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单选题Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One"s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; one"s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one"s emotions used to be more vivid than they are and one"s mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.
The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one"s interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.
I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interest involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grownup children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. And you must realize that you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. But I think for an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it—so at least it seems to me—is to make your interest gradually more impersonal, until bit by bit the wails of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like river—small at first, gradually grows, wider, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who in old age can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
单选题It is ______ who ______ reasonable. A) me; am B) me; is C) I; am D) I; is
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单选题Why does Ryan Steward want to be a college teacher?
单选题Of the following pairs of words, ______belongs to the type of complementary antonyms.
单选题David did it ______ to annoy her. A. on purpose B. in need C. in detail D. at all
单选题We know that many animals do not stay in one place. Birds, fish and other animals move from one place to another at a certain time. They move for different reasons; most of them move to find food more easily, but others move to get away from places that are too crowded. When cold weather comes, many birds move to warmer places to find food. Some fishes give birth in warm water and move to cold water to feed. The most famous migration(迁移)is probably the migration of the fish, which is called "salmon". This fish is bom in fresh water but it travels many miles to salt water. There it spends its life. When it is cold, it returns to its birthplace in fresh water. Then it gives birth and dies there. In Northern Europe, there is a kind of mouse. They leave their mountain homes when they become too crowded. They move down to the low land. Sometimes they move to the seaside and many of them are killed when they fall into the sea. Recently, scientists have studied the migration of a kind of lobster(龙虾). Every year, when the season of the bad weather arrives, the lobsters get into a long line and start to walk across the floor of the ocean. Nobody knows why they do this, and nobody knows where they go. So, sometimes we know why humans and animals move from one place to another, but at other times we don' t. Maybe living things just like to travel.
单选题h is said that John' s two daughters or his wife______to the city where
he had an accident.
A. going
B. are going
C. were going
D. was going
单选题According to this passage, the old people today ______.
单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following four passages. Answer
the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. {{B}}Passage One{{/B}}
Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety
of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives
unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the
9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally
accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to
discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by
Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most
characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the
Renaissance. The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain
common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the
fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained
that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth
was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two
ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be
traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation
of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was
the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and
certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith
and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the
theologians' decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th
century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy
within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy
was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was
subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used
philosophy to understand and explain revelation. This attitude
of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory
of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that
truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only
philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served,
hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the
authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that
philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of
Islamic theology. As a result of their belief in the harmony
between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise
scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as
the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish
the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of
revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the
Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance
between reason and revelation.
单选题That stock exchange lists ______ 1,700 individual stocks.
单选题Which of the following statements may not be true? A．People break their large scale computer systems up into smaller subsystems for security purposes. B．Personal computers are most likely to be invaded by unauthorized persons. C．All of the people invading computer systems are trying to spy or sabotage. D．Some people penetrate into protected databanks in order to prove their technical worth.
单选题Some people say that students' progress in school is ______ by environment.
单选题Fencing, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was a method for (1) disputes in which opponents dueled to the death. Today, fortunately, it is a sport (2) opponents use dueling swords that have the points covered. This is done to prevent (3) . The fencers also wear face masks, padded jackets, and gloves for (4) . The foil, the saber, and the épée are all used in modem fencing. These (5) are all quite different. The foil has a flexible, four-sided (6) and a circular guard to protect the hand. The saber has a flat, thin blade and a hand (7) that curves around the knuckles. The épée has a rigid, three sided blade and a large circular hand guard. The (8) of this sport is to touch an opponent with your dueling sword without being touched (9) . A point is given for each touch. In many championship meets, an electrical device is used to record (10) . Men as well as women are allowed to enter the competition. It is (11) to both. However they do not compete against each other. Scoring is different for (12) . Five points are needed to win a men's bout in foil; three in épée. Four points are needed to win a (13) bout. The rules for contests using the foil, saber, and épée are basically the (14) . However there are (15) differences. With the foil, points can be scored only when the opponent's torso is touched with the covered tip of the foil. With the saber, points are (16) when any part of the opponent's body except the legs is touched by (17) the tip or edges of the blade. In épée duels, points are scored when any part of the opponent's body is touched with the blade tip. Fencing is a sport that requires grace and skill. The basic movements of attack (the thrust) and (18) (blocking the thrust) both demand muscular coordination of hand, foot, and body, as well as the thorough knowledge of techniques and tactics. Agility and quick thinking are equally important. (19) is not required. Therefore, both the young and the old, (20) of whom may be very strong, can enjoy this sport.
单选题
单选题Britain occupied Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Both the British and later the Dutch tried to centralize and reform Java's administration. The Dutch
wavered
between opening the area to individual enterprise and reverting to a monopoly system.
单选题The telegraph
opened up
(A)the possibility of almost instantaneous communication and
thereby
(B)
offering
(C)many practical advantages to people in
all walks of life
(D).
单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage
is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there
are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and
mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in
the brackets.{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}}
The single business of Henry Thoreau,
during forty odd years of eager activity, was to discover an economy calculated
to provide a satisfying life. His one concern, which gave to his ramblings in
Concord fields a value of high adventure, was to explore the true meaning of
wealth. As he understood the problems of economics, there were three possible
solutions open to him, to exploit himself, to exploit his fellows, or to reduce
the problem to its lowest denominator. The first was quite impossible——to
imprison oneself in a treadmill when the morning called to great adventure. To
exploit one's fellows seemed to Thoreau's sensitive social conscience an even
greater infidelity. Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom
with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and set
about the high business of living, "to front only the essential facts of life
and to see what it had to teach." He did not advocate that other men should
build cabins and live isolated. He had no wish to dogmatize concernig the best
mode of living——each must settle that for himself. But that a satisfying life
should be lived, he was virtually concerned. The story of his emancipation from
the lower economics is the one romance of his life, and Walden is his great
book. It is a book in praise of life rather than of Nature, a record of
calculating economies that studied saving in order to spend more largely. But it
is a book of social criticism as well, in spite of its explicit denial of such a
purpose. In considering the true nature of economy he concluded, with Ruskin,
that the cost of a thing is the amount of life which is required in exchange for
it, immediatey or in the long run. In Walden Thoreau elaborated the text: "The
only wealth is life."
单选题[此试题无题干]
单选题What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around her neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesn"t afford warmth in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only decorates. We might say it borrows meaningfrom what it surrounds and sets off; the head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of the soul. When photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only the passage from three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a point du vue favors the top of the body rather than the bottom and the front rather than the back. The face is the jewel in the crown oi the body, and so we give it a setting. When people are intensely concerned with something that is obviously impractical, anthropologists take note, for lovely useless things often express archaic to exist in contemporary American houses already heated by gas and electricity, yet most people want one and it is still the focus of the living room. This desire testifies, I think, to the hundreds of thousands of years during which we Homo sapiens huddled around a cave fire. We watch ourselves, rather anxiously, vanish backward down those lone temporary corridors, as my daughter gazes at her infinitely multiplied small self in the mutually opposed mirrors of the beauty salon, and wonders, is it me? Our fireplaces and necklaces and tombstones say it is, they are. In American culture, an interest in necklaces seems to be rather gender specific. Many men to whom I mention the enterprise feign polite interest and then change the subject, though I know some who admire, construct, and wear necklaces, including the distinguished scientist and poet to whom this essay is dedicated. Most women, by contrast, become mildly or wildly enthusiastic. A doctor in Blois brought out her entire collection of costume jewelry for me, exhibited the most splendid pieces with an account of where and when they were purchased, and then explain them all with the help of a large glossy book on the history of costume jewelry , with dozens of pictures. A former student of mine who had moved to California mailed me six plastic boxes full of beads gleaned from a warehouse managed by an eccentric: friend who just their settings; a feature bead painted with a naked lady; crystal roundels of truly exceptional shine; and tiny silver hematite seed beads. Beads lend themselves to exchange, Beads travel. And clearly these two facts are related.
单选题______, the workers continued their work in the open.
单选题Although international logistics is discussed as a movement or flow of goods, a stationary period is involved when merchandise becomes ______ stored in warehouses.
单选题The author regards the hairdos and clothing, drugs and rock music of the rebels of the six ties as ______.
单选题{{B}}Part B{{/B}}
The earth is witnessing an urban
revolution, as people worldwide crowd into towns and cities. In 1800 only five
per cent of the world's population were urban dwellers; now the proportion has
risen to more than forty-five percent, and by the year 2010 more people will
live in towns and cities than in the countryside. Humanity will, for the first
time, have become a predominantly urban species. Though the
world is getting more crowded by the day, absolute numbers of population are
less important than where people concentrate and whether these areas can cope
with them. Even densities, however, tell us nothing about the quality of the
infrastructure—roads, housing and job creation, for example—or the availability
of crucial services. The main question, then, is not how many
people there are in a given area, but how well their needs can be met. Density
figures have to be set beside measurements of wealth and employment, the quality
of housing and the availability of education, medical care, clean water,
sanitation and other vital services. The urban revolution is taking place mainly
in the Third World, where it is hardest to accommodate. Between
1950 and 1985 the number of city dwellers grew more than twice as fast in the
Third World as in industrialized countries. During this period, the urban
population of the developed world increased from 477 million to 838 million,
less than double; but it quadrupled in developing countries, from 286 million to
1.14 billion. Africa's urban population is racing along at five percent a year
on average, doubling city numbers every fourteen years. By the turn of the
century, three in every four Latin Americans will live in urban areas, as will
two in every five Asians and one in every three Africans. Developing countries
will have to increase their urban facilities by two thirds by then, if they are
to maintain even their present inadequate levels of services and
housing. In 1940 only one out of every hundred of the world's
people lived in a really big city, one with a population of over a million. By
1980 this proportion had already risen to one in ten. Two of the world's biggest
cities, Mexico and Sao Paulo, are already bursting at the seams—and their
populations are doubling in less than twenty years. About a
third of the people of the Third World's cities now live in desperately
overcrowded slums and squatter settlements. Many are unemployed, uneducated,
undernourished and chronically sick. Tens of millions of new people arrive every
year, flocking in from the countryside in what is the greatest mass migration in
history. Pushed out of the countryside by rural poverty and
drawn to the cities in the hope of a better life, they find no houses waiting
for them, no water supplies, no sewerage, no schools. They throw up makeshift
hovels, built of whatever they can find. sticks, fronds, cardboard, tar-paper,
straw, petrol tins and, if they are lucky, corrugated iron. They have to take
the land none else wants; land that is too wet, too dry, too steep or too
polluted for normal habitation. Yet all over the world the
inhabitants of these apparently hopeless slums show extraordinary enterprise in
improving their lives. While many settlements remain stuck in apathy, many
others are gradually improved through the vigour and co-operation of their
people, who turn flimsy shacks into solid buildings, build school, lay out
streets and put in electricity and water supplies. Governments
can help by giving the squatters the right to the land that they have usually
occupied illegally, giving them the incentive to improve their homes and
neighborhoods. The most important way to ameliorate the effects of the Third
World's exploding cities, however, is to slow down the migration. This involves
correcting the bias most governments show towards cities and towns and against
the countryside. With few sources of hard currency, though, many governments in
developing countries continue to concentrate their limited development efforts
in cities and towns, rather than rural areas, where many of the most destitute
live. As a result, food production falls as the countryside slides ever deeper
into depression. Since the process of urbanization concentrates
people, the demand for basic necessities, like food, energy, drinking water and
shelter, is also increased, which can exact a heavy toll on the surrounding
countryside. High-quality agricultural land is shrinking in many regions, taken
out of production because of over-use and mismanagement. Creeping urbanization
could aggravate this situation, further constricting economic
development. The most effective way of tackling poverty, and of
stemming urbanization, is to reverse national priorities in many countries,
concentrating more resources in rural areas where most poor people still live.
