填空题Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. This kind of words are called ______.

填空题Job Satisfaction and Personnel Mobility Europe, and indeed all the major industrialized nations, is currently going through a recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and personnel who find themselves victims of the downturn. As Britain apparently eases out of recession, there are also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, associated with the employment and recruitment market in general. During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is bound to fall sharply. Staff who have been with a company for some years will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated redundancy rights. Furthermore, they will be unwilling to go to a new organization where they may well be joining on a "last in, first out" basis. Consequently, even if there is little or no job satisfaction in their current post, they are most likely to remain where they are, quietly sitting it out and waiting for things to improve. In Britain, this situation has been aggravated by the length and nature of the recession—as may also prove to be the case in the rest of Europe and beyond. In the past, companies used to take on staff at the lower levels and reward loyal employees with internal promotions. This opportunity for a lifetime career with one company is no longer available, owing to "downsizing" of companies, structural reorganizations and redundancy programs, all of which have affected middle management as much as the lower levels. This reduced promotion prospects within most companies. Whereas ambitious personnel had become used to regular promotion, they now find their progress is blocked. This situation is compounded by yet another factor. When staff at any level are taken on, it is usually from outside and promotion is increasingly through career moves between companies. Recession has created a new breed of bright young graduates, much more self-interested and cynical than in the past. They tend to be more wary, skeptical of what is on offer and consequently much tougher negotiators. Those who joined companies directly from education feel the effects most strongly and now feel uncertain and insecure in mid-life. In many cases, this has resulted in staff dissatisfaction. Moreover, management itself has contributed to this general ill-feeling and frustration. The caring image of the recent past has gone and the fear of redundancy is often used as the prime motivator. As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence, there will be an explosion of employees seeking new opportunities to escape their current jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard-headed young graduates. "Headhunters" confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good companies "go to the wall", and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitlements. Past experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very rapid. 41．The "downsizing" of companies______ 42．Ambitious personnel______ 43．Today, new graduates______ 44．Long-serving personnel______ 45．Management policy______[A] feel uncertain and insecure[B] are more skeptical and less trusting[C] has affected all levels of personnel.[D] use fear as means of motivation[E] has often contribute to staff dissatisfaction[F] are more skeptical and more trusting[G] increasingly have to look elsewhere for promotion

