单选题Men have traveled ever since they first appeared on the earth. In primitive times they did not travel for pleasure but to find new places where their herds could feed, or to escape from hostile neighbors, or to find more favorable climates. They traveled on foot. Their journeys were long, tiring, and often dangerous. They protected themselves with simple weapons, such as wooden sticks or stone clubs, and by lighting fires at night and, above all, by keeping together. Being intelligent and creative, they soon discovered easier ways of traveling. They rode on the backs of their domesticated animals; they hollowed out tree trunks, and by using bits of wood as paddles, were able to travel across water. Later they traveled, not from necessity, but for the joy and excitement of seeing and experiencing new things. This is still the main reason why we travel today. Traveling, of course, has now become a highly organized business. There are cars and splendid roads, express trains, huge ships and jet airliners, all of which provide us with comforts and security. This sounds wonderful. But there are difficulties, if you want to go abroad, you need a passport and a visa, tickets, luggage, and a hundred and one other things. If you lose any of them, your journey may be ruined.

单选题It was a ______ evening and I really had a good sleep.A. calmB. silentC. quietD. safe and sound

单选题According to the passage, whether you can get others' help will mainly depend on ______.

单选题In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes (24) , the learn ing that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best (26) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considera bly (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics. Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behav ior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely (33) in stinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effec tively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learn ing rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, gen erally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodali reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young.

单选题It is true that there are some difficulties in our work, but we are______ that we shall overcome diem under the guidance of the Party.

单选题The 1982 oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation, and ______ the Corporation's statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.

单选题It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the author's attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seems

单选题What would happen if students were ______of books?

单选题Once inside the retail location, the shopper receives continuous messages at three levels. Store atmosphere is the overall setting of the store, its design, lighting, fixture, color, and sound. These are developed to convey a mood or feeling that separates the store from others that sell similar merchandise. The more similar the product offerings of competitors, the more important it is to create a unique environment. By going into any large shopping mall and walking from one clothing store to another, a shopper can easily experience atmosphere differences. One store will be brightly lit with colorful plastic racks and walls. Another will be in seeming disarray, with loud rock music and strobe lights (闪光灯). A third will have a wood décor, soft lights, and soft music. Each type of atmosphere is aimed at a particular target market, and each serves as a screen to tell shoppers whether or not they will feel comfortable in the store and what type of merchandise they might expect. "Establishing a mood of shopping ambiance has never been more important than it is now," says Lois Patrich, vice president of sales promotion and advertising with Carson Pirie Scott & Co., a Chicago-based retailer. "Department stores have always had an advantage of merchandise that you can get at any store. How then does a retail get a customer to buy at his store? By creating a shopping atmosphere that will motivate him to buy and one that he wants to come back to." Store layout is the arrangement of merchandise to facilitate shopping. The layout tells consumers how to proceed through the store and what pace is expected. An open layout invites shoppers to browse. A cluttered layout sends a signal of business and rushing. An effective layout maximizes customer exposure to merchandise and keeps the customer in the store longer. Studies show that the longer the customer is in the store, the more money is spent. The layout also should have the high-margin merchandise in the high-traffic areas and the most desired merchandise in the back so that consumers must walk past many other goods. In a supermarket, for example, the meats, dairy products, and produce have the greatest constant demand and are placed at the perimeters so shoppers will need to pass other products to get to them. Merchandise display refers to the organization of goods at a specific place in the store"s layout. Displays communicate at still another level to attract attention to the product, enhance product appeal, and increase the shopper"s propensity to purchase. While the tasks might lead the display design in one direction, the display also needs to be consistent with the store"s atmosphere.

单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}} "When an individual enters a strange culture, he or she is like fish out of water." New comers feel at times that they do not' belong and consequently may feel alienated from the native members of the culture. When this happens, visitors may want to reject everything about the new environment and may glorify and exaggerate the positive aspects of their own culture. Conversely, visitors may scorn their native country by rejecting its values and instead choosing to identify with (if only temporarily) the values of the new country. Reactions to a new culture vary, but experience and research have shown that there are distinct stages in the adjustment process of foreign visitors. When leaving the comfortably secure environment of home, a person will naturally experience some stress and anxiety. The severity of cultural shock depends on visitor's personalities, language ability, emotional support, and duration of stay. It is also influenced by the extent of differences, either actual or perceived, between the two cultures. Visitors coming for short periods of time do not always experience the same intense emotions as visitors who live in foreign countries for longer terms. The adjustment stages during prolonged stays may last several months to several years. The following stages are common: (1) Honeymoon period (2) Cultural shock (3) Initial adjustment (4) Mental isolation (5) Acceptance and integration. Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. When visitors have close relatives in the new culture or speak the foreign language fluently, they may not experience all the effects of cultural shock or mental isolation. An exile or refugee would adjust differently form someone who voluntarily traveled to a new country. Certain individuals have difficulties adapting to a new environment and perhaps never do; others seem to adjust well from the very beginning of their stay.