This would boost food production and help to build national economies more
securely. Ultimately, though, the choice of priorities comes
down to a question of power. The people of the countryside are powerless beside
those of the towns; the destitute of the countryside may starve in their
scattered millions, whereas the poor concentrated in urban slums pose a constant
threat of disorder. In all but a few developing countries the bias towards the
Cities will therefore continue, as will the migrations that are swelling their
numbers beyond control.
单选题There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.
But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. "A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language," says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. "Unfortunately. It"s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged from eight to fifteen."
One study showed that almost 90 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred. Contained violence. The investigators said "There are not just games anymore. These are leaning machines. "We"re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it"s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.
They also said "The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts." In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are compelled. A description of the outcome of the game says: "Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them."
Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.
Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?
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单选题It happened to be very cold ______ the morning of our sports meeting. A．at B．of C．on D．in
单选题You can’t be _______ careful when you are handling such a large order.
单选题The great ballplayer and civil rights leader Jackie Robinson was the______of both physical and moral strength.
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单选题The White family ______ very large. All the family ______ animal lovers.A. is; areB. is; isC. are; isD. are; are
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单选题 People kill each other over diamonds; countries go to war
over oil. But the world's most expensive commodities are worth nothing in the
absence of water. Fresh water is essential for life, with no substitute.
Although mostly unpriced, it is the most valuable stuff in the world.
Nature has decided that the supply of water is fixed. Meanwhile demand
rises as the world's populati on increases and enriches itself. Homes, factories
and offices are sucking up ever more. But it is the planet's growing need for
food that matters most. Farming accounts for 70% of withdrawals.
Few of the world's great rivers that run through grain-growing areas now
reach the sea all the year round or, if they do, they do so as a trickle. Less
obvious, though even more serious, are the withdrawals from underground, which
are hidden from sight but big enough to produce changes in the Earth's
gravitational field that can be monitored by NASA's satellites in space. Water
tables are now failing in many parts of the world, including America, India and
China. So far {{U}}the world has been spared a true water
war{{/U}}, and competition for water can sometimes bring rivals together as well
as drive them apart. But since over 60% of the world's population lives in a
river basin shared by two or more countries, the scope for squabbles is plain.
Even if acute water shortages were to become widespread in just one
country—India, say, or China—they could lead to mass migration and
fighting. Although the supply of water cannot be increased,
mankind can use what there is better—in four ways. One is through the
improvement of storage and delivery, by creating underground reservoirs,
replacing leaking pipes, lining earth-bottomed canals, irrigating plants at
their roots with just the right amount of water, and so on. A second route
focuses on making farming less thirsty—for instance by growing newly bred,
perhaps genetically modified, crops that are drought-resistant or
higher-yielding. A third way is to invest in technologies to take the salt out
of sea water and thus increase supply of the fresh stuff. The fourth is of a
different kind: release the market on water-users and let the price mechanism
bring supply and demand into balance. And once water is properly priced, trade
will encourage well-watered countries to make water-intensive goods, and arid
ones to make those that are water-light.
单选题Speaker A: I just can"t stand this class any more!
Speaker B: ______It"s required, and you have to sit in it in order to graduate.
单选题______ about the food in the restaurant, but he also refused to pay for his meal.
单选题Trying to get Americans to eat a healthy diet is a frustrating business. Even the best-designed public-health campaigns cannot seem to compete with the tempting flavors of the snack-food and fast-food industries and their fat-and sugar-laden products. The results are apparent on a walk down any American street—more than 60% of Americans are overweight, and a full quarter of them are overweight to the point of obesity. Now, health advocates say, an ill-conceived redesign has taken one of the more successful public-health campaigns—the Food Guide Pyramid—and rendered it confusing to the point of uselessness. Some of these critics worry that America's Department of Agriculture caved in to pressure from parts of the food industry anxious to protect their products. The Food Guide Pyramid was a graphic which emphasizes that a healthy diet is built on a base of grains, vegetables and fruits, followed by ever-decreasing amounts of dairy products. meat, sweets and oils. The agriculture department launched the pyramid in 1992 to replace its previous program, which was centered on the idea of four basic food groups. The "Basic Four" campaign showed a plate divided into quarters, and seemed to imply that meat and dairy products should make up half of a healthy diet, with grains, fruits and vegetables making up the other half. It was replaced only over the strenuous objections of the meat and dairy industries. The old pyramid was undoubtedly imperfect. It failed to distinguish between a doughnut and a whole-grain roll, or a hamburger and a skinless chicken breast, and it did not make clear exactly how much of each foodstuff to eat. It did, however, manage to convey the basic idea of proper proportions in an easily understanable way. The new pyramid, called" My Pyramid", abandons the effort to provide this information. Instead, it has been simplified to a mere logo. The food groups are replaced with unlabelled, multi-colored vertical stripes which, in some versions, rise out of a cartoon jumble of foods that look like the aftermath of a riot at a grocery store. Anyone who wants to see how this translates into a healthy diet is invited to go to a website, put in their age, Sex and activity level, and get a Custom. designed pyramid, complete with healthy food choices and suggested portion sizes. This is fine for those who are motivated, but might prove too much effort for those who most need such information. Admittedly, the designers of the new pyramid had a tough job to do. They were supposed to condense the advice in the 84-page United States' Dietary Guidelines into a simple, meaningful graphic suitable for printing on the back of a cereal box. And they had to do this in the face of pressure from dozens of special interest groups—from the country's Potato, Board, which thought potatoes would look nice in the picture, to the Almond Board of California, which felt the same way about almonds. Even the National Watermelon Promotion Board and the California Avocado Commission were eager to sect heir products recognized. Nevertheless, many health advocates believe the new graphic is a missed opportunity. Although officials insist industry pressure had nothing to do with: the eventual design, some critics suspect that political influence was at work: On the other hand, it is not clear how much good even the best graphic could do. Surveys found that 80% of Americans recognized the old Food Guide Pyramid—a big success in the world of public, health campaigns. Yet only 16% followed its advice.
单选题Many instructors believe that an informal, relaxed classroom environment is
1
to learning and innovation. It is not uncommon for students to have
2
and friendly relationships with their professors. The
3
professor is not necessarily a poor one and is still
4
by students. Although students may be in a(n)
5
position, some professors treat them as
6
. However, no matter how
7
professors would like to be, they still are in a position of
8
.
Professors may
9
social relationships with students outside of the classroom, but in the classroom they
10
the instructor"s role. A professor may have coffee with students
11
the next day expect them to
12
a deadline for the
13
of a paper or to be prepared
14
a discussion or an exam. The professor may give
15
attention outside of class to a student in
16
of help but probably will not treat him or her differently when it
17
evaluating school work. Professors have several roles
18
students; they may be counselors and friends as well as teachers. Students must
19
that when a teacher"s role changes, they must appropriately
20
their behavior and attitudes.
单选题A. I'd rather have some wine, if you don't mind.
B. ______
A. No, you'd better not.
B. Not at all, anything you want.
C. Thank you all the same.
D. Yes, but not good.
单选题The tendency of the human body to reject foreign matter is the main Uobstacle/U to successful organ transplantation.
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单选题At the present time, 98 percent of the world energy consumption comes from stored sources, such as fossil fuels or nuclear fuel. Only hydroelectric and wood energy represent completely renewable sources on ordinary time scales. Discovery of large additional fossil fuel reserves, solution of the nuclear safety and waste disposal problems, or the development of controlled thermonuclear fusion will provide only a short-term solution to the world's energy crisis. Within about 100 years, the thermal pollution resulting from our increased energy consumption will make solar energy a necessity at any cost. Man's energy consumption is currently about one part in ten thousand that of the energy we receive from the sun. However, it is growing at a 5 percent rate, of which about 2 percent represents a population growth and 3 percent a per capita energy increase. If this growth continues, within 100 years our energy consumption will be about 1 percent of the absorbed solar energy, enough to increase the average temperature of the earth by about one degree centigrade if stored energy continues to be our predominant source. This will be the point at which there will be significant effects in our climate, including the melting of the polar ice caps, a phenomenon which will raise the level of the oceans and flood parts of our major cities. There is positive feedback associated with this process, since the polar ice cap contributes to the partial reflectivity of the energy arriving from the sun: As the ice caps begin to melt, the reflectivity will decrease, thus heating the earth still further. It is often stated that the growth rate will decline or that energy conservation measures will preclude any long-range problem. Instead, this only postpones the problem by a few years. Conservation by a factor of two together with a maintenance of the 5 percent growth rate the problem by only 14 years. Reduction of the growth rate to 4 percent postpones the problem by only 25 years; in addition, the inequities in standards of living throughout the world will provide pressure toward an increase in growth rate, particularly if cheap energy is available. The problem of a changing climate will not be evident until perhaps ten years before it becomes critical due to the nature of an exponential growth rate together with the normal annual weather variations. This may be too short a period to circumvent the problem by converting to other energy sources, so advance planning is a necessity. The only practical means of avoiding the problem of thermal pollution appears to be the use of solar energy. (Schemes to "air-condition" the earth do not appear to be feasible before the twenty-second century. ) Using the solar energy before it is dissipated to heat does not increase the earth's energy balance. The cost of solar energy is extremely favorable now, particularly when compared to the cost of relocating many of our major cities.
