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文学
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单选题Signs of deafness had given him great anxiety as early as 1798. For a long time he successfully concealed it from all but his most intimate friends, while he consulted physicians and quacks with eagerness. But neither quackery nor the best skill of his time availed him, and it has been pointed out that the root of the evil lay deeper than could have been supposed during his lifetime. Although his constitution was magnificently strong and his health was preserved by his passion for outdoor life, a post-mortem examination revealed a very complicated state of disorder, evidently dating from childhood (if not inherited) and aggravated by lack of care and good food. The touching document addressed to his brothers in 1802, and known as his "will" should be read in its entirety. No verbal quotation short of the whole will do justice to the overpowering outburst which runs in almost one long unpunctuated sentence through the whole tragedy of Beethoven's life, as he knew it then and foresaw it. He reproaches men for their injustice in thinking and calling him pugnacious, stubborn, and misanthropical when they do not know that for six years he has suffered from an incurable condition aggravted by incompetent doctors. He dwells upon his delight in human society from which he has had so early to isolate himself, but the thought of which now fills him with dread as it makes him realize his loss, not only in music but in all finer interchange of ideas, and terrifies him lest the cause of his distresses should appear. He declares that, when those near him had heard a flute or a singing shepherd while he heard nothing, he was only prevented from taking his life by the thougth of his art, but it seemed impossible for him to leave the world until he had brought out all that he felt to be in his power. He requests that after his death his present doctor , if surviving, shall be asked to describe his illness and to append it to this document in order that at least then the world may be as far as possible reconciled with him. He leaves his brothers property, such as it is, and in terms not less touching, if more conventional than the rest of the document, he declares that his experience shows that only virtue has preserved his life and his courage through all his misery. During the last twelve years of his life, his nephew was the cause of most of his anxiety and distress. His brother, Kaspar Karl, had often given him trouble—for example, by obtaining and publishing some of Beethoven's early indiscretions, such as the trio variations, op. 44, the sonatas, op. 49, and other trifles. In 1815, after Beethoven had quarreled with his oldest friend, Stephan Breuning, for warning him against trusting his brother in money matters, Kaspar died, leaving a widow of whom Beethoven strongly disapproved, and a son, nine years old, for the guardianship of whom Beethoven fought the widow through all the law courts. The boy turned out utterly unworthy of his uncle's persistent devotion and gave him every cause for anxiety. He failed in all his examinations, including an attempt to learn some trade in all his examinations, including an attempt to learn some trade in the polytechnic school, whereupon he fell into the hands of the police for attempting suicide, and after being expelled from Vienna, joined the army. Beethoven's utterly simple nature could neither educate nor understand a human being who was not possessed by the wish to do his best. His nature was passionately affectionate, and he had suffered all his life from the want of a natural outlet for it. He had often been deeply in love and made no secret of it. But Robert Browning had not a more intense dislike of "the artistic temperament" in morals, and though Beethoven's attachments were almost hopelessly above him in rank, there is not one that was not honorable and respected by society as showing the truthfulness and self-control of a great man. Beethoven's orthodoxy in such matters has provoked the smiles of Philistines, especially when it showed itself in his objections to Mozart's Don Giovanni and the grounds for selecting the subject of Fidelio for his own opera. The last thing that Philistines will ever understand is that genius is far too independent of convention to abuse it, and Beethoven's life, with all its mistakes, its grotesqueness, and its pathos, is as far beyond the shafts of Philistine wit as his art.
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单选题Which of these statements is NOT true according to the first paragraph of the article?
单选题He is not such a man ______ would leave his work half done.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. as
单选题Which of the following can be the best candidate for the title of the passage?
单选题The doctor suggested that your brother avoid ______ his right hand. A. to be using B. using C. having been using D. to use
单选题1 What are those of us who have chosen careers in science and engineering able to do about our current problems? First, we can help destroy the false impression that science and engineering have caused the current world trouble. On the contrary, science and engineering have made vast contributions to better living for more people. Second, we can identify the many areas in which science and technology, more con siderably used, can be of great service in the future than in the past to improve the quality of life. While we can make many speeches, and pass many laws, the quality of our envi ronment will be improved only through better knowledge and better application of that knowledge. Third, we can recognize that much of the dissatisfaction we suffer today results from our very successes of former years. We have been so greatly successful in attaining material goals that we are deeply dissatisfied that we cannot attain other goals more rapidly. We have achieved a better life for most people, but we are unhappy that we have not spread it to all people. We have reduced many sources of environmental disasters, but we are unhap py that we have not conquered all of them. It is our raised expectations rather than our fail ures which now cause our distress. Granted that many of our current problems must be cured more by social, political, and economic instruments than science and technology, yet science and technology must still be the tools to make further advances in such things as clean air, clean water, better transportation, better medical care, more adequate welfare programs, purer food, con servation resources, and many other areas.
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单选题Always tell your neighbours when you are going, as a______against burglary.
单选题His misbehavior and ______ dismissal from the firm was reported in the newspaper.
单选题According to ______ across the relevant research community, the published attack represents an extreme position in its demands for proof. A. soundings B. echoes C. sonar systems D. reflections
单选题A: Are you going to your family reunion this Christmas holiday?
B: ______
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单选题The climbers______ their greatest ambition by reaching the summit of the mountain.
单选题Man: I'm looking for an unfurnished two-bedroom apartment, but all your apartments are furnished. Woman: We can take care of that. We can simply remove the furniture. Question: What does the woman mean?
单选题The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans,______, is money.(北京大学2007年试题)
单选题During the Olympic Games, people from all over the world come together in peace and friendship. The first Olympic Games that we have (1) of were in Greece in 776 B. C. The games lasted one day. The only (2) in the first thirteen Olympic Games was a race. Men ran the length of the stadium. In 1896 the games were (3) again in Athens, Greece. The Greeks (4) a new stadium for the competition. 311 (5) from thirteen countries (6) in many events. The (7) became national heroes. After 1896, the games were held every four years during the summer in different cities around the (8) . In 1908, in London, England, the first gold (9) were given to winning athletes. The Olympic Winter Games (10) in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Athletes competed in (11) events such as skiing, ice skating and ice hockey. Today the Winter Games take place (12) four years. Until recently, Olympic competitors could not he (13) athletes. All of the athletes in the Olympic Games were amateurs. Today, (14) , many of the Olympic athletes are professionals who play their sports (15) money during the year. Some people disagree with this idea.
