons are the low blow and the rock-filled glove. The cause of the shoddy, low estate of the marital fight game is a misunderstanding of aggression itself, says the fight doctor. "Research has established that people always dream, and my research has established that people are always to some degree angry. But today they are ashamed of this anger. To express hostile feelings toward a loved one is considered impolite, just as the expression of sexual feelings was considered impolite before Freud." What Freud did for sex, Bach, in his own modest way, would like to do for anger, which is almost as basic a human impulse, "We must remove the shame from aggression," he exhorts in a soft, singsong German accent much like Peter Lorre"s. "Don"t repress your aggressions—program them!" When primitive man lived in the jungle, surrounded by real, lethal enemies, the aggressive impulse is what kept him alive. For modern man, the problem gets complicated because he usually encounters only what the psychologist cells "intimate enemies"—wives, husbands, sweethearts, children, parents, friends, and others whom he sometimes would like to kill, but toward whom he nonetheless feels basic, underlying goodwill. When he gets mad at one of these people, modern man tends to go to pieces. His jungle rage embarrasses, betrays, even terrifies him. "He forgets that real intimacy demands that there be fighting," Bach says. He failed to realize that "nonfighting is only appropriate between strangers—people who have nothing worth fighting about. When two people begin to really care about each other, they become emotionally vulnerable—and the battles start." Listening to Bach enumerate the many destructive, "bad" fight styles is rather like strolling through a vast Stillman"s gym of domestic discord. Over there, lolling about on the canvas, watching TV, walking out, sitting in a trancelike state, drinking beer, doing their nails, even falling asleep, are the "Withdrawal-Evaders," people who will not fight. These people, Bach says, are very sick. After counseling thousands of them, he is convinced that "falling asleep causes more divorces than any other single act." And over there, viciously flailing, kicking and throwing knives at one another, shouting obnoxious abuse, hitting below the belt, deliberately provoking anger, exchanging meaningless insults (You stink! You doublestink!)—simply needling or battering one another for the hell of it—are people indulging in "open noxious attack." They are the "Professional Ego-Smashers," and they are almost as sick—but not quite—as the first bunch. An interesting subgroup here are the "Chain-Reactors," specialists in what Bach has characterized as "throwing in the kitchen sink from left field." A chain-reaching husband opens up by remarking, "Well, I see you burned the toast again this morning." When his wife begins to make new toast, he continues, "And another thing...that no-good brother of yours hasn"t had a job for two years." This sort of fight, says Bach. "usually pyramids to a Valhalla-type of total attack." The third group of people are all smiling blandly and saying. "Yes, dear." But each one drags after him a huge gunnysack. These people are the "Pseudo Accommodators," the ones who pretend to go along with the partner"s point of view for the sake of momentary peace, but who never really mean it. The gunnysacks are full of grievance, reservations, doubts, secret contempt. Eventually the overloaded sacks burst open, making an awful mess. The fourth group are "Carom Fighters". They use noxious attack not directly against the partner but against some person, idea, activity, value, or object which the partner lovers or stands for. They are a whiz at spoiling a good mood or wrecking a party, and when they really get mad, they can be extremely dangerous. Bach once made a study of one hundred intimate murders and discovered that two-thirds of the killers did not kill their partner, but instead destroyed someone whom the partner loved. Even more destructive are the "Double Binders." People who set up warm expectations but make no attempt to fulfill them, or, worse, deliver a rebuke instead of the promised reward. This nasty technique is known to some psychologists as the "mew phenomenon": "Kitty mews for mill. The mother cat mews hack warmly to intimate that kitty should come and get it. But when the kitten nuzzles up for a drink, he gets slashed in the face with a sharp claw instead." In human terms a wife says, for example, "I have nothing to wear." Her husband says, "Buy yourself a new dress—you deserve it." But when she comes home wearing beautifully, he says, "What"s that thing supposed to be, a paper bag with sleeves?"—asking, "Boy, do you look fat!" The most irritating bad fighters, according to Bach, are the "Character Analysts," a pompous lot of stuffed shirts who love to explain to the mate what his or her real subconscious or hidden feelings are. This accomplished nothing except to infuriate the mate by putting him on the defensive for being himself. This style of fighting is common among lawyers, members of the professional classes, and especially, psychotherapists, It is presumptuous, highly alienating, and never in the least useful except in those rare partnerships in which husband and wife are equally addicted to a sick, sick game which Bach calls "Psychoanalytic Archaeology—the earlier, the farther hack, the deeper, the better". In a far corner of Bach"s marital gym are the "Gimmes," overdemanding fighters who specialize in "overloading the system." They always want more; nothing is ever enough. New car, new house, more money, more love, more understanding—no matter what the specific demand, the partner never can satisfy it. It is a bottomless well. Across from them are found the "Withholders," stingily restraining affection, approval, recognition, material things, privileges—anything which could he provided with reasonable effort or concern and which would give pleasure or make life easier for the partner. In a dark, scary back corner are the "underminers," who deliberately arouse or intensify emotional insecurities, reinforce moods of anxiety or depression, try to keep the partner on edge, threaten disaster, or continually harp on something the partner dreads. They may even wish it to happen. The last group are the "Benedict Arnolds," who not only fail to defend their partners against destructive, dangerous, and unfair situations, forces, people, and attacks but actually encourage such assaults from outsiders. Husbands and wives who come to Psychologist Bach for help invariably can identify themselves from the categories he lists. If they do not recognize themselves, at least they recognize their mate. Either way, most are desperate to know what can be done. Somewhere, they feel, there must be another, sunnier, marital gym, a vast Olympic Games perhaps, populated with nothing but agile, happy, bobbing, weaving, superbly muscles, and incredibly sportsmanlike gladiators.