单选题From the passage we learn that ______. A．most practitioners are taught software security in school B．the standard of software safety and reliability are written in a very complicated style C．people should be aware of the present software reliability standards D．the average reader understands the current software security and reliability standards easily
单选题Man: I'm going to ask the neighbors to turn the music down. I can't hear myself think.Woman: Do you really think it makes any difference to them?Question: What does the woman mean?
单选题(There) is an unresolved controversy as to (whom) (is) the real author of the Elizabethan plays (commonly) credited to William Shakespeare.
单选题When it comes to battles between Apple and Samsung, the conflict is often explored in terms of patents or smartphone sales. But what about their innovation styles? Management consulting firm Booz & Company released its eighth annual Global Innovation 1000 Study in the last week of October. Among the study"s key findings were that research and development spending had reached an "all-time high, " increasing by 9.6 percent in 2011 for a total $603 billion, and that Amazon edged out Facebook to join the study"s top 10 "most innovative" companies. The top 10 list was compiled based on answers from survey respondents who were asked which companies they found to be the most innovative. Apple, Google and 3M took the top three slots with Samsung, General Electric, Microsoft, Toyota, Procter & Gamble, IBM and, finally, Amazon rounding out the rest of the list. The last of three key findings were that roughly half of the corporations surveyed rated their effectiveness when it comes to getting products to market as "average" or "marginally effective. " That fact was drilled home by the survey"s list of top R&D spenders. Toyota topped the Research & Development(R&D)spenders list, coming in seventh among the most innovative companies. Apple and Google were not listed among the top 20 R&D spenders, even as they were named one and two, respectively, among the 10 most innovative. Samsung, meanwhile, was ranked the fourth most innovative and the sixth highest of the R&D spenders, rising from seventh place the year before. " It"s not how much money you spend, but how effectively you spend it to make you innovative, " said Booz & Company Partner John Loehr during a phone interview. Loehr is the global leader of the firm"s innovation practice, specializing in automotive, industrial and aerospace companies. " They"re both phenomenally successful, but they both have different innovation models, " said Loehr of Apple and Samsung, going on to describe Apple as a " prototypical example of what we call a " need seeker" " —or a company that identifies un-met needs in the market and moves to satisfy them. Samsung, on the other hand, is a "market reader, " said Loehr. The term "fast follower, " he continued, has often been used to describe Samsung, but Loehr maintains the term gives the company "short shrift. " "They"re waiting for something to be established in the market, and when it really takes off, " said Loehr, "they go after it and go after it aggressively. " The strategy has proven advantages, said Loehr, citing Samsung"s strides in the television market. "Successful market readers tend to find technology alternatives, " said Loehr. Sometimes that path can be found in the lab, and other times in the courts. "That"s part of the capability as a market reader, " he said.
单选题A: Excuse me, is there a parking lot anywhere around here?B: ______. A. Sorry, there is no park around here. B. Yes, you've asked the right person. I'm very familiar with this place. C. No problem. I know where it is. D. Yes, there's one near the end of the street. It's behind the church.
单选题The author introduces Abstract Expressionist painters in order to ______.
单选题The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is【C1】______to say it anyway. He is that【C2】______bird, a scientist who works independently【C3】______any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not【C4】______thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 【C5】______he, however, might tremble at the【C6】______of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only【C7】______that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in【C8】______is a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally does well in IQ test, 【C9】______12-15 points above the【C10】______value of 100, and have contributed【C11】______to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the【C12】______of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 【C13】______They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 【C14】______, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been【C15】______to social effects, such as a strong tradition of【C16】______education. The latter was seen as a(an) 【C17】______of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately【C18】______. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has【C19】______them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this【C20】______state of affairs.
单选题Although the members of the faculty seem inflexible, ______ to suggestion. A) they are always open B) always they are open C) are they always open D) they are open always
单选题The current financial crisis ______ a holistic, global approach to deal with all issues. A. cries out for B. gets hold of C. boils down to D. goes in for
单选题Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)
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单选题A. anyB. appleC. blackD. thank
单选题The 9/11 Attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in the New York City and the Washington D.C.areas in September of______.
单选题______ she was living in New York that she met her husband Tom.
单选题Commerce has long been at the mercy of the elements. The British East India Company was almost strangled at birth when it lost several of its ships in a storm. But the toll is rising. The world has been so preoccupied with the man-made catastrophes of subprime mortgages and sovereign debt that it may not have noticed how much economic chaos nature has wreaked. With earthquakes in Japan and New Zealand, floods in Thailand and Australia and tornadoes in America, last year was the costliest on record for natural disasters.
This trend is not, as is often thought, a result of climate change. There is little evidence that big hurricanes come ashore any more often than, say, a century ago. But disasters now extract a far higher price, for the simple reason that the world"s population and output are becoming concentrated in vulnerable cities near earthquake faults, on river deltas or along tropical coasts. Those risks will rise as the wealth of Shanghai and Kolkata comes to rival that of London and New York. Meanwhile, interconnected supply chains guarantee that when one region is knocked out by an earthquake or flood, the reverberations are global.
This may sound grim, but the truth is more encouraging. Richer societies may lose more property to disaster but they are also better able to protect their people. Indeed, although the economic toll from disasters has risen, the death toll has not, despite the world"s growing population.
The right role for government, then, is not to resist urbanization but to minimize the consequences when disaster strikes. This means, first, getting priorities right. At present, too large a slice of disaster budgets goes on rescue and repair after a tragedy, and not enough on consolidating defenses beforehand. Cyclone shelters are useless if they fall into disrepair.
Second, government should be fiercer when private individuals and firms, left to pursue their own self-interest, put all of society at risk. For example, in their quest for growth, developers and local governments have eradicated sand dunes, mangrove swamps, reefs and flood plains that formed natural buffers between people and nature. Preserving or restoring more of this
natural capital
would make cities more resilient, much as increased financial capital does for the banking system.
Third, governments must eliminate the perverse incentives their own policies produce. Politicians are often under pressure to limit the premiums insurance companies can charge. The result is to underprice the risk of living in dangerous areas—which is one reason that so many expensive homes await the next hurricane on Florida"s coast. When governments rebuild homes repeatedly struck by floods and wildfires, they are subsidizing people to live in hazardous places.
For their part companies need to operate on the assumption that a disaster will strike at some point. This means preparing contingency plans, reinforcing supply chains and even, costly though this might be, having reserve suppliers lined up: there is no point in having a perfectly efficient supply chain if it can be snapped whenever nature takes a turn for the worst. Disasters are inevitable; their consequences need not be.
单选题What can we infer from the fact that the world was perceived as flat?
单选题A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment that ends up debunking (揭穿……的真相) a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic (治疗的) touch (TT for short), whose advocates manipulate patients' "energy field" to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various illness. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't be detected, even by trained TT practitioners (行医者). Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science." Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late 1980s, when she learned it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S. ) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around until they're in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to ＄70 an hour, to smooth patients' energy, sometimes during surgery. Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing—something they haven't been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than ＄1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily, "I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid." The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs—left or right—and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd done no better than they would have by simply guessing. If there was an energy field, they couldn't feel it.
单选题The implication of the second paragraph is that Abraham Lincoln______
单选题Microsoft and Apple in a Tough New World
There is a smug maxim in Silicon Valley arid the places that imitate it: "To survive, you must destroy your company every x years" (where x varies according to how much the speaker wants to stress the pace of technological change). Sometimes attributed to Intel"s former chief executive Andy Grove, it is a maxim more often repeated than observed. But it can be a lovely and startling thing when a large, publicly traded company takes a big bet by replacing its core product.
Microsoft"s new Windows 8 operating system, which went on sale last Friday, is the most dramatic gamble by a technology company since Intel abandoned the memory market to make semiconductors in the 1980s. Windows is a civilisational tool; there are more than 1bn Windows users around the world but when, after being given a new personal computer by their IT manager or buying a new device for themselves, those users boot up the new OS, they will recognise nothing.
Gone is the familiar "Start" button and user interface Microsoft has used since it launched Windows 95, 17 years ago. In its place, users will find a screen of shifting colourful tiles. If they have set up a Microsoft account with Outlook, their email, calendar and contacts will appear automatically; if their Microsoft account is linked to Facebook, the faces of their Facebook friends will begin blinking in a People tile and the photos they have posted will float into a Live tile. To its new users, Windows 8 will seem as personal—and as non-corporate—as their smartphone or tablet computers. That is the whole idea.
Windows 8 can be used with a conventional personal computer with a mouse or touchpad, but doing so is confusing. The operating system works best with a touch screen, where users can swipe tiles and icons. To show off the new functionality, Microsoft is selling its first computer, the Surface—a $499 touch screen tablet whose cover is a small keyboard, so that the device can also function as a small laptop.
Windows 8 and Surface are elegant and innovative, not qualities one associates with Microsoft"s products. They are mostly the work of Steven Sinofsky, president of the company"s Windows division, who keeps a much-read blog at MSDN, the Microsoft developer network. There, defending the radical change in the design, he wrote: "The new Windows 8 user experience is no less than a bet on the future of computing, and stakes a claim to Windows" role in that future. "
Last week the crush at Microsoft"s Times Square store reminded some of the crowds at the launch of an Apple product—which must have been Microsoft"s hope. But Mr. Sinofsky"s bet also has the logic of desperation. A decade ago there were no competitors to Microsoft"s core business of developing and selling "platforms", the software upon which other developers" software must run and with which hardware must work. Today, the web is the platform for most computing and Apple"s iOS (the operating system of the iPhone and iPad) and Google"s Android are the platforms for mobile devices. The sharp edges between business and consumer computing have melted. Microsoft had no choice but to try something new.
It is instructive to compare the launch of Windows 8 and Surface with Apple"s most recent release, the iPad mini. There"s nothing wrong with the mini : for Tim Cook, Apple"s chief executive, it must seem to fill an important niche—the market for tablets that can be held comfortably in one hand, where Amazon"s Kindle and devices based on Android now dominate. But there"s nothing innovative about Apple"s small tablet. It"s just more of the same. One cannot imagine the late Steve Jobs, Apple"s departed CEO, taking any pride in the thing.
It is an interesting historical moment for the two founding companies of the personal computing revolution. Microsoft knows it is slowly dying but declines to accept its fate. Apple, flush with cash, does not yet have to admit that with the death of its tutelary genius, it has lost its way. But secretly, its executives, designers and developers must fear that something is badly wrong. Jobs always said that technology companies began to die when salespeople and bean counters started making the decisions.
单选题Speaker A: Hello. May I speak to Sally, please?Speaker B:______A. May I ask who you are?B. Yes. But the number is engaged.C. Yes. This is Sally.D. Thanks for callin
单选题It can be concluded from this article that the attraction of the sun is ______.