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单选题September 11th 2001 drew the transatlantic alliance together; but the mood did not last, and over the five years since it has pulled ever further apart. A recent poll for the German Marshall Fund shows that 57% of Europeans regard American leadership in world affairs as "undesirable". The Iraq war is mainly to blame. But there is another and more intractable reason for the growing division: God. Europeans worry that American foreign policy under George Bush is too influenced by religion. The "holy warriors" who hijacked the planes on September 11th reintroduced God into international affairs in the most dramatic of ways. It seems that George Bush is replying in kind, encouraging a clash of religions that could spell global catastrophe. Dominique Moisi, a special adviser at the French Institute for International Relations, argues that "the combination of religion and nationalism in America is frightening. We feel betrayed by God and by nationalism, which is why we are building the European Union as a barrier to religious warfare." Josef Braml, of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, complains that in America "religious attitudes have more of an influence on political choices than in any other western democracy." The notion that America is too influenced by religion is not confined to the elites. Three in five French people and nearly as many Dutch think that Americans are too religious—and that religion skews what should be secular decisions. Europeans who think that America is "too religious" are more inclined to anti-Americanism than their fellow countrymen. 38% of Britons have an unfavourable view of America, but that number rises to 50% among people who are wary of American religiosity. Is America engaged in a faith-based foreign policy? Religion certainly exerts a growing influence on its actions in the world, but in ways more subtle and complicated than Europeans imagine. It is true that America is undergoing a religious revival "Hot" religions such as evangelical Protestantism and hardline Catholicism are growing rapidly while "cool" mainline versions of Christianity are declining. It is also true that the Republican Party is being reshaped by this revival. Self-identified evangelicals provided almost 40% of Mr. Bush's vote in 2004; if you add in other theological conservatives, such as Mormons and traditional Catholics, that number rises closer to 60%. All six top Republican leaders in the Senate have earned 100% ratings from the Christian Coalition. It is also true that Mr. Bush frequently uses religious rhetoric when talking of foreign affairs. On September 12th he was at it again, telling a group of conservative journalists that he sees the war on terror as "a confrontation between good and evil", and remarking, "It seems to me that there's a Third Awakening" (in other words, an outbreak of Christian evangelical fervour, of the sort that has swept across America at least twice before). And Christian America overall is taking a bigger interest in foreign policy. New voices are being heard, Such as Sam Brownback, a conservative senator from Kansas who has led the fight against genocide in Darfur, and Rick Warren, the author of a bestseller called The Purpose-Driven Life, who is sending 2 000 missionaries to Rwanda. Finally, it is true that religious figures have done some pretty outrageous things. Pat Robertson called for the assassination of Hugo Chavez, the president of Venezuela. Lieu- tenant-General William "Jerry" Boykin, deputy under-secretary of defence for intelligence, toured the country telling Christian groups that radical Muslims hate America "because we' re a Christian nation and the enemy is a guy named Satan". He often wore uniform.
单选题{{B}}Passage 10{{/B}}
The China boom is by now a
well-documented phenomenon. Who hasn't {{U}}(1) {{/U}} the Middle
Kingdom's astounding economic growth 8 percent annually, its mesmerizing
{{U}}(2) {{/U}} market 1.2 billion people, the investment ardor of
foreign suitors $20 billion in foreign direct investment last year {{U}}(3)
{{/U}}? China is an economic juggernaut. {{U}}(4) {{/U}}Nicholas
Lardy of the 13rookings Institution, a Washington D. C. -based think tank, "No
country {{U}}(5) {{/U}} its foreign trade as fast as China over the last
20 years. Japan doubled its foreign trade over {{U}}(6) {{/U}} period;
{{U}}(7) {{/U}} foreign trade as quintupled. They've become the
preeminent producer of labor-intensive manufacturing goods in the
world." But there's been {{U}}(8) {{/U}} from the
dazzling China growth story—namely, the Chinese multinational. No major Chinese
companies have {{U}}(9) {{/U}} established themselves, or their brands,
{{U}}(10) {{/U}} the global stage. But as Haier shows, that is starting
to change. {{U}}(11) {{/U}} 100 years of poverty and chaos, of being
overshadowed by foreign countries and multinationals, Chinese industrial
companies are starting to {{U}}(12) {{/U}} on the world.
A new generation of large and credible firms {{U}}(13) {{/U}} in
China in the electronics, appliance and even high-tech sectors. Some have
reached critical mass on the mainland and {{U}}(14) {{/U}} new outlets
for their production—through exports and by building Chinese factories abroad,
chiefly in Southeast Asia. One example: China's investment in Malaysia
{{U}}(15) {{/U}} from ＄8 million in 2000 to ＄766 million in the first
half of this year. {{U}} (16) {{/U}} China's export
prowess, it will be years {{U}}(17) {{/U}} Chinese firms achieve the
managerial and operational expertise of Western and Japanese multinationals. For
one thing, many of its best companies are still at least partially state-owned.
{{U}}(18) {{/U}}, China has a shortage of managerial talent and little
notion of marketing and brand-building. Its companies are also {{U}}(19)
{{/U}} by the country's long tradition of central planning, inefficient use
of capital and antiquated distribution system, {{U}}(20) {{/U}} makes
building national companies a challenge.
单选题From the 1960s, international terrorist crimes, such as the hijacking of passenger aircraft, political assassinations and kidnappings, and urban bombings, constituted a growing phenomenon of increasing concern, especially to Western governments. Most terrorist groups are associated either with millenarian revolutionary movements on an international scale (such as some Marxist organizations) or with nationalist movements of particular ethnic, religious, or other cultural focus. Three broad categories of terrorist crime may be distinguished, not in legal terms, but by intention. Foremost is the use of violence and the threat of violence to create public fear. This may be done by making random attacks to injure or kill anyone who happens to be in the vicinity when an attack takes place. Because such crimes deny by virtue of their being directed at innocent bystanders, the unique worth of individual, terrorism is said to be a form of crime that runs counter to all morality and so undermines the foundations of civilization. Another tactic generating fear is the abduction and assassination of heads of state and members of governments in order to make others afraid of taking positions of leadership and so to spread a sense of insecurity. Persons in responsible positions may be abducted or assassinated on the grounds that they are "representatives" of some institution or system to which their assailants are opposed. A second category of terrorist crime is actual rule by terror. It is common practice for leaders of terrorist organizations to enforce obedience and discipline by terrorizing their own members. A community whose collective interests the terrorist organization claims to serve may be terrorized so that their cooperation, loyalty, and support are ensured. Groups that come to power by this means usually continue to rule by terror. Third, crimes are committed by terrorist organizations in order to gain the means for their own support. Bank robbery, kidnapping for ransom, extortion, gambling rake-offs (profit skimming), illegal arms dealing, and drug trafficking are among the principal crimes of this nature. In the Middle East, hostages are frequently sold as capital assets by one terrorist group to another.