填空题Do mobile phones cause explosions at petrol stations? That question has just been exhaustively answered by Adam Burgess, a researcher at the University of Kent, in England. Oddly, however, Dr Burgess is not a physicist, but a sociologist. For the concern rests not on scientific evidence of any danger, but is instead the result of sociological factors: it is an urban myth, supported and propagated by official sources, but no less a myth for that. Dr Burgess presented his findings this week at the annual conference of the British Sociological Association. Mobile phones started to become widespread in the late 1980s, when the oil industry was in the middle of a concerted safety drive, Dr Burgess notes. This was, in large part, a response to the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, when 167 people died in an explosion on an oil platform off the Scottish coast. 41.______So nobody questioned the precautionary ban on the use of mobile phones at petrol stations. The worry was that an electrical spark might ignite explosive fumes. 42.______But it was too late. The myth had taken hold. One problem, says Dr Burgess, is that the number of petrol-station fires increased in the late 1990s, just as mobile phones were proliferating. Richard Coates, BP's fire-safety adviser, investigated many of the 243 such fires that occurred around the world between 1993 and 2004. He concluded that most were indeed caused by sparks igniting petrol vapour, but the sparks themselves were the result of static electricity, not electrical equipment. Most drivers will have experienced a mild electric shock when climbing out of their vehicles. It is caused by friction between driver and seat, with the result that both end up electrically charged. When the driver touches the metal frame of the vehicle, the result is sometimes a spark. 43.______ 44. ______ One e-mail contained fictitious examples of such explosions said to have happened in Indonesia and Australia. Another, supposedly sent out by Shell, found its way on to an internal website at Exxon, says Dr Burgess, where it was treated as authoritative by employees. Such memos generally explain static fires quite accurately, but mistakenly attribute them to mobile phones. Official denials, says Dr Burgess, simply inflame the suspicions of conspiracy theorists. 45. ______ Warning signs. abound in Britain, America, Canada and Australia. The city of Sao Paulo, in Brazil, iatroduced a ban last year, And, earner tins month, a member of Connecticut's. senate proposed making the use of mobile phones in petrol stations in that state punishable by a $ 250 fine.[A] The safety drive did not apply merely to offshore operations: employees at some British oil-company offices are now required to use handrails while walking up and downstairs, for example.[B] As a result, the company had to pay a huge amount of compensation to the families of the victims and law suits concerning those fires seemed to be endless.[C] A further complication was the rise of the internet, where hoax memos, many claiming to originate from oil companies, warned of the danger of using mobile phones in petrol stations.[D] This is particularly noticeable in Britain. The country that led the way in banning mobile phones at petrol stations is also the country that has taken the strongest line on the safety of mobile-phone use by children.[E] Despite the lack of evidence that mobile phones can cause explosions, bans remain in place around the world, though the rules vary widely.[F] By the late 1990s, however, phone makers--having conducted their own research— realized that there was no danger of phones causing explosions since they could not generate the required sparks.[G] This seems to have become more common as plastic car interiors, synthetic garments and rubber-soled shoes have proliferated.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The U.S. space agency, NASA, is planning to launch a satellite that scientists hope will answer fundamental questions about the origin and destiny of our universe. (41) __________. The prevailing theory of the universe's origin, the "Big Bang" theory, says all matter and energy were once compressed into a tiny point. The density and resulting temperature were so enormous that, about 13-to-15-billion years ago by current estimates, a mighty explosion flung the matter hurtling outward in all directions. (42) __________.They also ask, is the expansion accelerating? Will the universe collapse? What is its shape? Scientists will seek explanations with NASA's new Microwave Anisotropy Probe, abbreviated as MAP. (43) __________."MAP will take the ultimate baby picture, an image of the infant universe taken in the fossil light that is still present from the Big Bang," he says. "This glow, this radiation, is the oldest light in the universe. Imprinted on this background, physicists knew, would be the secrets of the Big Bang itself." This background radiation is the light and heat that the early cosmic soup of matter emitted. Once roiling hot, it has cooled over the eons to just a few degrees above absolute zero. It was once thought to be distributed evenly. But in 1992, a highly sensitive NASA satellite named COBE detected nearly imperceptible variations in temperature as tiny as 30- millionths of a degree. (44) __________."These patterns result from tiny concentrations that were in the very early universe that were the seeds that grew to become the stars and the galaxies that we see today," he says. "The tiny patterns in the light hold the keys for understanding the history, the content, the shape, and the ultimate fate of our universe." (45) __________. Princeton University scientist David Spergel says MAP Will give us a much more accurate matter count than we have now. "Right now, we want to measure something like the matter-density of the universe," he says. "Today, we can estimate that to a factor of two. That's pretty good. What we want to do is be able to measure it to about the three-percent level, which is what MAP will be capable of doing." To do its job, the $145 million MAP spacecraft will settle into an orbit 1. 5 million kilometers from the Earth. This is where the Earth's and Sun's gravitational pull are equal, and well past the range of the Earth's own obscuring microwave radiation. While the older COBE satellite measured just a small part of the sky, Chalrles Bennett says MAP will scan the entire sky at 1,000 times better resolution. "The patterns that MAP measures are extremely difficult to measure," he says, "MAP will be measuring millionths of a degree temperature accuracies, and that's hard to do. That's like measuring the difference between two cups of sand to the accuracy of a single grain of sand." [A] The principal NASA scientist for the New MAP spacecraft, Charles Bennett, says the heat patterns represent slight differences in the density of the young universe, where denser regions evolved into the present web of structures. [B] NASA says the first results from the MAP mission will be ready in about 18 months after launch. [C] The spacecraft will orbit the Earth seeking answers from an extremely faint glow of microwaves that have existed since the beginning of time. [D] Scientists are trying to learn how it clumped together to produce stars, clusters of stars called galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. [E] Astronomers are reporting evidence that points to a massive star-eating black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. [F] One of those keys is the amount of matter and its density. More matter with a higher density me, fins mole gravitational pull, suggesting a slowing of the universe's expansion, and perhaps even its collapse. [G] The head of NASA's Evolution of the Universe program, Alan Bunner, says MAP will measure what is thought a remnant of the Big Bang--an afterglow of microwaves bathing the universe that was emitted by the ancient cosmic matter.