单选题The Browns lived in a______and comfortably furnished house in the suburbs. A. spacious B. sufficient C. wide D. wretched
单选题Little boys seem to enjoy______ train sets more than little girls.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)
单选题John did not like our plan, so he
countered
it with one of his own.
单选题The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth. Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion; rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle; an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level. The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents. A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.
单选题______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And ff scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on the earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
单选题The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make their profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen: and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be a bit up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-oriented economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
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单选题The______of College English Tests is to help students learn English better, isn't it?
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单选题{{B}}Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:{{/B}}
Real policemen hardly recognize any
resemblance(类同之处)between their lives and what they see on TV—if they ever get
home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops (警官) don't think
much of them. The first difference is that a policeman's real
life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to
know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them
in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what
is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an
alley after someone he wants to talk to. Little of his time is
spent in chatting to scanty-clad ( 穿衣不多的 ) ladies or in dramatic confrontations
with desperate criminals. He will spend most of his working life typing millions
of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are
guilt or not—of stupid, petty crimes.
单选题______the First World War, the United States became the dominant force in the motion-picture industry.(北京大学2005年试题)
单选题The foreign guests said that they were very happy ______the great changes which had taken place in the village.
单选题 Wholesale prices in July rose more sharply than expected
and at a faster rate than consumer prices, {{U}} {{U}} 1
{{/U}} {{/U}}that businesses were still protecting consumers {{U}}
{{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}the full brunt (冲击) of higher energy
costs. The Producer Price Index, {{U}} {{U}} 3
{{/U}} {{/U}}measures what producers receive for goods and services, {{U}}
{{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}1 percent in July, the Labor Department
reported yesterday, double {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}economists
had been expecting and a sharp turnaround from flat prices in June. Excluding
{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}and energy, the core index of
producer prices rose 0.4 percent, {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}}
{{/U}}than the 0.1 percent that economists had {{U}} {{U}} 8
{{/U}} {{/U}}Much of that increase was result of an {{U}} {{U}}
9 {{/U}} {{/U}}increase in car and truck prices. On
Tuesday, the Labor Department said the {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}}
{{/U}}that consumers paid for goods and services in July were {{U}} {{U}}
11 {{/U}} {{/U}}0.5 percent over all, and up 0.1 percent, excluding food
and energy. {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}the
overall rise in both consumer and producer prices {{U}} {{U}} 13
{{/U}} {{/U}}caused by energy costs, which increased 4.4 percent in the month.
(Wholesale food prices {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}0.3 percent
in July.) {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}July 2004, wholesale
prices were up 4.6 percent; the core rate {{U}} {{U}} 16
{{/U}} {{/U}}2.8 percent, its fastest pace since 1995.
Typically, increases in the Producer Price Index indicate similar changes in the
consumer index {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}businesses recoup
(补偿) higher costs from customers. {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}}
{{/U}}for much of this expansion, which started {{U}} {{U}} 19
{{/U}} {{/U}}the end of 2001, that has not been the {{U}} {{U}}
20 {{/U}} {{/U}}. In fact, many businesses like automakers have been
aggressively discounting their products.
单选题After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor." with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外2006研)
单选题Ethics was generally considered to be
单选题A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, ______ he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant. A. if B. whenever C. so that D. whereas
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单选题With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
单选题You will not be ______ about food in time of great hunger. A) special B) particular C) peculiar D) specific
单选题There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most (1) held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder—even if it means (2) the pavement into a busy street! (3) you must pass under a ladder you can (4) bad luck by crossing your fingers and (5) them crossed until you have seen a dog. (6) you may lick your finger and (7) a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the (8) has dried. Another common (9) is this it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house—it will either bring (10) to the person who opened it or to the whole (11) . Anyone opening an umbrella in fate weather is (12) , as it inevitably brings rain! The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month (13) on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay (14) . The worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, (15) it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to (16) in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are (17) witchcraft. It is (18) lucky if a black cat crosses your path—although in America the exact opposite belief prevails. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood (19) luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as "my car has never (20) , touch wood".
单选题The bell is ringing ______ the lesson is over.A. butB. orC. andD. yet
单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}}
How efficient is our system of criminal
trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of it—convicting the guilty and
acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trial system is more
like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are
so engrossed in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on
technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten.
All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross-examination
of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our
"adversarial" system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the
Continental "inquisitorial" system, under which the judge plays a more important
inquiring role. In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems
of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by "ordeal"— essentially
a religious event—was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this was
eventually abandoned, the two systems parted company. On the Continent,
church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and
judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of
the Peace and the jury. The jurymen were often illiterate and this meant that
all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident
dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by
word of mouth on the crucial day. On the other hand, in France
for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by
an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of
it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered.
The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and
enshrined it in their Constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems
are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are
handled. First, because the U. S. A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to
prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, American lawyers
are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs. In
Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who
are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate
profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense
lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare them themselves. They go out
and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize
themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who
prepares the case; the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed lo
meet witness beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both
prosecution and defense work. By being kept distant from the preparation and
regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too
personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American
lawyers, however, often know their cases better. Reformers
rightly want to learn from other countries' mistakes and successes. But what is
clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long
historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt
piecemeal.
单选题 How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other
words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men,
unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and
feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other;
and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be
combined to represent those sounds and which could be written down. Those
sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters, we call words.
The power of words, then, lies in their associations—the things they bring up
before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the
longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of
our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean
something to us increases. Great writers are those who not only
have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal
powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of words is
what we call literary (文字的) style. Above all, the real poet is a master of
words, lie can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by
their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn
to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our
speech silly and rude.
单选题The engineers are going through with their highway project, ______ the expenses have risen. A. even though B. just because C. now that D. as though
单选题He didn't want to go to the cinema but they begged so hard that he ______ and went with them.
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单选题Mr. Green is considering ______ the job because he needs to get additional experience.
单选题I'm sorry I took your umbrella ______ mistake.A. forB. aboutC. onD. by
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单选题Let us assume, for the moment, that labor m not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case. Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money- wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves. Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-far from it. Nor is its physical productivity less, These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.
单选题Two ships were barely ______ in the fog． A) sensible B) passable C) visible D) available
单选题
A. umbrella{{U}}s{{/U}}
B. victorie{{U}}s{{/U}}
C. workshop{{U}}s{{/U}}
D. vegetable{{U}}s{{/U}}
单选题What's your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you (1) thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom (2) events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four (3) retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been (4) by psychologists for this "childhood amnesia". One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature (5) about the age of two. But the most popular theory (6) that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot (7) childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8) —one event follows (9) —as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental (10) for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don't find any that fits the (11) . It's like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary. Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12) for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply (13) any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use (14) spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly (15) impressions of them into long-term memories. In other (16) , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about (17) —Mother talking about the afternoon (18) looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean park. Without this (19) reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form (20) memories of their personal experiences.
单选题The child was ______ for getting his shoes and socks wet. A. stopped B. blame C. accused D. complained
单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}}
When it comes to the slowing economy,
Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist
isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most
of her clients spend $12 to $ 50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers
suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good
economic indicator," She says. "I provide a service that people can do without
when they're concerned about saving some dollars. " So Spero is downscaling,
shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland
home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to
abandon me, too," she says. Even before Alan Greenspan's
admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had
already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap
outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.
For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between
Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.
Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But
don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not
panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term
prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful
headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding
steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the
$4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says
broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as
frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get
two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks
still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a
job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential
home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a
little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been
influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary
ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table
at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not
anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth
toasting.
单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}
For some time after the Spanish won
Granada from the Moors, Spanish kings enjoyed visiting that delightful city.
After many years, however, they were frightened away by a series of earthquakes,
during which several houses fell to the ground, and the old towers shook to
their foundations. After that, many years passed without visits
from royal guests. The noble palaces of Granada remained silent and closed, and
that loveliest of palaces, the Alhambra, lay sadly alone with no one to care for
its beautiful gardens. People no longer visited the tower where once three
beautiful Moorish princesses had lived. Only birds and insects found their way
to those tower rooms which had once been the home of the king's lovely
daughters. Zayda, Zorayda, and Zorahayda. It was said that the spirit of the
youthful princess Zorahayda, who had died in that tower, was often seen by
moonlight, seated beside the fountain in the hall, or weeping beside the high
stone wall. It was said that the music of her silver lute could be heard at
midnight by travelers passing along the road. After many years,
the city of Granada was honored once again by royal guests. All the world knows
that King Philip V married Elizabeth or Isabella (for they are the same), the
beautiful princess of Parma. For a visit of this famous couple, the Alhambra
palace was repaired and made ready, with all possible speed, when the king and
queen arrived with all the lords and ladies of their court, there was a great
change in the lonely palace. Drums and roy- al music were heard, fine horses
were ridden about the avenues and inner court, brightly colored flags again were
flown above the ancient walls. Inside the palace, however, life was quiet and
calm. There was the soft sound of long robes, and the careful steps and
murmuring voices of those who respectfully served the king and queen. In the
gardens there was soft music, and there was quiet talk among the young lords and
ladies of the court.
单选题According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse. A. Customs B. Congresses C. Conventions D. Routines
单选题The planes flight recorders ______ , but analysis of the wreckage has provided some clues. A．have not been found B．has not been found C．are not found D．are not been found
单选题The______ power of the people in this town has been decreasing because most young people have left for the big cities.
单选题A programmer must know about a functions ______ to call it correctly. A．location B．algorithm C．interface D．statements
单选题Although economists have traditionally considered the district to be
solely an agricultural one, the ______ of the
inhabitants' occupations makes such a classification
obsolete.
A. productivity
B. diversity
C. predictability
D. profitability
单选题Seldom ______ a film so moving as this. A) did we see B) we saw C) do we see D) we see
单选题The most significant phrases appeared to denote that Russia was "already broken" and would "never rise again".
单选题It was a ______ evening and I really had a good sleep.A. calmB. silentC. quietD. safe and sound
单选题Gardening is the cultivation of plants, usually in or near the home, as a hobby.
单选题Men have traveled ever since they first appeared on the earth.
In primitive times they did not travel for pleasure but to find new places where their herds could feed, or to escape from hostile neighbors, or to find more favorable climates. They traveled on foot. Their journeys were long, tiring, and often dangerous. They protected themselves with simple weapons, such as wooden sticks or stone clubs, and by lighting fires at night and, above all, by keeping together.