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单选题The party leader justified his subsequent re-election______that he had brought political stability and economic development to his country.(浙江大学2010年试题)
单选题The mayor was asked to______ his speech in order to allow his audience to raise questions.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)
单选题 I have a vegetable garden and every summer I enjoy eating
my own vegetables. One day last summer I picked a dozen carrots. Usually, as
soon as I have picked the carrots, I clean the dirt off them by washing them in
a bucket of water. But this day, as I was getting up from the ground with my
twelve carrots, I tripped (绊) and fell over the bucket. The water spilled out of
the bucket, so I decided to wash the carrots quickly in the kitchen sink. I put
the carrots in the sink, washed them with water, and watched all the dirt washed
away down the drain. The next day, when I was washing dishes, I
noticed that the water drained out of the sink much more slowly than usual. It
drained so slowly that I called a plumber (水管工) to come and fix my drain. The
plumber tried a lot of different cleaners and equipment, but nothing worked. He
had to cut a hole in the floor where the drain pipe was in order to try to find
the problem. While he was cutting the small hole, he accidentally cut the
hot-water pipe. Hot water sprayed over the plumber, onto the floor, under the
refrigerator; water went everywhere. My refrigerator stopped
working because the water had affected the electrical wires. I called an
electrician to come and fix the refrigerator. The electrician had to move the
refrigerator to work on the wires. As she was balancing it, she tripped over the
plumber's tools. She fell down and the refrigerator tipped over. It crashed into
the wall, resulting in a huge hole in the wall. I called a
carpenter to come and fix the wall. In order to repair the hole in the wall, the
carpenter had to tear down half of the entire wall. Meanwhile, the plumber was
still looking for the source of the drain problem. Since the kitchen was in a
terrible mess anyway, the plumber decided to remove part of the floor to look at
the pipe there. In the middle of the floor, he found the problem: the dirt from
the carrots was stuck in the pipe and nothing could go through.
Now I had a sink that did not drain, a refrigerator that did not work, a wall
that was half gone, and part of a floor that was missing. I looked at this
disaster and decided that what I really needed was a new kitchen. Finally, I
called a house builder to come and fix my kitchen. Three weeks later I had a new
sink, a new refrigerator, new cupboards on a new wall, new tiles on a new floor,
and $10,000 less in my bank.
单选题Why ______ such a lot of money?
单选题—Is Mr. Smith in the office? 一Yes, ______ he is in charge of the office，he must be there．A．sinceB．howeverC．whetherD．for
单选题Anyone who does not speak the native language, ______ Chinese or English, will be accompanied by a translator.
单选题These areas rely on agriculture almost______, having few mineral recourses and a minimum of industrial development.(2005年电子科技大学考博试题)
单选题______ the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
单选题Robert S. Duncanson was considered a painter of the Hudson River School, ______ on scenes of America"s unturned wilderness.
单选题{{B}}{{I}}Directions{{/B}}: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is
followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are
4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding
letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring
{{B}}ANSWER SHEET{{/B}}.{{/I}}
{{B}}Passage One{{/B}}
Before the 1850's the United States had
a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were
small, church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the
moral character of their students. Throughout Europe,
institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of
university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German
university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not
morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand
young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for
advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable (受人尊敬的)
colleges—Harvard, Yale, Columbia—and transform them into modern universities.
The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of
faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because
they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.
The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass
it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars. Drilling and
learning by rote (死记硬背) were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in
which the professor's own research was presented in class. Graduate training
leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of
advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the
seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct
their own research. At the same time, the new university greatly
expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old,
constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The
president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able
to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study
emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits
of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new
universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering
students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also
trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and
teachers.
单选题Woman: What"s your plan for the winter holiday?
Man: I"m going skiing in Colorado.
Woman: But it"s very dangerous for a beginner. Do your parents agree?
Man: No, but I can get round them.
Question: How can the man go skiing?
单选题What caused the thief to meet the President?
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单选题 Valencia is in the east part of Spain. It has a port
on the sea, two miles away from the coast. It is the capital of a province that
is also named Valencia. The city is a market center for what is
produced by the land around the city. Most of the city's money is made from
farming. It is also a busy business city, with ships, railways clothes and
machine factories. Valencia has an old part with white
buildings, colored roofs, and narrow streets. The modern part has long, wide
streets and new buildings. Valencia is well known for its parks and gardens. It
has many old churches and museums. The University in the center of the city was
built in the 13th century. The city of valencia has been known
since the 2nd century. In the 8th century it was the capital of Spain. There is
also an important city in Venzuela (委内瑞拉) named Valencia.
单选题The following problems are thought to be connected with the sources for knowledge of pre modem cultures EXCEPT ______.
单选题The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT______.
单选题A: Can you tell me something about your company? B：______, our company was established in 1953. We produce a wide variety of electronic equipment.
单选题An intelligent pupil can do advanced work, and it does not matter ______ age the child is.
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单选题College sports in the United States are a huge deal. Almost all major American universities have football, baseball, basketball and hockey programs, and (1) millions of dollars each year to sports. Most of them earn millions (2) as well, in television revenues, sponsorships. They also benefit (3) from the added publicity they get via their teams. Big-name universities (4) each other in the most popular sports. Football games at Michigan regularly (5) crowds of over 90, 000. Basketball's national collegiate championship game is a TV (6) on a par with any other sporting event in the United States, (7) perhaps the Super Bowl itself. At any given time during fall or winter one can (8) one's TV set and see the top athletic programs--from schools like Michigan, UCLA, Duke and Stanford-- (9) in front of packed houses and national TV audiences. The athletes themselves are (10) and provided with sch61arships. College coaches identify (11) teenagers and then go into high schools to (12) the country's best players to attend their universities. There are strict rules about (13) coaches can recruit--no recruiting calls after 9 p. m. , only one official visit to a campus--but they are often bent and sometimes (14) . Top college football programs (15) scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year, and those student-athletes, when they arrive (16) campus, receive free housing, tuition, meals, books, etc. In return, the players (17) the program in their sport. Football players at top colleges (18) two hours a day, four days a week from January to April. In summer, it's back to strength and agility training four days a week until mid-August, when camp (19) and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins (20) During the season, practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday. Saturday is game day. Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.
单选题We collected hundreds of______in support of not allowing cars into the city centre.
单选题{{B}} Directions:{{/B}} There are 4 passages in this part, each
passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of
them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. You should decide on the best
choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line
through the center.{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}}
We have no idea as to when men began to
use salt, but we do know that it has been used m many different ways throughout
the history. {{U}}For example, it is recorded in many history
books that people who lived over 3000 years ago ate salted fish. Thousands of
years ago in Egypt, salt was used to preserve the dead. {{/U}} In
some periods of history, a person who stole salt was thought to have broken the
law. Take the eighteenth century for example, if a person was caught stealing
salt, he would be thrown into prison. History also records that only in England
about ten thousand people were put into prison during that century for stealing
salt! About 450 years ago, in the year 1553, if a man took more than his share
of salt, he would be thought to have broken the law and would be seriously
punished. The offender's ear was cut off. Salt was an important
item on the dinner table of a king. It was always put in front of the king when
he sat down to eat. Important guests at the king's table were seated near the
salt. Less important guests were given seats farther away from
it.