填空题Everyone who takes the examination will receive their score report i n six weeks .

填空题A powerful personal growth tool is the 30-day trial. This is a concept I borrowed from the shareware industry, where you can 1 a trial version of a piece of software and try it out risk-free for 30 days before you"re required to buy the 2 version. It"s also a great way to develop new 3 , and best of all, it"s brain-dead simple. Let"s say you want to start a new habit like an exercise program or 4 a bad habit like sucking on cancer sticks. We all know that getting 5 and sticking with the new habit for a few weeks is the hard part. Once you"ve overcome inertia, it"s much easier to keep going. Yet we often psyche ourselves out of getting started by 6 thinking about the change as something 7 before we"ve even begun. It seems too overwhelming to think about making a big change and 8 with it every day for the rest of your life when you"re still habituated to doing the 9 . The more you think about the change as something permanent, the more you 10 where you are. But what if you thought about making the change only 11 say for 30 days—and then you"re free to go back to your old habits? That doesn"t seem so hard anymore. Exercise daily for just 30 days, then quit. Maintain a 12 organized desk for 30 days, then slack off. Read for an hour a day for 30 days, then go back to watching TV. Could you do it? It still 13 a bit of discipline and commitment, but not nearly so much as making a permanent change. Any 14 deprivation is only temporary. You can 15 down the days to freedom. And for at least 30 days, you"ll gain some benefit. It"s not so bad. You can handle it. It"s only one month out of your life.

填空题基层行政机构

填空题Jen: ____________ Sue: I'd like to, but I have to buy some sandwiches before the children get home from school.

填空题______ revolutionize

填空题Metonymy is a kind of figurative language which is usually classed as a type of synecdoche. It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa, as the use of "hands" in "We are short of hands".

填空题 Cloze (15 minutes) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 A new study found that inner-city kids living in neighborhoods with more green space gained about 13/% less weight over a two-year period than kids living amid more concrete and fewer trees. Such __62__ tell a powerful story. The obesity epidemic began in the 1980s, and many people __63__ it to increased portion sizes and inactivity, but that can't be everything. Fast foods and TVs have been __64__ us for a long time. "Most experts agree that the changes were __65__ to something in the environment," says social epidemiologist Thomas Glass of The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. That something could be a __66__ of the green. The new research, __67__ in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, isn't the first to associate greenery with better health, but it does get us closer __68__ identifying what works and why. At its most straightforward, a green neighborhood __69__ means more places for kids to play – which is __70__ since time spent outdoors is one of the strongest correlates of children's activity levels. But green space is good for the mind __71__: research by environmental psychologists has shown that it has cognitive __72__ for children with attention-deficit disorder. In one study, just reading __73__ in a green setting improved kids' symptoms. __74__ to grassy areas has also been linked to __75__ stress and a lower body mass index (体重指数) among adults. And an __76__ of 3,000 Tokyo residents associated walkable green spaces with greater longevity (长寿) among senior citizens. Glass cautions that most studies don't __77__ prove a causal link between greenness and health, but they're nonetheless helping spur action. In September the U. S. House of Representatives __78__ the delightfully named No Child Left Inside Act to encourage public initiatives aimed at exposing kids to the outdoors. Finding green space is not __79__ easy, and you may have to work a bit to get your family a little grass and trees. If you live in a suburb or a city with good parks, take __80__ of what's there. Your children in particular will love it – and their bodies and minds will be __81__ to you. 62.A) findings B) theses C)hypotheses D)abstracts 63.A) adapt B) attribute C)allocate D)alternate 64.A) amongst B) along C)beside D)with 65.A) glued B) related C)tracked D)appointed 66.A) scraping B) denying C)depressing D)shrinking 67.A) published B) simulated C)illuminated D)circulated 68.A) at B) to C)for D)over 69.A) fully B) simply C)seriously D)uniquely 70.A) vital B) casual C)fatal D)subtle 71.A) still B) already C)too D)yet 72.A) benefits B) profits C)revenues D)awards 73.A) outward B) apart C)aside D)outside 74.A) Immunity B) Reaction C)Exposure D)Addiction 75.A) much B) less C)more D)little 76.A) installment B) expedition C)analysis D)option 77.A) curiously B) negatively C)necessarily D)comfortably 78.A) relieved B) delegated C)approved D)performed 79.A) merely B) always C)mainly D)almost 80.A) advantage B) exception C)measure D)charge 81.A) elevated B) merciful C)contented D)grateful