Being intelligent and creative, they soon discovered easier ways of traveling. They rode on the backs of their domesticated animals; they hollowed out tree trunks, and by using bits of wood as paddles, were able to travel across water.
Later they traveled, not from necessity, but for the joy and excitement of seeing and experiencing new things. This is still the main reason why we travel today.
Traveling, of course, has now become a highly organized business. There are cars and splendid roads, express trains, huge ships and jet airliners, all of which provide us with comforts and security. This sounds wonderful. But there are difficulties, if you want to go abroad, you need a passport and a visa, tickets, luggage, and a hundred and one other things. If you lose any of them, your journey may be ruined.
单选题Which of the following best describes why the restrictive banking taws of the 1930' s are still on the book?
单选题When she heard that her mother was safe she immediately _______
单选题Smith has repaired the roof to ______ the house is wind-resistant.
单选题A: ______ B: Yes, it's not like what the radio said at all.
单选题The 1982 oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation, and ______ the Corporation's statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.
单选题The custom is ______ in the belief that a new pregnancy — through its detrimental effect on breastfeeding — would endanger the mother's health.(2002年10月中国科学院考博试题)
单选题Passage Five Doctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion, unless you learn how to deal with it . They warn that angry hostile feelings can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possible cancer. Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time. Some people express anger openly in a calm reasonable way. Others explode with anger, and yell. But other people keep their anger inside. They can not or will not express it. This is called repressing(压制) anger. For years many doctors thought that compared with expressing anger, repressing anger was more dangerous to a person's health. It may speed the heart rate, raise blood pressure or sugar into the blood and narrow the blood vessels. To avoid these problems, doctors thought a person should let the anger out by expressing it freely. But recently some doctors disputed this. They said that people who express anger repeatedly and explosively did cause, in fact, more and not less anger. They said these too can cause medical problems. Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous. Expressing anger intensively may be more likely to develop heart disease, and keeping anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure. Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger. They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about. If it isn't, they say, " Don't express your anger while angry. Wait until your anger has cooled down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably. " Doctors say that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry. They said that laughter is much healthier than anger.
单选题If you don't mind. I ______ do my homework than play cards with you.
单选题______ of the children were late for school.
单选题Which is the main idea of this passage?
单选题
单选题It is true that there are some difficulties in our work, but we are______ that we shall overcome diem under the guidance of the Party.
单选题It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the author's attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seems
单选题In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes (24) , the learn ing that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best (26) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considera bly (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics. Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behav ior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely (33) in stinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effec tively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learn ing rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, gen erally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodali reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young.
单选题The isthmus of Panama is a ______. ( )
单选题When she was asked why she was ahsent for the party, no answer was______. (2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)
单选题In October 2002, Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank (1) a new electronic market (www.gs.com/econderivs/) for economic indices that (2) substantial economic risks, such as nonfarm payroll ( a measure of job availability) and retail sales. This new market was made possible by a (3) rating technology, developed by Longitude, a New York company providing software for financial markets, (4) the Parimutuel Digital Call Auction. This is "digital" (5) of a digital option : ie, it pays out only if an underlying index lies in a narrow, discrete range. In effect, Longitude has created a horse race, where each "horse" wins if and (6) the specified index falls in a specified range. By creating horses for every possible (7) of the index, and allowing people to bet (8) any number of runners, the company has produced a liquid integrated electronic market for a wide array of options on economic indices. Ten years ago it was (9) impossible to make use of electronic information about home values. Now, mortgage lenders have online automated valuation models that allow them to estimate values and to (10) the risk in their portfolios. This has led to a proliferation of types of home loan, some of (11) have improved risk-management characteristics. We are also beginning to see new kinds of (12) for homes, which will make it possible to protect the value of (13) ,for most people, is the single most important (14) of their wealth. The Yale University-Neighbourhood Reinvestment Corporation programme, (15) last year in the city of Syracuse, in New York state, may be a model for home-equity insurance policies that (16) sophisticated economic indices of house prices to define the (17) of the policy. Electronic futures markets that are based on econometric indices of house prices by city, already begun by City Index and IG Index in Britain and now (18) developed in the United States, will enable home-equity insurers to hedge the risks that they acquire by writing these policies. These examples are not impressive successes yet. But they (19) as early precursors of a technology that should one day help us to deal with the massive risks of inequality that (20) will beset us in coming years.
单选题Edison is ______ the invention of the photograph.
A. attributed to
B. contributed to
C. referred to
D. credited with
单选题What would happen if students were ______of books?
单选题Many psychologists in the early twentieth century believed that humans use only 10 percent of their brains, and even the great Albert Einstein once wrote that most people use only a small portion of the grey matter between their ears. It's a theory that has often been put forward in television documentaries, magazines, advertisements and books over the past century.
But nearly all scientists now agree the 10 percent theory is completely
unfounded
. In fact, they question how this figure was ever arrived at in the first place and what areas of the brain are supposed to be unneeded. The theory supposes that if 90 percent of the brain were removed, a person would still be able to function normally, while in reality it is known that damage to even a small area of the brain can result in extremely serious physical injuries and that many areas of the brain are used at the same time for some complex activities or thought processes.
Throughout the course of one day, most areas of the brain are active at some time, even during sleep.
The 10 percent theory suggests that certain areas of the brain are not used, but scans slow activities throughout the entire brain and not in any separate part. The final argument against the 10 percent theory is the fact that doctors carefully map the brain before removing brain cancers so that they don't affect other essential areas.
From an evolutionary point of view, it's highly unlikely that our comparatively larger brains would have evolved from our ancestors if the extra areas were not needed. In fact, there is absolutely no evidence to support the 10 percent theory.
单选题Man: Are you finished with school already? Woman: No. I have one more semester, but it would be great to have a job lined up. Question: What does the woman mean? A. She will line up to apply for a job. B. She hopes to get a job offer before graduation. C. She has already had a job offer. D. She'll look for a job soon after graduation.
单选题What should you do if you are denied the pay raise?
单选题He implied that the President had lied and ______ obstructed justice.
单选题The manager wants to know if they ______ our letter yet.
单选题According to the passage, whether you can get others' help will mainly depend on ______.
单选题—The light in the office is still on. —Oh ,I forget ______.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned it off
单选题 The Portuguese (give) a great deal of credit to (one man) for (having promoted) sea travel, that man (was) Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.
单选题If you______the bottle and cigarettes, you'll be much healthier.
单选题Speaker A: What seems to be the problem with the blouse, miss? Speaker B:_____
单选题Once inside the retail location, the shopper receives continuous messages at three levels. Store atmosphere is the overall setting of the store, its design, lighting, fixture, color, and sound. These are developed to convey a mood or feeling that separates the store from others that sell similar merchandise. The more similar the product offerings of competitors, the more important it is to create a unique environment.
By going into any large shopping mall and walking from one clothing store to another, a shopper can easily experience atmosphere differences. One store will be brightly lit with colorful plastic racks and walls. Another will be in seeming disarray, with loud rock music and strobe lights (闪光灯). A third will have a wood décor, soft lights, and soft music. Each type of atmosphere is aimed at a particular target market, and each serves as a screen to tell shoppers whether or not they will feel comfortable in the store and what type of merchandise they might expect.
"Establishing a mood of shopping ambiance has never been more important than it is now," says Lois Patrich, vice president of sales promotion and advertising with Carson Pirie Scott & Co., a Chicago-based retailer. "Department stores have always had an advantage of merchandise that you can get at any store. How then does a retail get a customer to buy at his store? By creating a shopping atmosphere that will motivate him to buy and one that he wants to come back to."
Store layout is the arrangement of merchandise to facilitate shopping. The layout tells consumers how to proceed through the store and what pace is expected. An open layout invites shoppers to browse. A cluttered layout sends a signal of business and rushing.
An effective layout maximizes customer exposure to merchandise and keeps the customer in the store longer. Studies show that the longer the customer is in the store, the more money is spent. The layout also should have the high-margin merchandise in the high-traffic areas and the most desired merchandise in the back so that consumers must walk past many other goods. In a supermarket, for example, the meats, dairy products, and produce have the greatest constant demand and are placed at the perimeters so shoppers will need to pass other products to get to them.
Merchandise display refers to the organization of goods at a specific place in the store"s layout. Displays communicate at still another level to attract attention to the product, enhance product appeal, and increase the shopper"s propensity to purchase. While the tasks might lead the display design in one direction, the display also needs to be consistent with the store"s atmosphere.
单选题Which of the following is mentioned by the author as a reason why the baleen whale population has been reduced?
单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}
"When an individual enters a strange
culture, he or she is like fish out of water." New comers feel at times that
they do not' belong and consequently may feel alienated from the native members
of the culture. When this happens, visitors may want to reject everything about
the new environment and may glorify and exaggerate the positive aspects of their
own culture. Conversely, visitors may scorn their native country by rejecting
its values and instead choosing to identify with (if only temporarily) the
values of the new country. Reactions to a new culture vary, but
experience and research have shown that there are distinct stages in the
adjustment process of foreign visitors. When leaving the comfortably secure
environment of home, a person will naturally experience some stress and anxiety.
The severity of cultural shock depends on visitor's personalities, language
ability, emotional support, and duration of stay. It is also influenced by
the extent of differences, either actual or perceived, between the two
cultures. Visitors coming for short periods of time do not
always experience the same intense emotions as visitors who live in foreign
countries for longer terms. The adjustment stages during prolonged stays may
last several months to several years. The following stages are common: (1)
Honeymoon period (2) Cultural shock (3) Initial adjustment (4) Mental isolation
(5) Acceptance and integration. Individuals experience the
stages of adjustment in different ways. When visitors have close relatives in
the new culture or speak the foreign language fluently, they may not experience
all the effects of cultural shock or mental isolation. An exile or refugee
would adjust differently form someone who voluntarily traveled to a new country.
Certain individuals have difficulties adapting to a new environment and
perhaps never do; others seem to adjust well from the very beginning of their
stay.
单选题The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is (21) the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of (22) breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words (23) a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may (24) unfavorable reactions in the listener (25) interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. (26) , inaccurate or indefinite words may make (27) difficult for the listener to understand the (28) which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be (29) to explain or describe in a (30) that can be understood by his listeners.
单选题Today, social scientists are rejecting the notion of a monolithic and unchanging culture of poverty. And they attribute destructive attitudes and behavior not to inherent moral character but to sustained racism and isolation. To Robert J. Sampson, a sociologist at Harvard, culture is best understood as "shared understandings." "I study inequality, and the dominant focus is on structures of poverty," he said. But he added that the reason a neighborhood turns into a "poverty trap" is also related to a common perception of the way people in a community act and think.