单选题If you______in taking this annoying attitude, we'll have to ask you to leave.
单选题It can be inferred from the passage that in the past. ______ A. workers often got ill because of the poor working conditions B. companies were free to put out any products they wanted to C. many people were killed by the dangerous products D. industries were not as careful in management as they are today
单选题Why do more and more young students personally choose to learn Chinese in the United States?
单选题[此试题无题干]
单选题______ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.
单选题Read the following passage carefully and then decide whether the statements which follow are true(T)or false(F). Do Cell Phones Cause Cancer? There are safety-warning labels on cigarettes and alcohol. Now some groups are advocating that similar cautions be printed on cell phones. Recently, a bill in the Maine state senate proposed a label warning users, especially children and pregnant women, of the risks of brain cancer from electromagnetic radiation emanating from the device. But the Maine legislature voted down the bill in March, stating that the scientific evidence does not indicate a public health risk. Yet, the debate rages on. Can cell phones really cause cancer? Supporters of the Maine legislation argued that uncertainty about the long-term effects of cell phone radiation warranted public safety notices. They also pointed to a handful of European studies that linked brain and auditory nerve tumors with using cell phones for more than 10 years and at younger ages. "I think my short answer is that the evidence isn"t 100 percent, but there"s a strong indication that, yes, cell phone use does cause cancer(over a long period of time), " said David Carpenter, director of the Institute for Health and Environment at the University of Albany, and an advocate for the Maine bill on cell phone warnings. Carpenter points to a 2007 meta-analysis that associated ipsilateral auditory nerve tumors(acoustic neuromas)with people who had used cell phones for at least 10 years, as well as a 2009 Swedish study that found a heightened risk for brain tumors among people who had used cell phones for at least 10 years, especially for those under 20 years old. Not surprisingly, cell phone industry insiders disagree, " " The peer-reviewed scientific evidence has overwhelmingly indicated that wireless devices, within the(radiation)limits established by the FCC, do not pose a public health risk or cause any adverse health effects, " said John Walls, vice president of public affairs for CTIA—The Wireless Association, an international trade group that represents the wireless telecomm industry. For instance, 2001 Danish study and 2006 follow-up found no relationship between cancer risk and long-term cell phone use among more than 400, 000 users. In addition, a statistical review from the National Institutes of Cancer revealed no rise in cancer incidence rates from 1975 to 2005 in relation to the rise in cell phone usage. Joshua Muscat, a public health science professor at Pennsylvania State University who has studied the cancer-causing potential of cell phone radiation, also questions the connection. "There is no known mechanism by which radio frequency fields generated by cell phones can cause cancer because cell phone radiation is non-ionizing, " Muscat said. Nevertheless, when you press a cell phone against your ear while it"s in use, head and brain tissues can absorb that vibrating, low-frequency radiation and heat. Because of that radiation effect, the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)sets specific absorption rates(SARs)that dictate the maximum amount of radiation cell phones and mobile devices can give off. " The power output from these phones is extremely low, " Muscat told Discovery News. However, David Carpenter counters that the SARs don"t take into account the potential long-term damage of close-range exposure to heat-inducing radiation, especially in children. "Those(FCC)levels are set by engineers and physicists, and those aren"t the people who should be setting health-based standards, " he said. Carpenter thinks that the results from a large, 13-country study called Interphone, which consists of a series of 16 case-controlled studies conducted between 2000 and 2005, could finally settle the debate. Each of the Interphone studies recruited at least 100 people who had developed brain cancer or certain types of tumors, along with a healthy control group. But it"s been hampered by methodological shortcomings. In many cases, the group was asked to describe their cell phone habits, which critics contend led to recall bias. So far, it still hasn"t rendered a final verdict. For now, the National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, among other leading health agencies and organizations, aren"t ringing the alarm bells. For one thing, scientists have yet to pinpoint how the low-frequency cell phone radiation could cause cancer. "Cell phone radiation"s effect in the body appears to be insufficient to produce the genetic damage typically associated with developing cancer, " said Robert N. Hoover, director of epidemiology for the National Cancer Institute, in an official statement to Congress. " To date, no alternative mechanism about how this exposure might result in cancer has been vetted adequately. " Until scientists can unmask that " mechanism, " Carpenter urges consumers to play it safe and text message or hold cell phones away from their ears to limit radiation exposure. Even Muscat from Penn State leaves a space—albeit a narrow one—for caution. "It is a legitimate concern in the sense that there may be some unknown, undiscovered mechanism that could be promoting the development of cancer, " Muscat said. "This seems unlikely, but if one looks at other scientific disciplines such as cosmology or particle physics, there are often paradigm shifts that occur with new discoveries. "
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单选题The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country. America has nothing to do with allegiance to a dynasty and very little to do with allegiance to a particular place, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles. A. conviction B. loyalty C. conversion D. component
单选题Three weeks after the suicidal bombing, the police were still hunting for bombers for they believe more were ______. [A] on the verge [B] on the sly [C] on the spot [D] on the loose
单选题Western food can hardly ______ these young athletes from China who prefer instant noodles.
单选题How valiant that general who prosecutes a war with vigor!
单选题The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our______almost two hours later.
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单选题By ______ Mr. Smith is a bus driver.
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单选题"Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for "a married woman" in modern English. This phenomenon is known as______. (西安交大2008研)
单选题Though he had often made his little sister ______, today he was made ______ by his little sister. A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry
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单选题Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician______ her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)
单选题Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way you can avoid it______you can avoid being hungry.
单选题The manager resigned yesterday, but his resignation hasn' t been officially announced ______.A. always B. yet C. already D. still
单选题That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States: while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940s, it was only after 1945—when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world that major sculptures were produced in the United States. Some of the best were the works of women.
By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail."
Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind."
Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.