问答题BTOPIC/B Discuss the positive and negative aspects of genetic-manipulated food.

问答题Rights of the Copyright Owner 1. Rights of reproduction, distribution, and display. The author of a work possesses, at the beginning, a bundle of rights that collectively make up copyright. They belong originally to the author, who can sell, rent, give away, will, or transfer them in some other way, individually or as a package, to whomever the author wishes. When a work is to be published, the author normally transfers some or all of these rights to the publisher, by formal agreement. Two of these rights are basic from the publisher"s point of view: the right to make copies of the work (traditionally by printing and now often by digital reproduction) and the right to distribute such copies to the public—in sum, to publish the work. In the case of online publishing, reproduction and distribution blend into the act of transmitting the work on demand to the reader"s computer. A third right—the right of public display—applies to online exploitation of works. A work is publicly displayed when made viewable online; if the user downloads or prints out the material concerned, a distribution of a copy also occurs. 2. Derivative work and performance rights. A fourth and very important right is the right to make what the law terms derivative works—that is, works based on or derived from the original work, such as translations, abridgments, dramatizations, or other adaptations. A revised edition of a published work is generally noticeably different enough from the prior edition to qualify as a derivative work with a separate copyright. The fifth basic copyright right, the right of public performance, has only limited relevance for literary works as such; it applies, for example, when a poet gives a public reading of a poem. However, it has great significance for other works, such as motion pictures, that may spring from literary works.

问答题While other levels involve physical satisfaction-the feeding, comfort, safety, and transportation of the human body-this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement, and happiness.

问答题Title： Should We Help Strangers? Outline：(1)有人认为帮助陌生人是一种美德； (2)有人却认为帮助陌生人会给自己带来麻烦和危险； (3)我认为……

问答题I have always disliked being a man. 1. The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful, in my opinion. Even the expression "Be a man!" strikes me as insulting and abusive. It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient, soldierly and stop thinking. Man means "manly" -- how can one think about men without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man's life. It is a hideous and crippling lie; it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority, it is also by its very nature destructive -- emotionally damaging and socially harmful. In is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls -- let's say the treacherous years of thirteen to sixteen -- I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, and I was urged not to read so much, If you asked too many questions about sex you were sent to camp -- a boy's camp, of course: the nightmare. Nothing is more unnatural or prison-like than a boy's camp. 2. It ought to be clear by now that I have something of an obiection to the way we turn boys into men. It does not surprise me that when the President of the United States has his customary weekend off he dresses like a cowboy-it is both a measure of his insecurity and his willingness to please. In many ways, American culture does little more for a man than prepare him for modeling clothes in the L.L. Bean catalogue. There was a fear that writing was not a manly profession -- indeed, not a profession at all. The paradox in American letters is that it has always been easier for a woman to write and for a man to be published. 3. Writing is only manly when it produces wealth -- money is masculinity. So is drinking, particularly the ability to drink another man under the table. A man in America has to kill lions, hunt ducks, and carry_ enough knives and ~uns on his shoulders, to prove that he is just as much monster as the next man. Everything in stereotyped manliness goes against the life of the mind. 4. There would be no point in saying any of this if it were not generally accepted that to be a man is somehow -- even now in feminist-influenced America -- a privilege. It is on the contrary an unmerciful and punishing burden. Being a man is bad enough; being manly is appalling. It is the sinister silliness of man's fashions, and a clubby attitude in the arts. It is the subversion of good students. It is the so-called "Dress Code" of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Boston, and it is the institutionalized cheating in college sports. In is the most primitive insecurity.

问答题除夕夜(New Year"s Eve)

问答题目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。作为一名未来的博士研究生，你如何看待这 些现象，你认为应该如何制止，以及你应该如何从自身做起。

问答题要不是那场大雨，我们是能够及时完成任务的。

问答题Today, many countrymen are returning after they finish their study abroad. 2. Reasons for their returning. 3. Significance of their returning to China. Please write your essay on the back of the ANSWER SHEET.

问答题ideational

问答题embedding

问答题 Directions: You are a senior student at Beijing Union University, majoring in computer science. You are preparing to take the national examination for the postgraduates next year. Write a letter to Prof Wang, expressing your hope to attend his English Writing class.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead You do not need to write the address.

问答题你喜欢私人住宅还是集体宿舍?(Do You Like Living in a Private House or a Dormitory?)

问答题Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent's rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labor force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts--both naturally existing and man-made--which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas. Europe's economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with manure nom animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was ac- cumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labor created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The revolution began in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been practically deforested by this time and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry. Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, The Netherlands southern Scandinavia and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia. During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent: but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multi- national character--which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating World wars--as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic, competition from overseas. Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market ( such as is found in the United States). In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area. Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This core-periphery problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.