As part of a large research project in Chicago, Professor Sampson walked through different neighborhoods this summer, dropping stamped, addressed envelopes to see how many people would pick up an apparently lost letter and mail it, a sign that looking out for others is part of the community"s culture. In some neighborhoods, like Grand Boulevard, almost no envelopes were mailed; in others researchers received more than half of the letters back. Income levels did not necessarily explain the difference, Professor Sampson said, but rather the community"s cultural norms, the levels of moral cynicism and disorder. The shared perception of a neighborhood—is it on the rise or stagnant? —does a better job of predicting a community"s future than the actual level of poverty, he said.
William Julius Wilson, whose pioneering work boldly confronted ghetto life while focusing on economic explanations for persistent poverty, defines culture as the way "individuals in a community develop an understanding of how the world works and make decisions based on that understanding." For some young black men, Professor Wilson, a Harvard sociologist, said, the world works like this. "If you don"t develop a tough demeanor, you won"t survive. If you have access to weapons, you get them, and if you get into a fight, you have to use them."
Seeking to recapture the topic from economists, sociologists have ventured into poor neighborhoods to delve deeper into the attitudes of residents. Their results have challenged some common assumptions, like the belief that poor mothers remain single because they don"t value marriage. In Philadelphia, for example, low-income mothers told the sociologists Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas that they thought marriage was profoundly important, even sacred, but doubted that their partners were "marriage material." Their results have prompted some lawmakers and poverty experts to conclude that programs that promote marriage without changing economic and social conditions are unlikely to work.
Scholars like Professor Wilson said he felt compelled to look more closely at culture after the publication of Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein"s controversial 1994 book, "The Bell Curve," which attributed African-Americans" lower I. Q. scores to genetics. The authors claimed to have taken family background into account, Professor Wilson said, but "they had not captured the cumulative effects of living in poor, racially segregated neighborhoods. I realized we needed a comprehensive measure of the environment, that we must consider structural and cultural forces."
单选题The thief followed her, with his eyes ______ on the wallet in her pocket.
单选题Signs of deafness had given him great anxiety as early as 1798. For a long time he successfully concealed it from all but his most intimate friends, while he consulted physicians and quacks with eagerness. But neither quackery nor the best skill of his time availed him, and it has been pointed out that the root of the evil lay deeper than could have been supposed during his lifetime. Although his constitution was magnificently strong and his health was preserved by his passion for outdoor life, a post-mortem examination revealed a very complicated state of disorder, evidently dating from childhood (if not inherited) and aggravated by lack of care and good food. The touching document addressed to his brothers in 1802, and known as his "will" should be read in its entirety. No verbal quotation short of the whole will do justice to the overpowering outburst which runs in almost one long unpunctuated sentence through the whole tragedy of Beethoven's life, as he knew it then and foresaw it. He reproaches men for their injustice in thinking and calling him pugnacious, stubborn, and misanthropical when they do not know that for six years he has suffered from an incurable condition aggravted by incompetent doctors. He dwells upon his delight in human society from which he has had so early to isolate himself, but the thought of which now fills him with dread as it makes him realize his loss, not only in music but in all finer interchange of ideas, and terrifies him lest the cause of his distresses should appear. He declares that, when those near him had heard a flute or a singing shepherd while he heard nothing, he was only prevented from taking his life by the thougth of his art, but it seemed impossible for him to leave the world until he had brought out all that he felt to be in his power. He requests that after his death his present doctor , if surviving, shall be asked to describe his illness and to append it to this document in order that at least then the world may be as far as possible reconciled with him. He leaves his brothers property, such as it is, and in terms not less touching, if more conventional than the rest of the document, he declares that his experience shows that only virtue has preserved his life and his courage through all his misery. During the last twelve years of his life, his nephew was the cause of most of his anxiety and distress. His brother, Kaspar Karl, had often given him trouble—for example, by obtaining and publishing some of Beethoven's early indiscretions, such as the trio variations, op. 44, the sonatas, op. 49, and other trifles. In 1815, after Beethoven had quarreled with his oldest friend, Stephan Breuning, for warning him against trusting his brother in money matters, Kaspar died, leaving a widow of whom Beethoven strongly disapproved, and a son, nine years old, for the guardianship of whom Beethoven fought the widow through all the law courts. The boy turned out utterly unworthy of his uncle's persistent devotion and gave him every cause for anxiety. He failed in all his examinations, including an attempt to learn some trade in all his examinations, including an attempt to learn some trade in the polytechnic school, whereupon he fell into the hands of the police for attempting suicide, and after being expelled from Vienna, joined the army. Beethoven's utterly simple nature could neither educate nor understand a human being who was not possessed by the wish to do his best. His nature was passionately affectionate, and he had suffered all his life from the want of a natural outlet for it. He had often been deeply in love and made no secret of it. But Robert Browning had not a more intense dislike of "the artistic temperament" in morals, and though Beethoven's attachments were almost hopelessly above him in rank, there is not one that was not honorable and respected by society as showing the truthfulness and self-control of a great man. Beethoven's orthodoxy in such matters has provoked the smiles of Philistines, especially when it showed itself in his objections to Mozart's Don Giovanni and the grounds for selecting the subject of Fidelio for his own opera. The last thing that Philistines will ever understand is that genius is far too independent of convention to abuse it, and Beethoven's life, with all its mistakes, its grotesqueness, and its pathos, is as far beyond the shafts of Philistine wit as his art.
单选题Later, they found it easier to travel because ______.
单选题
A Quiet student offered room in private
house. Share bath and kitchen. $ 50 weekly
excluding gas/electricity
B Professional ouple, 3 children, 2, 4 and
6, offer single room, rent-free, to student willing to baby-sit 3
evenings weekly, occasional weekends. Live as family.
C Double room suitable 2 students
sharing. Cooking facilities, share bathroom. Non-smokers only. $ 70
each weekly, excluding gas/electricity.
D Teacher going on 3-month study
course abroad willing to let comfortably furnished flat in prestige
block to responsible students. 2 double bedrooms, I single. Use of
garden. Rent $ 70 each, weekly, inclusive. No late
parties.
INTERESTED? CONTACT: Joan Benson, student accommodation
officer. Room 341 Moff Building. Fri. 10: 00 a. m. —5: 00 p.
m.
单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer's temperament, discovering itself through the camera's cropping of reality. That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all. These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in "taking" a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed. An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography's means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton's high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of "fast seeing". Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast. This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.
单选题I really believe ______ this project and will do everything I can to support it. A. in B. on C. with D. over
单选题 Hope may be the lovely, lyrical, inspiring thing
many people believe it is-"the thing with feathers," as Emily Dickinson called
it. But to scientists, it's also a more dull thing as well: a skill, a tool, a
simple choice that is a lot less accidental or lucky. As psychologist Shane
Lopez, a senior scientist at the Gallup organization argues in his new book,
Making Hope Happen, it's also much more attainable than it seems.
In both children and adults, there can be a hard-to-deny link between a
robust sense of hope and either work productivity or academic achievement. In
studies of this idea, hope is measured by a widely accepted psychological survey
and productivity is measured by grades earned, sales made, widgets manufactured
etc.. When Lopez and his colleagues recently gathered up a large body of this
research and subjected it all to a meta-analysis, they came up with what they
believe are very solid numbers: "Our finding was that hope accounts for about
14% of work productivity and 12% of academic achievement. "
Hoping, Lopez stresses, is a lot different from wishing, though the two are
often mixed. The super- bestseller The Secret is based on the vaguely defined
and not-exactly peer-reviewed "law of attraction," which in this case
means that just having positive thoughts about wealth, love, success and more
can draw all of those things to you. "This wonderful future will happen for you
if you just sit back and wish hard enough," Lopez says. But
wishing, he explains is only an element of hope-it is, in a sense, hope without
a plan. And that often leads nowhere. Effective hoping, Lopez says, is a very
deliberate, three-step process. First there is selecting a goal, whether
short-term or long term. Then you have to consider the gap between where you are
now and where you will be when you achieve the goal, and lay out a series of
sequential, short-term goals that will allow you to close that gap. Finally,
there is the execution, establishing a plan for when you will begin to implement
those steps and where and how you will execute them. It's far
too much to say that effective hoping is the only—or even the biggest—part of
what it takes to succeed. If 14% of business productivity can be attributed to
hope, which means 86% is dependent on raw talent, capricious business cycles,
the quality of the product you're selling, and often pure luck. But even if hope
is just one ingredient in all of that, it's a catalyzing, energizing one-the gas
in the tank, the fuel rod in the reactor, the Mentos in the Pepsi. Hope may be
the thing with feathers-but it's also the thing with power.
单选题He had to quit the job ______ his ill health.
A. because
B. as
C. because of
D. as for
单选题—"How about a game chess?" A. I don't mind. B. Why not? C. I agree. D. Let's fight.
单选题The child's earliest words deal with concrete objects and actions, it is much later that he is able to grapple with ______. A. decisions B. abstractions C. opponents D. mathematics
单选题{{B}}C{{/B}}
A recent study shows that more and more
Americans are choosing to work at home. There are several
reasons for the change. One reason is many parents want more time to be with
their children at home. Another is that people want the freedom to decide for
them- selves how and when to do their job. The chance to work at home lets
people live wherever they wish—out in the country, perhaps. It also makes it
possible for many others—disabled and other persons, new mothers-to do useful
work and earn money. About half the people who work at home
operate their own business. They sell products or services. The other half works
for companies. They may make things, such as clothes. Or they may do office
work, such as copying letters. A smaller number work at highly skilled jobs as
designers or engineers. The revolution(革命) in computer
technology is one of the main reasons for the change to working at
home. Computers are now used in almost every American workplace
in offices, in factories, even on farms. Computers make it much easier and
quicker to do any task that involves information: writing, counting, designing,
planning, keeping records. With computers, there is less need
for people to come together to work. Computers can he linked by telephone lines
with other computers far away. A worker can write a report oradd information
to company records on a computer at home and then send the finished work to a
computer in another city. Americans already are using computers
to do many different kinds of jobs at home. Many highly skilled workers, for
example, ask their companies for the chance to work at least part of the time at
home. They say they can think more clearly and be more creative in the quiet,
peaceful atmosphere of their home. Many engineers, writers and
computer scientists are among those who now do at least part of their work at
home, using a computer. Most of such professional workers, however, spend at
least a day or two each week in the company office to discuss their work with
oth- ers. Working at home is a good idea for some people in some industries.