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单选题This past academic year, 146 New York City kids from 4 to 14 dutifully attended Rosalyn Chao's Mandarin class at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral Academy. Many of the students were first-generation Americans; for several, Mandarin would be their third language, after English and Spanish. Get used to this picture; around the world, more adults and kids are learning Chinese. Beijing is pouring money into new Confucius Institutes (Chinese language and culture centers), and two U.S. senators recently proposed spending $1.3 billion on Chinese-language programs over the next five years. From Ulan Bator to Chicago, it sometimes seems as if everyone is trying to learn the language now spoken by a fifth of the world's population. Their reasoning is easy to understand. China is booming, and citizens around the globe want a piece of the action. Speaking Mandarin can facilitate communication with newly wealthy Chinese tourists or smooth bilateral trade relations. In a form of intense cultural diplomacy, Beijing is also promoting its films, music, art and language as never before. Front and center are the Confucius Institutes, modeled on the British Council, Germany's Goethe Institutes or the Alliance Francaise. China's Ministry of Education is sending thousands of language instructors to foreign programs and inviting foreign students from Asia, Africa and elsewhere to study in its universities. As a result, Beijing predicts that 100 million individuals will be studying Mandarin as a second language by the end of the decade. The U.S. Department of Education announced earlier this year that it hopes to have 5 percent of all elementary, secondary and college students enrolled in Mandarin studies by 2010. The Chinese boom hasn't escaped criticism, however. For one thing, the language is hard, with more than 2,500 characters generally employed in daily writing and a complex tonal speaking system. Then there's the danger that other important languages, such as Russian or Japanese, will be neglected; for example, there are now 10 times more students learning Mandarin than Japanese in the United States. And other countries fear a growing encroachment(侵蚀) of Chinese power; some Africans have complained about Beijing's "neocolonialist(新殖民主义)" attitudes, for example, and this could breed resentment against Confucius Institutes on their soil. Yet most Mandarin students, like those at St. Pat's, aren't letting such concerns dissuade them. Mandarin represents a new way of thinking. Chao says that" we must begin preparing our students for the interconnected world." Accordingly, she has encouraged her Mandarin students to correspond with pen pals in Shanghai. Chao says that" in reading the Chinese students' letters, we learned quickly that American students are far behind their Asian counterparts." If they hope to catch up to their Chinese competitors, her students--like the growing legions of Mandarin pupils around the globe -- are going to have to study hard indeed.
单选题The journalists (had to) stop (working) on the news (that) the president had suddenly (as soon as) they heard it.
单选题The morning paper ______ a story about demonstrations in New York and Washington D.C.
单选题According to the passage what appears to be changing rapidly in Britain and the USA?
单选题Vast herds of large game animals once
roamed
the plains of what is now the state of Kansas.
单选题Among the most stressful of worries are death, illness, loss of work, money problem, marital problems and retirement. Such worries have rational basis, but we are curiously irrational in the way we pursue them. For example, fear of death is as strong among young adults as among the elderly. It is equally surprising that we are as worried the hour before having a tooth filled as when we face major surgery. It is difficult to decide at what point worrying ceases to be "normal", but it is clearly reasonable to worry. People get seriously ill, planes go awry, tube trains sometimes crash. In practice, anxiety is judged to be pathological when it curtails our ability to lead a normal existence. We can manage perfectly well without travelling in planes or lifts, and an evening out isn" t spoiled by the fact that we are unable to leave the house without triple-checking the frontdoor lock. Such worries are widespread in the general population. In its extreme form, anxiety may be experienced either as a generalized, "free-floating" state(the sufferer becomes tense and frightened for no apparent reason), or it may be more specifically focused - for example on open spaces, enclosed situations or certain insects or animals. Many people will have experienced the former - taut muscles, dry mouth and the feeling of agitation, dread or even panic - while mild phobias are also very common. But at less intense levels, anxiety and worrying have great value. They help us to avoid trouble, or to cope with it when it cannot be avoided. Worrying may be an internal impulse, allowing us to solve problems at times of crisis. By worrying, we may understand better the origins of the worry and thereby avoid a possible breakdown. It may also play a significant part in helping us to come to terms with reality. In everyday life, anxiety energizes us and improves performance of a wide variety of tasks, it also galvanizes us to achieve more. Without it, it is difficult to see how there could be either social or intellectual progress. So worrying is not after all an unproductive activity. Perhaps the time to be worried is when you" re not worrying.
单选题2 Between 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independ- ent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the bus iness community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon polit ical party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superi or in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make .important journalistic advances. The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full de tail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper be came a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leader ship. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached. This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sun in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police re porter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the Sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1836) and the Baltimore Sun (1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.
单选题What is the key to a successful student according to the passage?
单选题When he speaks at banquets, he makes a point of going into the kitchen and to shake hands with every waiter and waitress. A. B. C. D.
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单选题When varieties of language are classified in respect of their users, they are called registers.
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单选题Gender contrast in English language can only be observed in a small number of nouns, and, they are mainly of the natural gender type.
单选题Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new (21) that was commercially created as payback for Valentine's Day. That's (22) in both countries, 14 February is all about the man. On Valentine's Day, women are expected to buy all the important male (23) in their lives a token gift= not just their partners, (24) their bosses or older relatives too. This seems (25) enough. Surely it's reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, (26) the number of times they're expected to produce bouquets of flowers and (27) their woman with perfume or pearls. But the idea of a woman (28) a man didn't sit easily with people. In 1978, the National Confectionery Industry Association (糖果业协会) (29) an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as (30) for the male-oriented Valentine's Day. It started with a handful of sweet makers' producing candy (31) a simple gift idea. The day (32) the public imagination, and is now a nationally (33) date in the diary— and one where men are (34) to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth (35) the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.
单选题Locked in a vault within the North Carolina Department of Revenue is a bit of Kafka: a government-issued stamp that is expected to remain unpurchased, but which users of illegal goods must, by law, affix to substances they are not allowed to possess. North Carolina is one of about 20 states that tax illegal drugs. The cost varies by state and weight, as does the stamps' appearance (Nebraska's, with a skull surmounting a syringe and joint, looks like Grateful Dead tribute art). Penalties for non-payment also vary, from being classed as a misdemeanour in Georgia to 200% of the tax plus $10,000 or five years in prison in Louisiana. Few, if any, drug users actually buy the stamps. Most of those sold in Kansas, for instance, go to collectors. And according to a Mobile newspaper, the director of investigations for Alabama's revenue department said the state never expected actually to sell stamps to drug users. Instead, the tax exists to further punish those arrested for possession by making them liable to penalties for tax evasion if their drugs are stampless, as they almost invariably are. And those penalties can be lucrative: over the past decade Kansas has collected $10.3m. If legislators feel that drug users get off too lightly, they could simply increase the criminal penalties, rather than creating a new class of crime that requires the involvement of another government agency. As it is, these laws are not merely complicated, but have often been found unconstitutional. In 1994 the US Supreme Court ruled that because Montana's illegal-drug tax was a second punishment for a single crime it amounted to double jeopardy. Other states' drug-tax schemes have also been challenged on constitutional grounds. In response some states have abolished or modified their schemes, usually by allowing buyers of the stamps to remain anonymous or by forbidding revenue departments from telling law enforcement when someone buys the stamps. The concept of taxing illegal drugs punitively dates back to the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. This did not ban the drug completely; it subjected anyone who dealt in it commercially to a nominal tax but a heavy array of regulations and criminal penalties for non-compliance. Bureaucracy lives on.