填空题Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata. The lowest stratum is the understory, composed of palms, herbaceous plants (such as wild ginger), and tree seedlings and saplings. (1) . Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest understory. This red coloring enables understory plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich, green-foliaged canopy, the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more midstory strata, made up of woody plants, such as large shrubs and midsized trees. The overstory is the canopy, in which the tree crowns form a continuous layer that captures the major part of the rainwater and sunlight hitting the forest. The height of the canopy varies from region to region and forest to forest, ranging from 20 to 50 m (65 to 165 ft). (2) . Researchers use hot air balloons, cables, catwalks, towers, sophisticated tree-climbing gear, and even robots to study the millions of plants and animals that make their home high up in the forest canopy. Canopy researchers also use huge cranes that are dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters. Suspended from the crane's long, movable arm is a large cabin that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory. Moving from tree to tree, forest researchers collect specimens, conduct experiments, and observe life in the canopy frontier. The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees, those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents, which do not form a continuous layer, are usually the giants of the forest, reaching heights of 35 to 70 m (115 to 230 It) or more, and trunk sizes of over 2 m (6.6 It) in diameter. (3) . However, these trees tend to be so large that they collectively account for the vast majority of the woody mass, or biomass, of the forest. The nicely ordered strata of the rain forest, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events, such as falling trees. Trees in a rain forest canopy are often interconnected by vines, and a falling tree may pull as well as push other trees down with it, producing a domino effect of falling trees. The resulting opening in the forest canopy enables light to pour onto the forest floor. (4) . Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, along the hurricane belt in the Caribbean and the typhoon belt along the western Pacific, some forests are substantially altered when high winds and storms blow down hundreds of trees every few decades. (5) . Scientists have found that these natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are a vital process that leads to healthy and diverse forests. A. New plants and animals then move into the area and begin to grow. B. Just 2 percent of the sunlight goes through the many layers of leaves and branches above, so understory plant species have developed special traits to cope with low light levels. C. On a smaller scale, large mammals, such as elephants, regularly destroy rain forest vegetation in the Congo River Basin in Africa. D. An understory of shorter trees and a lacework of woody vines, or lianas, produce a forest of such complex internal architecture that many animals, including some sizable ones, rarely or never descend to the ground. E. Less than one percent of the trees in the forest reside in the canopy and emergent layers. F. Because more light penetrates the canopy, however, the vegetation of the understory and forest floor is better developed than in the tropics. G. The rich, green canopy is teeming with life, and forest researchers have developed ingenious methods for accessing this mysterious ecosystem.

填空题In this part, you are asked to answer the following questions in Chinese. Write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.(中国矿业大学2009研，考试科目：基础英语)简要介绍中国当代主要翻译理论家及其主要观点。

填空题Translate the following into English．(南京师范大学2007研，考试科目：基础英语) 前辈的学者常以学问的趣味启迪后生，因为他们自己实在是得到了学问的趣味，故不惜现身说法，诱导后学，使他们也在愉快的心情之下走进学问的大门。例如，梁任公先生就说过：“我是个主张趣味主义的人，倘若用化学划分梁启超这件东西，把里头所含一种元素名叫趣味的抽出来，只怕所剩下的仅有个零了。”任公先生注重趣味，学问甚是渊博，而并不存有任何外在的动机，只是“无所为而为”，故能有他那样的成就。一个人在学问上果能感觉到趣味，有时真会像是着了魔一般，真能废寝忘食，真能不知老之将至，苦苦钻研，锲而不舍，在学问上焉能不有收获?不过我常想，以任公先生而论，他后期的著述如历史研究法，先秦政治思想史，以及有关墨子佛学陶渊明的作品，都可说是他的一点“趣味”在驱使着他，可是他在年青的时候，从师受业，诵读典籍，那时节也全然是趣味么?作八股文，作试帖诗，莫非也是趣味么?我想未必。大概趣味云云，是指年长之后自动作学问之时而言，在年青时候为学问打根底之际恐怕不能过分重视趣味。学问没有根底，趣味也很难滋生。任公先生的学问之所以那样的博大精深，涉笔成趣，左右逢源，不能不说的一大部分得力于他的学问根底之打得坚固。

