单选题These results should not be taken at face ______—careful analysis is required to assess their full implications. A. revenue B. expense C. price D. value

单选题There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable (寓言) of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.

单选题______ every word of his were true, what action would the committee wish to take?

单选题Thousands of years (21) humans began the process of domesticating the dog and shaping what "being a dog" really means. Through careful selection and breeding, an astonishing variety of dog breeds (22) been created. Desirable traits have been selected for in various breeds that are of a benefit (23) humans. There are some traits, however, that quickly become undesirable when expressed too frequently. Barking is a(an) (24) of a natural behavior that is encouraged in terms of guarding behavior, but becomes a problem when the behavior is produced in excess. A recent health insurance investigation revealed (25) the sound of a continually barking dog was cited as the most disruptive and stress inducing (26) for humans. Barking, in addition to whining, howling and growling, is a dog's (27) means of communication. Barking is characterized by a series of short, sharp sounds, that tend to vary (28) in tone or pitch. A dog's bark (29) signify territorial protection, exertion of dominance, or expression of some need. (30) , barking is "a means of communication triggered by a state of excitement." Being a natural trait, barking is not considered a behavioral problem, (31) it is produced in excess. The key to solving the problem of excess barking in your dog begins with an understanding of what is causing (32) behavior. Once you have determined a cause, (33) have a greater chance of choosing the most effective solution (e.g., more exercise) or behavioral modification. Modifying such an instinctive and natural behavior (34) barking can be difficult, and may require considerable patience, time, and hard work. (35) , however, are possible, and worth the effort.

单选题 Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally{{U}} (1) {{/U}}by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other{{U}} (2) {{/U}}situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has{{U}} (3) {{/U}}in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial{{U}} (4) {{/U}}; standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants. {{U}} (5) {{/U}}, the standard variety of English is based on the London{{U}} (6) {{/U}}of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted in the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This dialect became the one{{U}} (7) {{/U}}by the educated, and it was developed and promoted{{U}} (8) {{/U}}a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also the{{U}} (9) {{/U}}that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today,{{U}} (10) {{/U}}English is arranged to the extent that tile grammar and vocabulary of English are{{U}} (11) {{/U}}the same everywhere in the world where English is used;{{U}} (12) {{/U}}among local standards is really quite minor,{{U}} (13) {{/U}}the Singapore, South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very{{U}} (14) {{/U}}different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are{{U}} (15) {{/U}}.Indeed, Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous{{U}} (16) {{/U}}on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long-established dialects of England have{{U}} (17) {{/U}}much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. This latter situation is not unique{{U}} (19) {{/U}}English: it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national, even supranational ones.

单选题The______ of the interstate' s property has been agreed upon by the heirs.

单选题An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controllee and of the members of the governmental agency itself? A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others - the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury," we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned - in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment, A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurafices of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in mm "rule" behavior. The effect of a law upon the controlling agency The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.Comprehension Questions:

单选题______,she knows Germany well.

单选题A. physicsB. medicineC. physicistD. society

单选题 On New Year's Day, 50,000 inmates in Kenyan jails went without lunch. This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions. It was an extraordinary humanitarian gesture: the money that would have been spent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated 3.5 million Kenyans who, because of a severe drought, are threatened with starvation. The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of east Africa and the Horn. If you are reading this in the west, however, you may not be aware of it—the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you do know about the drought, you may not be aware that it is devastating one group of people disproportionately: the pastoralists. There are 20 million nomadic or semi- nomadic herders in this region, and they are fast becoming some of the poorest people in the continent. Their plight encapsulates Africa's perennial problem with drought and famine. How so? It comes down to the reluctance of governments, aid agencies and foreign lenders to support the herders' traditional way of life. Instead they have tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists, even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are well adapted to their harsh environments, and that moving livestock according to the seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable than agriculture in sub-Saharan drylands. Furthermore, African pastoralist systems are often more productive, in terms of protein and cash per hectare, than Australian, American and other African ranches in similar climatic conditions. They make a substantial contribution to their countries' national economies. In Kenya, for example, the turnover of the pastoralist sector is worth $800 million per year. In countries such as Burkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia, hides from pastoralists' herds make up over 10 percent of export earnings. Despite this productivity, pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits. One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves; the lion's share is pocketed by traders. This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine, when they need the cash to buy food, and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour. Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas. Funding bodies such as the World Bank and-USAID tried to address some of the problems in the 1960s, investing millions of dollars in commercial beef and dairy production. It didn't work. Firstly, no one bothered to consult the pastoralists about what they wanted. Secondly, rearing livestock took precedence over human progress. The policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors. They were based on two false assumptions: that pastoralism is primitive and inefficient, which led to numerous failed schemes aimed at converting herders to modern ranching models; and that Africa's drylands can support commercial ranching. They cannot. Most of Africa's herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to commercial ranching. What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle. Over the past few years, funders and policy-makers have been starting to get the message. One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought, so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive (the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it). Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths. This is all promising, but more needs to be done. Some African governments still favour forcing pastoralists to settle. They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding. Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products: there will likely be an additional 2 billion consumers worldwide by 2020, the vast majority in developing countries. To ensure that pastoralists benefit, it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies. Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women, who play critical roles in livestock production. The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists. Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment, conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition. It is in the rich world's interests to help out.