单选题For multinational corporations, tax planning has become extremely complex affairs. It has been stated that no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise. Therefore, in addition to having their own experts, MNCs rely on heavily on local tax experts and legal counsel. Taxes have a very important impact on foreign direct investment decisions. Taxes will determine the financial structure of subsidiary, and they will influence pricing decisions. They may also lead to the formation of holding companies. An MNC may decide to establish a branch rather than a subsidiary because of a given tax situation. The absence of a tax treaty between the country of a would-be investor and the nation where a foreign investment is to take place might lead to cancellation of investment plans. An unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out. This unit will deal with the different tax systems in the world and their impact on an MNC's global strategy. Basically, any tax system can be divided into direct and indirect taxes. Corporate and individual income taxes are direct, value-added taxes, sales taxes, and import duties are indirect taxes. Corporate income taxes (taxes levied on earning) vary among the industrialized nations. France, the United States, Holland, Canada, and Germany have rates of around 50 percent; Italy, the United Kingdom and Japan have rates of between 36 and 40 percent. Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment. Thus, Brazil has a rate of 30 percent, and Indonesia has a 40 percent tax rate. A corporate tax is levied on taxable earnings. Taxable earnings are more significant than the tax rate itself. They determine what can be deducted before the tax is computed; in other words, these items are tax deductible. Countries differ greatly in determining taxable earnings. Some allow accelerated depreciation, whereby the asset (usually the plant or equipment) is written off at a substantially higher rate during the first years than in the later years. This allows for smaller taxable earnings in the early years. Other countries allow tax-free investment reserves. These are used at a later stage for investment in undeveloped areas of countries or are sent when countries are in a recession. A recent type of tax that has won recognition in the European Common Market is value-added tax (VAT). This is a national sales tax levied at each stage of production or at the sale of consumer goods. The tax is assessed in proportion to the value added during that stage. Generally, manufacturing goods, such as plant and equipment, have been exempted from this tax. In most cases, food items also have been exempted. Here is an example of how VAT works. A tree owner who sells part of a tree to a lumber mill for $1 must set aside ten cents VAT to pay to the government. The lumber mill processes the tree into building material and sells the wood for $3 to a lumber wholesaler. The mill adds $2 in value, and thus sets aside 10 percent of the added value, or twenty cents, to pay to the government. And so the VAT continues until the final sale. The VAT system offers advantages, such as rebates on exports. Profitable and unprofitable firms are taxed alike, as there is no possibility of tax deductions to determine taxable income. A badly run company is, therefore, forced to improve or go out of business. Further, VAT is easy to calculate and collect. But VAT is often accused of having contributed to serious inflation in countries where it was introduced, notably in Western Europe.
单选题 In America and Europe magazine publishers have a
common headache: total circulation is either flat or declining slightly as
people devote more time to the internet, and an ever greater share of
advertising spending is going online. Magazine units are mostly a drag on growth
for their parents. Time Inc, the world's biggest magazine company, has to fend
off rumours that its parent, Time Warner, will sell it. People in the industry
expect that Time Warner will soon sell IPC Media, its British magazine
subsidiary. The business model for consumer magazines is under
pressure from several directions at once, both online and off. Magazines have
become more expensive to launch, and the cost of attracting and keeping new
subscribers has risen. In America newsstand sales have been worryingly weak,
partly because supermarkets dominate distribution and shelf-space is in short
supply. The internet's popularity has hit men's titles the
hardest. FHM, the flagship "lads" magazine of Emap— a British media firm, for
instance, lost a quarter of its circulation in the year to June. Not long ago
consumer magazines were Emap's prize asset, but slowing growth from the division
contributed to the company's decision to put itself up for sale. Men's magazines
are in trouble in most developed-world markets as people have quickly switched
from magazines to online services. There are good reasons why
magazine owners should not feel pessimistic, however. For readers, many of the
pleasing characteristics of magazines—their portability and glossiness, for
instance—cannot be matched online. And magazines are not losing younger readers
in the way that newspapers are. According to a study by the digital arm of
Ogilvy Group, appetite for magazines is largely unchanged between older "baby
boomers" and young "millennials" . On the advertising side,
magazines are fearing much better than newspapers, which are losing big chunks
of revenue as classified advertising shifts online. Advertisers like the fact
that in many genres, such as fashion, readers accept and value magazine ads and
even consider them part of the product. Unfortunately, magazine
publishers have been slow to get onto the internet. "Eighteen months ago the
internet was something they worried about after 4pm on Friday, " says Peter
Kreisky, a consultant to the media industry, "but now it's at the heart of their
business model. " To their credit, however, big magazine firms are doing far
more than reproducing their print products online. They offer people useful, fun
services online— Lagardère's Car and Driver website, for instance, offers
virtual test drives, and Better Homes and Gardens online has a 3D planning tool
to help people redesign their homes.
单选题If you ______ that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy. A．havent watched B．hadnt watched C．didnt watch D．wouldnt have watched
单选题Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly. A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, hut apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.
单选题A strong support from the local authority is ______ to the success of the project.
单选题Ships are ______ than planes that people take them mainly for pleasure. A．much more slower B．very much slower C．so much slower D．too much slower
单选题During the past 30 years or so, health care has increasingly become a form of business. In addition , the environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the advent of more sophisticated medical technologies and increased specialization. It is no longer true to say that doctors regard their profession as a sacred calling, and while the doctor-patient relationship still remains, it is not the relationship based solely on trust which it used to be. Of course there are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the transparency of their behavior as medical professionals, and patients can receive effective treatment when such doctors work closely together and share notes. An example of such cooperation can be found in the field of remote health care, which has been introduced on an experimental basis in several regions. Since most medical specialists live in cities, patients who live in the country have to travel a long distance to consult a specialist. This is especially hard on the elderly, both financially and physically. Through a computer network, patients who live in the country can consult a medical specialist in the city, tell him their symptoms, and receive advice without the need for a journey to the specialist' s office. Also, with several doctors being assigned to a single patient, the transparency of each doctor' s behavior is further ensured. On the other hand, however, it is also true that remote health consultation is not generally regarded as a form of medical treatment. For any sort of consultation to be regarded as medical treatment, most people feel that the patient must actually visit the doctor, and undergo an examination by the doctor in person. Remote health care is essentially a means for doctors to work as a team. In order for this to be practicable, it is important to establish a system whereby financial support can be extended to a doctor who, as a member of a medical team, provides only information. Establishment of such a system will further advance the cause of " free access to information" in the health care field.
单选题It is important that you ______ sports every day. A．have B．would have C．must have D．will have
单选题Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, ______ themselves.