However, it does not work for everyone. Some home workers have
said their personal lives and work lives became too close. Some have said they
needed to be with other people to develop new ideas. And others have said it is
more difficult to get a better job with the company when you are not working in
the company's office.
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单选题A proposed Russian ban on European Union meat exports could jeopardize Russia's aspirations to join the World Trade organization next year, the EU trade commissioner, Peter Mandelson, warned Friday. He warned that several of the 25 EU member states were growing weary of Russia's trade tactics and could move to block its WTO bid. He emphasized that the European Union supported Russia's WTO accession in principle and that he did not want to link the Russian meat ban to Russia's WTO prospects, though EU states could do so. In order to join the organization, Russia must reach agreement with each of the 149 WTO members. "Issues like this will affect the attitude of member states toward signing off on accession," Mandelson said. "This is not the only trade irritant between us and Russia—there are at least half a dozen—and this latest ban is bound to affect the attitude of member states," toward Russia's aim of joining the WTO. "We can't have so many of these trade irritants hanging over us. " Mandelson said he would work to get Russia to back off from its current plans to ban all EU animal products as of Jan. 1, which would affect C = $1.7 billion, or $ 2. 2 billion, in exports to Russia. Moscow has justified the ban on the grounds that Bulgaria and Romania, which will join the European Union on that day, do not have adequate food safety measures. But Mandelson warned that if Moscow refused to back down, it could sour overall trade relations with the European Union, which is already concerned about fair access to Moscow's energy resources. "Russia is acting in a disproportionate way," he said. President Vladimir Putin has made WTO membership one of his key economic objectives. He is keen to improve access to world markets for Russian exports and to provide a lift to the country's neglected agricultural sector. European resistance would add to reservations by trade negotiators in Washington who want Russia to make more progress on reducing tariffs on U. S. meat imports and protecting intellectual property before joining the world trade body. Trade disputes cast a shadow over the summit meeting, which was supposed to mark the start of talks on a partnership agreement between the European Union and Russia covering energy, trade and human rights. But Poland—in a separate dispute with Moscow over a Russian ban on Polish farm exports—used its veto to stop the talks on Friday. Putin defended the Russian ban after earlier complaining that the European Commission had failed to consult him before agreeing to admit Bulgaria and Romania, whose food safety practices he called into question. EU officials said privately that Putin's stance suggested he was suffering from a Cold War hangover because the former Soviet satellites will soon become EU members.
单选题The first two questions were easy, but the rest of them ______ not.A. wasB. wereC. beingD. to be
单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}
Forget what Virginia Woolf said about
What a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at
work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics
and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic
interfaces, ReslPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University.
That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his
birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a
story. It's an online narrative (grammatron. com) that uses the capabilities of
cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the
four years it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in
computer software became another potential story device. "I became sort of
dependent on the industry", jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels
printed on paper." That's unusual for a writer, because if you just write on
paper the" technology is pretty stable." Nothing about
Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor
of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations
are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a
virtual "city" in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and
virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most
of Grammatron's 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext.
To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a
trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one
and you drop into a corporate- strategy memo, Choose another and there's a XXX-
rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you
make. Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado,
where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and
literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot," he says. Some
avant-garde writers—Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino-have also experimented with
novels that wander out of their author's control. "But what makes the Net so
exciting," says Amerika, "is that you can add sound, randomly generated links,
3-D modeling, animation." That room of one's own is turning into a fun
house.
单选题In the scientific station ______ to record earthquakes． A．instruments were B．do instruments C．are instruments D．instruments are
单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}
The crucial years of the Depression, as
they are brought into historical focus, increasingly emerge as the decisive
decade for American art, if not for American culture in general For it was
during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress of
American art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janus-faced,
the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same
time forward, as far as the present and beyond. It was the moment when artists,
like Thomas Hart Benton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues
of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like Stuart Davis and
Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the Machine Age and to
deal with its consequences. America in the thirties was changing
rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although
not without a struggle. A predominantly rural and small town society was
being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming
increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations. As
a result, traditional American types such as the independent farmer and the
small businessman were being replaced by the executive and the bureaucrat. Many
Americans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinhereited. At the
same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous,
the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional
differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction
that art, at least, should serve some purpose or carry some message of moral
uplift grew stronger as the Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often
this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditional American
virtues which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and
political context. In this new context, the appeal of the
paintings by the Regionalists and the American Scene painters often lay in their
ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditional American
values-self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by
a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given
the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just
as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in
an international situation soon to involve America in a second world war Such
themes gained popularity because they filled a genuine need for a comfortable
collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white-picket-fence America, which in
retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost Golden Age. In
this light, an autonomous art-for-art's sake was viewed as a foreign invader
liable to subvert the native American desire for a purposeful art. Abstract art
was assigned the role of the villainous alieen; realism was to personify the
genuine American means of expression. The argument drew favor in many
camps: .among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically
oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum
officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations of European
modernism and were convinced that American art must develop its own distinct
identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared
to set up an artificial double standard, one for American art, and another for
European art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote in Art News, "We have today in our
midst a greater array of what may be called second-, third, and fourth-string
artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of
intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring
circus."
单选题Nearly all "speed reading" courses have a "pacing" element—some timing device which lets the student know how many words a minute he is reading. You can do this simply by looking at your watch every 5 or 10 minutes and noting clown the page number you have reached. Check the average number of words per page for the particular book you are reading. How do you know when 5 minutes has passed on your watch if you are busy reading the book? Well, this is difficult at first. A friend can help by timing you over a set period, or you can read within hearing distance of a public clock which strikes the quarter hours. Pace yourself every three or four days, always with the same kind of easy, general interest books. You should soon notice your accustomed w. p. m. rate creeping up. Obviously there is little point in increasing your w. p. m. rate if you do not understand what you are reading. When you are consciously trying to increase your reading speed, stop after every chapter (if you are reading a novel) or every section or group of ten or twelve pages (if it is a text-book) and ask yourself a few questions about what you have been reading. If you find you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember dearly the details of what was said, reread the section or chapter. You can also try "lightning speed" exercise from time to time. Take four or five pages of the general interest book you happen to be reading and read them as fast as you possibly can. Do not bother about whether you understand or not. Now go back and read them at what you feel to be your "normal" w. p. m. rate, the rate at which you can comfortably understand. After a "lightning speed" reading through (probably 600 w. p. m.) you will usually find that your "normal" speed has increased—perhaps by as much as 50- 100 w. p. m. This is the technique sportsmen use when they usually run further in training than they will have to on the day of the big race.
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单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}}
There are several different methods
that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends
upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to
the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents,
and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.
The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of
producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the
time of the forecast will not Change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees
today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees
tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict
two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change
significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is
not the best forecasting method to use. The trends method
involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and.
low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation. Using this
information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features
to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of
your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends
method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method
works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction
for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or
change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.
The climatology method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This
method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make
the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict
the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather
data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The
climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that
expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the
given time of year, the climatology method will often fail. The
analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It
involves examining today's forecast scenario and remembering a day in the past
when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would
predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the
past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible
to find a perfect analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in
the same locations they were in the previous time. Even small differences
between the current time and the analog can lead to very different
results.
单选题The Royal Museum contains a ______ of the king's famous declaration.
单选题Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L. A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student' s academic grade. This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children. District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a fiat, across-the-board rule. At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students' academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct. The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board ,which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L. A. Unified to do homework right.
单选题The one pleasure that Einstein ______ his great fame was the ability it gave him to help others.
单选题The children will not be allowed to come with us if they don't______themselves better.
单选题Toward the novel literary idea, the author's attitude seems to be that of
单选题Nobody, it seems, wants to be left out of Argentina's current boom in television reality shows. After the success of local versions of "Big Brother" and "Survivor", a camera is now to be (1) in the presidential palace, the Casa Rosada, to film everything (well, almost) (2) President Fernando de la Rua gets (3) to. The results will be edited and (4) several times a day, (5) the state channel, Canal 7: thus dispell, it is (6) , the notion that the president spends his time twiddling his thumbs to his economy minister, Domingo Cavallo, runs the country. This is a dangerous strategy. Mr. de la Rua's predecessor, Carlos Menem, was famous for his love of show business, even closing his 1995 presidential campaign (7) an appearance on the hit show "Videomatch". In deliberate (8) , before his election victory two years (9) . Mr. de la Rua (10) in television commercials that he was a very boring man. Audiences agree: his appearances last year on several leading talk (11) made their ratings fall. Worse, when he decided to make his own appearance on "Videomatch" last December, a member of the audience blamed him and left him (12) embarrassed. With a congressional election (13) in October, opinion (14) suggest that over three-quarters of Argentines (15) dissatisfied with Mr. de la Rua. That, says his circle, is at least partly due to his (16) portrayal by Freddy Villarreal, an impressionist on "Videomatch", and by leading newspaper cartoonists, such as Nik in La Naeion. Mr. de la Rua's team is apparently pressing the (17) to be nicer. But it is unclear whether blanket (18) will help the president win (19) viewers, or whether they will vote that Fernando should (20) the house in 2003
单选题Everything ______ if Albert hadn't called the fire brigade. A. would be destroyed B. would have been destroyed C. will be destroyed D. will have been destroyed
单选题The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研)
单选题By the end of the year all but two people ______ A. have left B. will leave C. will be leaving D. will have left
单选题Lexical changes CANNOT be identified in ______. A. lexical change proper B. phonological Change C. mopho-syntactical change D. syntactical change
单选题Which of the following is false? A．Broadcast. com was taken over by Yahoo in spring 1999. B．E-tailers will compete with TV broadcasters. C．Internet sites will become more TV-acceptable. D．Future TV sets will become simpler technologically.
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单选题Jean didn't have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination.
单选题The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Par
单选题______, our next step is to determine how to carry it out. A. The plan having been made B. Making the plan C. The plan being made D. Having made the plan
单选题There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______a sudden loud noise.
单选题Passage Four
Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated unfairly? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask someone for a date?
Many people are afraid to assert themselves (坚持已见). Dr. Robert Alberti, author of Stand Up, Speak Out, and Talk Back, thinks it's because of their lack of confidence. "Our structure of organization tends to make people distrust themselves," says Alberti. "There's always a 'superior' around—a parent, a teacher, a boss—who knows better'. These 'superiors' often gain when they keep breaking at your self-image."
But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people assert themselves. They offer "assertiveness training" courses—AT for short. In the AT course people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be aggressive without hurting people.
In one way, learning to speak out is to overcome fear. A group taking an AT course will help the shy person to lose his fear. But AT uses an even stronger motive—the need to share. The shy person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how he feels.