单选题In October 2002, Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank (1) a new electronic market (www.gs.com/econderivs/) for economic indices that (2) substantial economic risks, such as nonfarm payroll ( a measure of job availability) and retail sales. This new market was made possible by a (3) rating technology, developed by Longitude, a New York company providing software for financial markets, (4) the Parimutuel Digital Call Auction. This is "digital" (5) of a digital option : ie, it pays out only if an underlying index lies in a narrow, discrete range. In effect, Longitude has created a horse race, where each "horse" wins if and (6) the specified index falls in a specified range. By creating horses for every possible (7) of the index, and allowing people to bet (8) any number of runners, the company has produced a liquid integrated electronic market for a wide array of options on economic indices. Ten years ago it was (9) impossible to make use of electronic information about home values. Now, mortgage lenders have online automated valuation models that allow them to estimate values and to (10) the risk in their portfolios. This has led to a proliferation of types of home loan, some of (11) have improved risk-management characteristics. We are also beginning to see new kinds of (12) for homes, which will make it possible to protect the value of (13) ,for most people, is the single most important (14) of their wealth. The Yale University-Neighbourhood Reinvestment Corporation programme, (15) last year in the city of Syracuse, in New York state, may be a model for home-equity insurance policies that (16) sophisticated economic indices of house prices to define the (17) of the policy. Electronic futures markets that are based on econometric indices of house prices by city, already begun by City Index and IG Index in Britain and now (18) developed in the United States, will enable home-equity insurers to hedge the risks that they acquire by writing these policies. These examples are not impressive successes yet. But they (19) as early precursors of a technology that should one day help us to deal with the massive risks of inequality that (20) will beset us in coming years.

单选题When she was asked why she was ahsent for the party, no answer was______. (2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)

单选题Today, social scientists are rejecting the notion of a monolithic and unchanging culture of poverty. And they attribute destructive attitudes and behavior not to inherent moral character but to sustained racism and isolation. To Robert J. Sampson, a sociologist at Harvard, culture is best understood as "shared understandings." "I study inequality, and the dominant focus is on structures of poverty," he said. But he added that the reason a neighborhood turns into a "poverty trap" is also related to a common perception of the way people in a community act and think. As part of a large research project in Chicago, Professor Sampson walked through different neighborhoods this summer, dropping stamped, addressed envelopes to see how many people would pick up an apparently lost letter and mail it, a sign that looking out for others is part of the community"s culture. In some neighborhoods, like Grand Boulevard, almost no envelopes were mailed; in others researchers received more than half of the letters back. Income levels did not necessarily explain the difference, Professor Sampson said, but rather the community"s cultural norms, the levels of moral cynicism and disorder. The shared perception of a neighborhood—is it on the rise or stagnant? —does a better job of predicting a community"s future than the actual level of poverty, he said. William Julius Wilson, whose pioneering work boldly confronted ghetto life while focusing on economic explanations for persistent poverty, defines culture as the way "individuals in a community develop an understanding of how the world works and make decisions based on that understanding." For some young black men, Professor Wilson, a Harvard sociologist, said, the world works like this. "If you don"t develop a tough demeanor, you won"t survive. If you have access to weapons, you get them, and if you get into a fight, you have to use them." Seeking to recapture the topic from economists, sociologists have ventured into poor neighborhoods to delve deeper into the attitudes of residents. Their results have challenged some common assumptions, like the belief that poor mothers remain single because they don"t value marriage. In Philadelphia, for example, low-income mothers told the sociologists Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas that they thought marriage was profoundly important, even sacred, but doubted that their partners were "marriage material." Their results have prompted some lawmakers and poverty experts to conclude that programs that promote marriage without changing economic and social conditions are unlikely to work. Scholars like Professor Wilson said he felt compelled to look more closely at culture after the publication of Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein"s controversial 1994 book, "The Bell Curve," which attributed African-Americans" lower I. Q. scores to genetics. The authors claimed to have taken family background into account, Professor Wilson said, but "they had not captured the cumulative effects of living in poor, racially segregated neighborhoods. I realized we needed a comprehensive measure of the environment, that we must consider structural and cultural forces."

单选题The thief followed her, with his eyes ______ on the wallet in her pocket.

单选题Later, they found it easier to travel because ______.

单选题He implied that the President had lied and ______ obstructed justice.

单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer's temperament, discovering itself through the camera's cropping of reality. That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all. These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in "taking" a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed. An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography's means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton's high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of "fast seeing". Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast. This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.

单选题The manager wants to know if they ______ our letter yet.

单选题I really believe ______ this project and will do everything I can to support it. A. in B. on C. with D. over