单选题Betty wishes to
单选题When we conduct foreign trade, the importance of understanding the language of a country cannot be underestimated. The successful marketer must achieve export communication which requires a thorough understanding of the language as well as the ability to speak it. Those who deal with advertising should be concerned less with obvious differences between languages and more with the exact meanings expressed. A dictionary translation is not the same as an idiomatic interpretation, and seldom will the dictionary translation meet the needs. A national producer of soft drinks had the company's brand name impressed in Chinese characters which were phonetically (按照发音的) accurate. It was discovered later, however, that the translation's literal meaning was "female horse fattened with wax," hardly the image the company sought to describe. So carelessly translated advertising statements not only lose their intended meaning but can suggest something very different including something offensive or ridiculous. Sometimes, what was translated was not an image the companies had in mind for their products. Many people believe that to fully appreciate the true meaning of a language it is necessary to live with the language for years. Whether or not this is the case, foreign marketers should never take it for granted that they are affectively communicating in another language.
单选题It was sensible of him to do that.
单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}
Feeling tired lately? Has the doctor
said he cannot find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he sent you to a hospital,
but all the advanced equipment there shows that there is nothing
wrong. Then consider this, you might be in a state of subhealth.
(亚健康) Subhealth, also called the third state or grey state, is
explained as a borderline (临界)state between health and disease. According to an
investigation by the National Health Organization, over 45 percent of subhealth
people are middle-aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people
who work in management positions as well as students around exam time.
Symptoms (症状) include a lack of energy, depression, slow reactions,
insomnia (失眠), agitation (焦虑)and poor memory. Other symptoms include shortness
of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs. The key to
preventing and recovering from suhhealth, according to some medical experts, is
to form good living habits, alternate work with rest, exercise regularly, and
take part in open-air activities. As for meals, people are
advised to eat less salt and sugar. They should also eat more fresh vegetables,
fruits, fish, because they are rich in nutritional (营养的)elements—vitamins, and
trace elements(微量元素)—that are important to the body. Nutrition
experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may
cause unhealthy changes in the digestive tract(消化道). They also say that a
balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding
subhealth.
单选题The idea of traveling forward into the future or back into the past has always fascinated science fiction writers. The " grandfather______" is the argument many people use to suggest that time travel is impossible.
单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}
The most noticeable trend among today's media
companies is vertical integration—an attempt to control several related aspects
of the media business at once, each part helping the other. Besides publishing
magazines and books, Time Warner, for example, owns Home Box Office (HBO),
Warner movie studios, various cable TV systems throughout the United States and
CNN as well. The Japanese company Matsushita owns MCA Records and Universal
Studios and manufactures broadcast production equipment. To
describe the financial status of today's media is also to talk about
acquisitions (并购). The media are buying and selling each other in unprecedented
numbers and forming media groups to position themselves in the marketplace to
maintain and increase their profits. In 1986, the first time a broadcast network
had been sold, two networks were sold that year—ABC and NBC.
Media acquisitions have skyrocketed (剧增) since 1980 for two reasons. The
first is that most big corporations today are publicly traded companies, which
means that their stock is traded on one of the nation's stock exchanges. This
makes acquisitions relatively easy. A media company that wants
to buy a publicly owned company can buy that company's stock when the stock
becomes available. The open availability of stock in these companies means that
anybody with enough money can invest in the American media industries, which is
exactly how Rupert Murdoch joined the media business. The second
reason for the increase in media alliances is that beginning in 1980, the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gradually deregulated (解除管制) the
broadcast media. Before 1980, for example, the FCC allowed one company to own
only five TV stations, five AM radio stations, and five FM radio stations;
companies also were required to hold onto a station for three years before the
station could be sold. The post-1980 FCC eliminated the three-year rule and
raised the number of broadcast holdings allowed for one owner. This trend of
media acquisitions is continuing throughout the 1990s, as changing technology
expands the market for media products. The issue of media
ownership is important. If only a few corporations direct the media industries
in this country, the outlets for differing political viewpoints and innovative
ideas could be limited.
单选题Many parents who welcome the idea of turning off the TV and spending more time with the family are still worried that without TV they would constantly be on call as entertainers for their children. They remember (1) of all sorts of things to do when they were kids, but their own kids seem different, less resourceful, (2) When there's nothing to do, these parents observe (3) , their kids seem unable to (4) any thing to do besides turning on the TV. One father, (5) , says "When I was a kid, we were always thinking up things to do, projects and (6) . We certainly never complained in an (7) way to our parents, 'I have nothing to do!'" He compares this with his own children today: "If someone doesn't entertain them, they'll happily sit there in front of the (8) all day." There is one word for this father's (9) : unfair. It is as if he were disappointed in them for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He deplores his children's (10) of inventiveness, as if the ability to play were something (11) that his children are missing. In fact, while the tendency to play is built into the human species, the actual ability to play—to imagine, to invent, to elaborate on (12) in a playful way—and the ability to gain (13) from it, these are skills that have to be learn ed and developed. Such disappointment, (14) , is not only (15) , it is also destructive. Sensing their parents' disappointment, children come to believe that they are, indeed, lacking something, and that this makes them less worthy of (16) and respect. Giving children the opportunity to develop new (17) , to enlarge their horizons and (18) he pleasures of doing things on their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a (19) feeling about themselves as (20) and interesting people.
单选题Until recently, the main villains of the piece had seemed to be the teachers' unions, who have opposed any sort of reform or accountability. Now they face competition from an unexpectedly destructive force: the court. Fifty years ago, it was the judges who forced the schools to desegregate through Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Now the courts have moved from broad principles to micromanagement, telling schools how much money to spend and where - right down to the correct computer or textbook. Twenty four states are currently Stuck in various court cases to do with financing school systems, and another 21 have only recently settled various suits. Most will start again soon. Only five states have avoided litigation entirely. Nothing exemplifies the power of the courts better than an 11-year-old case that is due to be settled (sort of) in New York City, the home of America's biggest school system with 1. lm students and a budget nearing $13 billion. At the end of this month, three elderly members of the New York bar serving as judicial referees are due to rule in a case brought By the Campaign for Fiscal Equity, a leftish advocacy group, against the state of New York: they will decide how much more must Be spent to provide every New York City pupil with a "sound basic" education. Rare is the politician willing to argue that more money for schools is a bad thing. But are the courts doing any good? Two suspicions arise. First, judges are making a lazy assumption that more money means better schools. As the international results show, the link between "inputs" and "outputs" is vague--something well documented by, among others, the late Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York. Second, the courts are muddling an already muddled system. Over time, they have generally made it harder to get rid of disruptive pupils and bad teachers. The current case could be even worse. The courts have already said that, in order to determine the necessary spending, they may consider everything from class size to the availability of computers, textbooks and even pencils. This degree of intervention is all the more scandalous because the courts have weirdly decided to ignore another set of "inputs"--the archaic work practices of school teachers and janitors. David Schoenbrod and Ross Sandier of New York Law School reckon the demands of the court will simply undermine reform and transform an expensive failure into a more expensive one. And of course, the litigation never ends. Kentucky, for example, is still in court 16 years after the first decision. A lawsuit first filed against New Jersey for its funding of schools in 1981 was "decided" four years later--but it has returned to the court nine times since, including early this year, with each decision pushing the court deeper into the management of the state's schools. Bad iudges are even harder to boot out of school than bad pupils.
