填空题"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not. Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus--On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist' s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit," wrote Smiles," what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. "His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life. This was all a hit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals. Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles," wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:" It is man, real, living man who does all that. "And history should he the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. " This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding--from gender to race to cultural studies -- were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.

填空题Bill of Lading is an official receipt given by the ship-owner or their agent evidencing the receipt of the ______ mentioned in the B/L.

填空题Of the two girls I"m teaching, I find Nancy the ______ (clever).

填空题At all times, personal ______ is of the greatest importance. (clean)

填空题Pat: When is Mary coming?Ann: ____________

填空题6．What he did in the game just a bit of fun has now earned a p______ in the Guinness Book of Records.

填空题The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES.

填空题We have (4) your letter of 23rd April and take (5) in making you the following offer subject to your reply reaching us by the end of this month．

填空题The revolution of the British drama came in the decade following the ending of the World War II. The tremors in the post-war British theatre were caused by Samuel Beckett"s play ______.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A--F to fit into each of the numbered blank. There is one extra choice that does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. (41) _____________________ The extrinsic approach, adopted in modem times by Leo Tolstoy in What Is Art in 1896, has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan "art for art's sake."(42) _____________________ Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value. (43) _____________________ The analogy with laughter--which, in some views, is itself a species of aesthetic interest--introduces a concept without which there can be no serious discussion of the value of art: the concept of taste. (44) _____________________ Similarly, we regard some works of art as worthy of our attention and others as not. In articulating this judgment, we use all of the diverse and confusing vocabulary of moral appraisal; works of art, like people, are condemned for their sentimentality, coarseness, vulgarity, cruelty, or self-indulgence, and equally praised for their warmth, compassion, nobility, sensitivity, and truthfulness. Clearly, if aesthetic interest has a positive value, when motivated by good taste; it is only interest in appropriate objects that can be said to be good for us. (45) _____________________. [A] Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are? [B] All discussion of the value of art tends, therefore, to turn from the outset in the direction of criticism. Can there be genuine critical evaluation of art, a genuine distinction between that which deserves our attention and that which does not? [C] Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means of the same result. Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it. [D] Artistic appreciation, a purely personal matter, calls for appropriate means of expression. Yet, it is before anything a process of “cultivation", during which a certain part of one's "inner self" is "dug out" and some knowledge of the outside world becomes its match. [E] If I am amused it is for a reason, and this reason lies in the object of my amusement. We thus begin to think in terms of a distinction between good and bad reasons for laughter. Amusement at the wrong things may seem to us to show corruption of mind, cruelty, or bad taste; and when it does so, we speak of the object as not truly amusing, and feel that we have reason on our side. [F] Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.

填空题Tom took the ______ to satisfy the desire for revenge．(occasional)

填空题The weather is getting ______ (hot)and ______ (humid).

填空题[A] to show, to describe[B] to stand for[C] to act officially for

填空题Translate the following into English． 早在二、三十年代，鲁迅先生就对国民的好凑热闹这一劣根性深恶痛绝，造成这种劣根性的原因，当然有社会的因素，主要的还是人自身的主观因素，比如有些人精神空虚，寻求刺激；有些人社会公德意识缺乏等等。有这种心理的人，长此以往，于己于人都无好处。社会心理学告诉我们，人群产生以后，会导致意识的形成。而群体行为所造成的后果，是不以个人意志为转移的。现实生活中，因此而发生的案件、事故举不胜举。劝君莫凑热闹。

填空题[A] The petitioners argue that repealing the tax will cost the Treasury billions of dollars in lost revenues and will result in either increased taxes ill the long run or cuts to Medicare, Social Security, environmental protection and other government programs. Repealing the levy " would enrich the heirs of America's millionaires and billionaires, while hurting families who struggle to make ends meet," the petition says.[B] About 120 wealthy Americans had signed or supported a petition to oppose phasing out the tax. President Bush has included the repeal of the lax in his $1.6 trillion lax-cut proposal. Normally when " dozens " of Americans join in a political cause, it is not particularly noteworthy, but in this case the dozens include: George Soros, a billionaire financier; Warren Buffett, an investor listed as America's fourth-richest person; the philanthropist David Rockefeller Jr.; and William Gates Sr., a Seattle lawyer and father of America's richest man, Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates.[C] Buffett and company cite these factors in their petition calling for opposition to the estate-tax-repeal. They also discuss something that's equally emotional and far more complex: the principle of meritocracy. The idea that everyone in America has an equal chance, that our Fates are not determined by accidents of birth, is one of our core values And nowhere is this principle more reverend than in the technology economy; entrepreneurship is almost by definition all expression of meritocracy.[D] Buffett told the New York Times that repealing the estate tax would be a " terrible mistake " and the equivalent of " choosing the 2020 Olympic team by picking the eldest sons of the gold medal winners in the 2000 Olympics. "[E] An old brokerage commercial says: " He made his money the old-fashioned way: He earned it. " There was a perfect parody of the ad in which tile line read: " He made his money the old-fashioned way: He inherited it. " In 20 or 50 or 100 years, which of these lines will be right? Buffett and Soros and friends, to their credit. want to help make the first one real. Let's hope this is only one step in that process.[F] It was refreshing to see Buffett and George Soros and a number of other extremely wealthy luminaries stand up in opposition to President Bush's proposed repeal of the estate tax. While the policy has some emotional attractions—it would protect the inheritors of some small businesses from having to sell the companies to pay taxes, and it is true that most people have been taxed on their savings once already—in practice the tax repeal would mainly be a windfall for a very small number of very, very rich people.[G] President Bush will make his case for his $1.6 trillion tax cut plan, delivering a speech at a community center in St. Louis. The proposal would slash federal tax rates across all levels of income, eliminate tile so-called marriage penalty and phase out estate taxes. Democrats complain that the plan—which would cut the top rate from 39 to 33 percent—would disproportionately benefit the wealthy and unnecessarily squander expected budget surpluses. Some of the richest Americans are urging Congress not to repeal the estate tax, the New York Times reported on Wednesday. Order: 41.______→B→42.______→43.______→44.______→D→45.______