单选题A: Could you break a 20-dollar bill for me? B: ______

单选题{{B}}Text 4{{/B}} The Southdale shopping centre in Minnesota has an atrium, a food court, fountains and acres of parking. Its shops include a Dairy Queen, a Victoria's Secret and a purveyor of comic T-shirts. It may not seem like a landmark, as important to architectural history as the Louvre or New York's Woolworth Building. But it is. "oh, my god!" chimes a group of teenage girls, on learning that they are standing in the world's first true shopping mall. "That is the coolest thing anybody has said to us all day. " In the past half century Southdale and its many imitators have transformed shopping habits, urban economies and teenage speech. America now has some 1,100 enclosed shopping malls, according to the International Council of Shopping Centres. Clones have appeared from Chennai to Martinique. Yet the mall's story is far from triumphal. Invented by a European socialist who hated cars and came to deride his own creation, it has a murky future. While malls continue to multiply outside America, they are gradually dying in the country that pioneered them. Southdale's creator arrived in America as a refugee from Nazi-occupied Vienna. Victor Gruen was a Jewish bohemian who began to design shops for fellow immigrants in New York after failing in cabaret theatre. His work was admired partly for its uncluttered, modernist look, which seemed revolutionary in 1930s America. But Gruen's secret was the way he used arcades and eye-level display cases to lure customers into stores almost against their will. As a critic complained, his shops were like mousetraps. A few years later the same would be said of his shopping malls. By the 1940s department stores were already moving to the suburbs. Some had begun to build adjacent strips of shops, which they filled with boutiques in an attempt to re-create urban shopping districts. In 1947 a shopping centre opened in Los Angeles featuring two department stores, a cluster of small shops and a large car park. It was, in effect, an outdoor shopping mall. Fine for balmy southern California, perhaps, but not for Minnesota's harsh climate. Commissioned to build a shopping centre at Southdale in 1956, Gruen threw a roof over the structure and installed an air-conditioning system to keep the temperature at 75°F (24℃)—which a contemporary press release called "Eternal Spring". The mall was born. Gruen got an extraordinary number of things right first time. He built a sloping road around the perimeter of the mall, so that half of the shoppers entered on the ground floor and half on the first floor-something that became a standard feature of malls. Southdale's balconies were low, so that shoppers could see the shops on the floor above or below them. The car park had animal signs to help shoppers remember the way back to their vehicles. It was as though Orville and Wilbur Wright had not just discovered powered flight but had built a plane with tray tables and a duty-free service.

单选题New ideas have been put into practice ______ he was elected our leader.

单选题Don't worry about your earrings — I' m sure they'll______sooner or later.

单选题Military orders are ______ and cannot be disobeyed. [A] defective [B] conservative [C] alternative [D] imperative

单选题Jack is good, kind, hard-working and intelligent. ______ ,I can't speak too highly of him. A. As a result B. By the way C. In a word D. on the contrary

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Sometimes we have specific problems with our mother; sometimes, life with her can just be hard work. If there are difficulties in your{{U}} (1) {{/U}}, it's best to deal with them,{{U}} (2) {{/U}}remember that any{{U}} (3) {{/U}}should be done{{U}} (4) {{/U}}person or by letter. The telephone is not a good{{U}} (5) {{/U}}because it is too easy{{U}} (6) {{/U}}either side to{{U}} (7) {{/U}}the conversation. Explain to her{{U}} (8) {{/U}}you find difficult in your relationship and then{{U}} (9) {{/U}}some new arrangements that you think would establish a{{U}} (10) {{/U}}balance between you. Sometimes we hold{{U}} (11) {{/U}}from establishing such boundaries because we are afraid that doing{{U}} (12) {{/U}}implies we are{{U}} (13) {{/U}}her. We need to remember that being{{U}} (14) {{/U}}from our mother does not{{U}} (15) {{/U}}mean that we no longer love her. If the conflict is{{U}} (16) {{/U}}and you cannot find a way to{{U}} (17) {{/U}}it, you might decide to give up your relationship with your mother for a while. Some of my patients had{{U}} (18) {{/U}}"trial separations". The{{U}} (19) {{/U}}allowed things to simmer down, enabling{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.

单选题Do you ever automatically say "God bless you" when someone sneezes? Did you ever cross your fingers when making a wish? Most people who do these things never think about why they do them. They just do them. But there is a reason. Both acts are meant to insure good luck. They are little superstitions that have come down to us from an earlier time, when everybody believed in good and evil spirits. And even in our modern world, when men are traveling to the moon, we are still practicing some of these ancient habits in our daily lives. In ancient times, men believed that the soul lived in the head. Every time someone sneezed, he was risking the danger of dislodging that soul and blowing it out the nose into the outside world. So, as insurance against a lost soul, people would say "God bless you" to be sure that God would catch the soul and return it to its rightful owner. Some people today toss a bit of salt over their left shoulder if they happen to spill any at the dinner table. This practice once had a serious purpose. In an earlier time, men believed that evil spirits always stood on their left side and good spirits on the right. So any time they spilled some of the precious stuff, they would throw a bit of it over their left shoulder to keep away the evil spirits. Since the evil spirits stood on the left, and the good spirits on the right, the right side was considered the lucky side of the body. Putting your best foot forward meant starting out on the lucky side, with your right foot first. That was a guarantee of good luck at whatever you were about to do. We still speak of "putting your best foot forward", although we don"t always start walking with the right foot.