填空题Drawing on biomechanics and other sports science, Olympic hopefuls target just the right muscles and moves. Olympians of yesteryear shared the same goal, but they would hardly recognize today's training techniques. To achieve to Olympian ideal of "faster, higher, stronger," coaches now realize, athletes don't have to train more but they do have to, train smarter. That's why, these days, cross-country (Nordic) skiers kneel on skateboards and tug on pulleys to haul themselves up a ramp. By analyzing every motion that goes into a ski jump or a luge run, the science of biomechanics breaks down events into their component parts and determines which movements of which muscles are the key to a superlative performance. Knowing that is crucial for a simple but, to many coaches and trainers, unexpected reason: it turns out that although training for general conditioning improves fitness, the best way to boost performance is by working the muscles and practicing the moves that will be used in competition. It's called sport-specific training. 41. Ways to work the right muscles and train the right patterns of movement. Sport-specific training doesn't have to mean running the actual course or performing the exact event. There are other ways to work the right muscles and train the right pattern of movement. Doing situps on a Swiss ball, for instance, develops torso control as well as strength. The Finnish ice-hockey team recently added acrobatics to its training regime because it helps players to balance on the ice, says head coach Raimo Summanen. Performance-enhancing strategies. The advances in physiology that have revolutionized training are giving sports scientists a better under-standing of how to improve strength, power, speed and both aerobic and anaerobic fitness: 42. Training the start-up. Speed is partly genetic. A star sprinter is probably born with a preponderance of fast-twitch muscle fibers, which fire repeatedly with only microsecond rests in between. Speed training therefore aims to recruit more fast-twitch fibers and increase the speed of nerve signals that command muscles to move. 43. Strength reflects the percentage of muscle fibers the body can recruit for a given movement. "Someone with pure strength can recruit 90 percent of these fibers, while someone else recruits only 50 percent," says the USOC's Davis. 44. Developing anaerobic fitness. Anaerobic fitness keeps the muscles moving even when the heart can't provide enough oxygen. To postpone the point when acid begins to accumulate, or at least train the body to tolerate it, Jim Walker has the speed skaters he works with push themselves beyond what they need to do in competition. Power is strength with speed. "One of the biggest changes in strength training is that we're getting away from pure strength and emphasizing power, or explosive strength," says USOC strength-and- conditioning coordinator Kevin Ebel. 45. Difficulties under way. It's still difficult to persuade coaches to let sports scientists mess with their athletes. To overcome such resistance, the USOC's Peter Davis has set up "performance-enhancing teams" where coaches and scientists put their heads together and apply the best science to training. Come February, the world will see how science fared in its attempt to mold athletic excellence.[A] Zach Lund races skeleton (a head-first, belly-down sled race), in which the start is crucial. He has to sprint in a bent-over position (pushing his sled along the track), then hop in without slowing the sled. "You have to go from a hard sprint to being really calm in order to go down the track well," says Lund. To improve his speed he does leg presses while lying on his back, or leg curls on his stomach (bringing his foot to his backside).[B] Despite the finding that drafting reduces the demand on the heart of a speed skater and generally improves performance, for instance, most skaters still prefer to go out fast and first.[C] Sprinters who skate 500 meters in the Olympics, for instance, power through multiple 300 meters, and do it faster than they Skate the 500. By raising the anaerobic threshold, the training gives skaters a better shot at exploding with a sprint at the finish.[D] Luge, for instance, requires precise control of infinitesimal muscle movements: "Overcorrect on a turn," says driver Mark Grimmette, "and you're dead." To achieve that precise control, he and his doubles partner, Brian Martin, devote a good chunk of their training time to exercises on those squishy rubber spheres called Swiss balls.[E] Aerobic fitness is hockey star Cammi Granato's goal one autumn morning as she pedals a stationary bike with sweaty fury at the USOC training center in Lake Placid, New York. When Granato finally staggers off the bike and crumples onto the padded platform, she's had a tougher workout than in any hockey period which is exactly the point.[F] The thigh's quadriceps, for instance, consist of millions of fibers organized into what are called motor units. When a speed skater pushes off the ice, he recruits a certain percentage of them to fire; the others are relaxing and so do not contribute to the movement.

填空题______= CHILD(x, y)& MALE(x).（北二外2006研)