填空题______ unexpected gain

填空题America's liberal and conservative elites disagree about everything under the sun. from the role of God in the constitution to John Bolton's table manners. Yet on one issue they are as one: the country is going to hell in a hand-basket.41. __________. For liberals, Americans are suffering from epidemics of "traumas" and "syndromes". The left has always worried about the effects of rapacious capitalism on the American psyche. Listen to Mary Pipher, a bestselling clinical psychologist, on girls: "Just as planes and ships disappear mysteriously into the Bermuda Triangle, so do the selves of girls go down in droves. They crash and burn" Or compare William Pollak. a Harvard psychologist, on boys: "Our nation is home to millions of boys who...are cast out to sea in separate lifeboats, and feel that they are drowning in isolation, depression. loneliness and despair." Half an hour listening to "Oprah" or browsing in a bookshop could produce a dozen equally depressing theses, expressed in equally dismal metaphors, about every, sort of American.42. __________. This literature is built on one huge assumption: that Americans are a fragile bunch. Forget about the flinty Pilgrims who built a hyperpower out of a wilderness. Today's Americans are so vulnerable they need to be shielded from competition. In their excellent new book. "One Nation Under Therapy: How the Helping Culture is Eroding Self-Reliance" (St. Martin's Press). Christina Hoff Sommers and Sally Satel. of the American Enterprise Institute, detail the rise of an ever-proliferating profession of grief counsellors, trauma therapists, syndrome specialists, stress-reducers and assorted degree-bearing charlatans.43. __________. This book has naturally garnered favourable reviews from fellow conservatives. Yet the right is equally prey to its own variety of crisis-mongering. Conservatives blame sin. rather than syndromes, and cultural decline, rather than economic dislocation. But many share the left's sense of human vulnerability, and a surprising number have a weakness for psychobabble. It is no accident that the most powerful man in the Christian right. James Dobson. the head of Focus on the Family, is both a child psychologist and a veritable fountain of social' science statistics.44. __________. For conservatives, the family is being battered by pop culture, gay rights and feminism. Rebecca Hagelin of the Heritage Foundation argues that, thanks in pan to the ubiquity of the porn culture, America has gone "stark raving mad" (to use the subtitle of her new book). Gloomy conservative groups issue toe-curling warnings about the "inexorable grip of homosexual lust" and "feminism's love affair with abortion, and lesbianism".45. ___________. Is this really true? Take a look at most of the recent cultural indicators, and it is hard to know where to start with the good news. The proportion of black children living with married parents is increasing. The proportion of women with infants in the. workforce (the women that is, not the infants) is declining, meaning that more mothers are staying at home. Both teenage pregnancy rates and teenage abortion rates have declined by about a third over the past 15 years. For all the talk of "hooking up", a growing proportion of schoolchildren are waiting to have sex until they are older. The good news is not confined to sex. Child poverty is down substantially from its high in 1993 (whatever happened to the "disastrous consequences" of welfare reform?). So is juvenile crime. Alcohol and drug use are lower. The idea that young America is tossing about on a sea of misery hardly tallies with academic evidence, which shows 73% of teenagers to be "hopeful and optimistic, in thinking about the future" (a Horatio Alger study in 2002-03 ), a mere 7.5% of college students feeling frequently depressed (UCLA. 2003 ) and the teen-suicide rate down by a quarter (the Centres for Disease Control. 2004).[A] The literature assumes that Americans are vulnerable.[B] The conservatives' opinions of Americans' psychological problems[C] The conservatives think that Americans are fragile.[D] The liberals' opinions about the American psyche[E] The conservatives regard the social problems as the cause of the American's psychological problems.[F] The recent data indicates that Americans have an improvement in many social problems.

填空题S______ relation is the relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.