Whether or not you speak up for yourself depends on your self-image. If someone you face is more "important" than you, you may feel less of a person. You start to doubt your own good sense. You go by the other person's label. But, why should you? AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.
单选题She______the chance to spend a whole day with her father.
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单选题The
ulterior
motives of women are impossible to guess.
单选题Judges-would make the final ______ as to who should be the winner of the competition.
单选题He spent hundreds of hours in the ______of skill with a rifle.
单选题The first few months of the year I had dreaded the ringing of the telephone, because I knew it meant another Ucritical/U decision to be made.
单选题
单选题How does the author feel about the future of the English language?
单选题Crossing Wesleyan university's campus usually requires walking over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as innocent as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of cases the language is meant to shock. It's not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd (淫荡的) references to professors' sexual preferences scrawled across a path or the mention of the word Nig' that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable. In response, officials and students at schools are now debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass (侵扰). In the process, they're butting up against the difficulties of regulating speech at institutions that pride themselves on fostering open debate. Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had gotten used to seeing occasional chalkings filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential billboard. But when chalkings began taking on a more threatening and lewd tone, Bennet decided to act. "This is not acceptable in a workplace and not acceptable in an institution of higher learning," Bennet says. For now, Bonnet is seeking input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The student assembly recently passed a resolution saying the "right to speech comes with implicit responsibilities to respect community standards." Other public universities have confronted problems this year while considering various ways of regulating where students can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the academic setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing speech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring. At a meeting held by the "Committee on Healthy Diversity" last week, the school's Black Law Students Association endorsed a policy targeting discriminatory harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of "severe or pervasive conduct" by students or faculty. The policy would cover harassment based on, but not limited to, factors such as race, religion, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity (种族划分). Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies that are actually speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. "Restricting students from saying anything that would be perceived as very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted," says Silverglate, who attended the Harvard Law town meeting last week.
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单选题The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect's house.
单选题
单选题Some would consider that an Uinfringement/U of good manners whereas others would not.
单选题Many people volunteer to work in remote areas in response_____ the Party's call.
单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}
Top marathon runners tend to be lean
and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold medal
weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your
physical shape—and the way your body works—fit you for a particular sport? Or
does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?
"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor
of clinical physiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School.
Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a
long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, "They look quite
different, despite being identical twins." Someone who's
1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player.
Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic
gold." Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to
good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you
are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in
vain," said Craig Sharp, professor of sports science at Britain's Brunel
University. Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at
the University of Bath's sports development department, in southwest England,
points to the importance of technique. "In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the
propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital. "
Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point.
Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent
Search Program, which searched schools for 14- 16-year-olds with the potential
to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world
champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she
had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she
won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Other
countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic
knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate
physique but also for "performance genes. "
单选题
单选题Twenty-nine Chinese nationals
abducted
by local rebels in Sudan were successfully rescued by the Sudanese army and arrived at the Chinese Embassy to Kenya that day.
单选题Such a small man can't ______ reach the balloon one metre higher than him.A. possiblyB. impossibleC. possibleD. impossibly
单选题Every officer and every soldier ______ obey the rules.
A. had to
B. have to
C. has to
D. must have to
单选题Ever hear of the lemming? Lemmings are arctic rat-like animals with very odd habits: periodically, for unknown reasons, they mass together in large herd and commit suicide by rushing into deep water and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, "Why am I doing this? Is this really what I 'want to do?" and thus save it serf from destruction. Obviously, lemmings are driven to perform their strange suicide rites by common instinct. People choose to "follow the herd" for more complex reasons, yet we are still too often the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal. Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popular—be- cause "everyone else is doing it." This call to "get on the bandwagon" appeals to the strong de- sire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone. Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal, bat so do politicians. Senator Yakalot uses the bandwagon appeal when he says "more and more citizens are rallying to my cause every day," and asks his audience to "join them—and me—in our fight for America." One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends, which capture the interests of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear suddenly and completely. For a year or two in the 1950S every child in North America wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be like Davy Crockett; no one wanted to be left out. After that there was the hula-hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands of Americans. The problem here is obvious: just because everyone's doing it doesn't mean that we should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing: Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and destructive rule in two of the most cultured countries of Europe. When they came into power they won by massive popular support from millions of people who didn't want to be "left out" at a. great historical moment. As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at hand. But there's third way that propaganda can be put to work against us—by use of faulty logic. This approach is really subtler than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in logic fiber show up.
单选题—How did you find your visit to the museum? —I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was______than I expected. A. far more interesting B. even much interesting C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting
单选题This company has two branches: one in Paris and ______ in New York. A) another B) one other C) the other D) other
单选题Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
单选题The way to ______ new words varies from person to person, depending on many factors.
单选题阅读下列短文，然后根据短文的内容从每小题的四个选项中选出最佳的一项。{{B}}A{{/B}}
Dick was a clever college student, but
his parents were poor, so he had to work after class and during his holidays to
get enough money for his studies. One summer he got a job in a
butcher's shop during the daytime, and another in a hospital at night. In the
shop, he learned to cut and sell meat. He did so well that the butcher (肉店老板)
often left him to do all the things while the butcher went into a room behind
the shop to do the accounts (算账). In the hospital, of course, Dick was told to
do only the easiest jobs. He helped to lift people and carry them from one part
of the hospital to another. Both in the butcher's shop and in the hospital, Dick
had to wear white clothes. One evening in the hospital, Dick had
to help to carry a woman from her bed to the operating- room. The woman already
felt frightened when she thought about the operation. When she saw Dick coming
to get her, she felt even more frightened. "No! No!" she cried.
"Not my butcher! I won't let my butcher operate on me!" With these words she
fainted away (晕过去).
单选题Passage Three We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchically ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt. I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, it does not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective. This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry, and physics are not certain. but they are not subjective either. As I see it, ethnical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral principles by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselves inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may "learn the hard way" that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others' "theories" or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resulting views are "tested"; we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time. Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itself beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we don't have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either. We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own fallibility. We do not have all the moral answers, nor do we have an algorithm to discern those answers, neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate. If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we would a poultice: after diagnosing the ailments we apply the appropriate dressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context.
单选题Either of ______ is quite capable of the work. A. girl B. the girls C. girls D. the girl
单选题
单选题The first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11,000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war. No surprise, then, that the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive 360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades of the 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public's affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost—victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux's Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N.J., department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12 million effort to restore Philippoteaux's masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it, added canvas for a new sky and returned the painting to its original shape—a key part of a cyclorama's optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape, it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer. When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors' center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life—and death.
单选题An ebook (also referred to as an electronic book, eBook, or e-book) is a digital version (版本) of a print book that you download and read. But if you want to read an ebook, you must have an Ebook Reader, which is a kind of free software used by your computer. Make sure you have installed the appropriate Reader before you download your ebook from the Internet. The software allows you to turn the words on the screen into the size you like. It also helps you turn pages and change your viewing options (计算机屏幕上的阅读选择). Ebooks are a fun alternative to regular books. You can download them to any computers and create your own library of hundreds of titles. If you load them onto your portable computer, you can take them with you when you travel. Some ebooks are even interactive! Best of all, when you order an ebook, there is no waiting and no shipping charges. The amount of time it takes to download your ebook depends on the speed of your connection and the size of your ebook.
单选题Upon arrival in the city they were shocked to learn that all surviving hospitals were still being ______by crowds of casualties needing treatment. A. enclosed B. embarrassed C. besieged D. penetrated
单选题A: Hi, John, how are you? I heard you were sick. B:
They must have confused me with somebody else. ______
A. I was sick last week.
B. I could not agree with you more.
C. I've never felt better.
D. So you are right.
单选题The most interesting books are not necessarily ______ with a lot of pictures.A. theseB. the onesC. themD. that
单选题I was extremely exasperated when I saw that my room was littered with wood shavings.
单选题By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world's people______in cities rather than in rural areas.
单选题In order to understand the concept of infinity, we must think in much broader terms than we are accustomed to.
单选题As El Nino builds, ______.
单选题
单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Reading the following four texts.
Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1. {{B}}Text 1{{/B}}
King Richard III was a monster. He
poisoned his wife, stole the throne from his two young nephews and ordered them
to be smothered in the Tower of London. Richard was a sort of Antichrist the
King --"that bottled spider, that poisonous bunchbacked toad."
Anyway, that was Shakespeare's version. Shakespeare did what the
playwright does: he turned history into a vivid, articulate, organized
dream-repeatable nightly. He put the crouchback onstage, and sold
tickets. And who would say that the real Richard known to family
and friends was not identical to Shakespeare's memorably loathsome creation? The
actual Richard went dimming into the past and vanished. When all the
eye-witnesses are gone, the artist's imagination begins to twist.
Variations on the King Richard Effect are at work in Oliver Stone's JFK.
Richard III was art, but it was propaganda too. Shakespeare took the details of
his plot from Tudor historians who wanted to blacken Richard's name. Several
centuries passed before other historians began to write about Richard's virtues
and suggest that he may have been a victim of Tudor malice and what is the
cleverest conspiracy of all: art. JFK is a long and powerful
{{U}}harangue{{/U}} about the death of the man Stone keeps calling "the slain young
king." What are the rules of Stone's game? Is Stone functioning as commercial
entertainer? Propagandist? Documentary filmmaker? Historian? Journalist?
Fantasist? Sensationalist? Crazy conspiracy monger? Lone hero crusading for the
truth against a corrupt Establishment? Answer: some of the above.
The first superficial effect of JFK is to raise angry little scruples like
welts in the conscience. Wouldn't it be absurd if a generation of younger
Americans, with no memory of 1963, were to form their ideas about John Kennedy's
assassination from Oliver Stone's report of it? But worse things have
happened--including, perhaps, the Warren Commission report?
Stone uses a suspect, mixed art form, and JFK raises the familiar ethical
and historical problems of docudrama. But so what? Artists have always used
public events as raw material, have taken history into their imaginations and
transformed it. The fall of Troy vanished into the Iliad. The Battle of Borodino
found its most memorable permanence in Tolstoy's imagining of it in War and
Peace. Especially in a world of insatiable electronic
storytelling, real history procreates, endlessly conjuring new versions of
itself. Public life has become a metaphysical breeder of fictions. Watergate
became an almost continuous television miniseries--although it is interesting
that the movie of Woodward and Bernstein's All The President's Men stayed close
to the known facts and, unlike JFK, did not validate dark
conjecture.
单选题Had you worked harder that time, you ______ a better position. A. could get B. have got C. would get D. would have got