单选题The sentence needs ______.A. to improveB. improveC. improvingD. improved
单选题If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not ______.A. have laid there for two hoursB. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours
单选题My calculation was wrong because I overlooked one tiny point.
单选题Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centres of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people' s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought about may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes, Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people travelled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and places in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.
单选题Yesterday we saw a ______ film about the Independence War. A. historied B. historical C. historian D. historic
单选题In a conversation between friends, Americans regard it as sincere and truthful to______.
单选题Failure to control the growth of international debt will also Uconstrain/U living standards.
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单选题Parents have to do much less for their children than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made; washing can be done at the laundry; food can be bought cooked, canned; bread is baked and delivered by the baker; milk arrives on the doorstep; meal can be had at the restaurant, the work's canteen, and the school dining room. It's unusual now for father to pursue(追求)his trade of other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's business, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon gains a feeling Of economic independence (经济上的独立). In textile areas it has been customary for mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now not an unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty- five years. With mother earning and older children drawing wages, father is seldom the most important figure that he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works, economic advantages increase, but children lose something of great value if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.
单选题The girl ______ an English song in the next room is Tom"s sister.
单选题You could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is ______ you ______. A. taking...over B. holding...back C. making...up D. leaving...out
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单选题Many careers require a college degree; some jobs, ________, only require previous experience.
单选题According to the text, the public response to Mr Philips' claim is
单选题This battery needs ______ before you use the little camera. A. to recharge B. being recharged C. recharge D. recharging
单选题Why are "Berlin to Beijing and Boston" mentioned in the last paragraph?
单选题From the hardware implementation point of view, the abstract machine is not organized with ______. A．caches B．buses C．virtual memory D．pipeline
单选题I shouldn't let it bother me. It really doesn't matter anyway. But it does bother me ! All those people are preparing to (21) a new century, a new millennium (千年) as well. And it just isn't (22) ! Most of us schedule our lives by the Gregorian (23) . Our years are measured from the (24) of Christ. The first year of the first century is 1, or 1 A.D. The last year of that century is the year 100. Simple? Yes! A century is 100 (25) long. A millennium is 1,000 years long, which is (26) ten centuries. Since the last year of the first century is the year 100, the first year of the (27) century is 101. Follow that pattern, century by century and you'll get my (28) . The year 2000 is the last year of the twentieth century. After all, (29) thousand means twenty hundreds. Twenty hundred years means twenty centuries. The year 2000 is the (30) , the final, the one that's still here, year of the twentieth century!!!! I know, I'm getting too (31) . But it isn't fair, While most people will really be enjoying this coming (32) celebration, those of us in the know will be yawning. Everyone else will be (33) for the new millennium and we'll be saying, "It's not until next year." I don't agree with the (34) , "Ignorance is bliss." But in this case, perhaps it's (35) .
单选题______ they met each other and became good friends. A．It was in the lake area in the north of the country where B．It was in the lake area in the north of the country C．It was in the lake area in the north of the country which D．It was in the lake area in the north of the country that
单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}
To what extent are the unemployed failing in their
duty to society to work, and how far has the State an obligation to ensure that
they have work to do? It is by now increasingly recognized that
workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control, and
that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress
of the rest of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed
varies sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and
revitalized by the unemployment scare of 1971-1972. Rising unemployment and
increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies
which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the
war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too
little work to go round, so there were arguments about how to produce more work,
how the available work should be shared out, and who was responsible for
unemployment and the unemployed. In 1972 there were critics who
said that the State's action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless
act, a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker. Yet in
the main any contribution by employers to unemployment such as lying off workers
in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profits tended to be
ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honor the
social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of
general concern at the scale to the unemployment statistics, when the unemployed
were considered as individuals, they tended to attract scorn and threats of
punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as
members of society became suspect. Of all the myths of the Welfare State,
stories of the work shy and borrowers have been the least well founded on
evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused
of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed
about the State's obligation either to provide them with the security of work or
to support them through Social Security. Underlying the
arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about
the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be
regarded as a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also
made secure for the worker by the State. and supported if necessary? And apart
from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals
to seek and keep work, so that the workless need work rather than just
cash?
单选题Four broadcasting organizations were ordered by a judge yesterday to give the police the untransmitted film of a riot in Whitechapel, East London, last month.
In a separate move, police have asked 25 print and broadcasting organizations to hand over all photographic and video material of violence at Welling, Kent, 10 days ago, and to provide a full list of reporters and photographers attending.
Media lawyers believe it is the first time that police have demanded such a list. The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) said yesterday that the Metropolitan Police"s action endangered the safety of those reporting outbreaks of disorder.
Judge Gerald Butler ruled in the Whitechapel case at Southwark crown court that public interest demanded the BBC, ITN, Sky News and London News Network should surrender footage of violence. Establishing the guilt or innocence of those involved "for outweighed perceived loss of integrity" of the TV companies.
The violence on September 10 involved 300 mainly Asian demonstrators outside the Royal London Hospital where a man was in a coma following a racist attack. Thirty-one police officers and five members of the public were injured.
Judge Butler said: "This material is crucial to these matters. I do not see how the integrity and impartiality of these involved should be affected when it is an order of the courts."
A spokeswoman for ITN declined to comment on the Southwark case, but said the BBC, ITN and Sky and agreed common guidelines for dealing with police requests for film.
Under the guidelines broadcasters would require a signed statement from police, giving precise details of an alleged offence and the location where it was supposed to have occurred. The guidelines are designed to prevent a general fishing expedition by the police.
INT said: "We do not want to impede or obstruct the course of justice, but we have our impartial reporting and reputation to maintain."
Forty-one demonstrators and 19 police officers were injured in violence at Welting, which erupted when Anti-Nazi League protesters were prevented from marching on a British National Party bookshop. A letter from Detective Inspector Brian George warns editors that failure to hand over material will result in a crown court application under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act.
Tim Gopsill, spokesman for the NUJ, exposed surprise that the police were seeking material from Welling because they had used their own photographers and cameramen to record the march. He accused the police of carrying out a general trawl for material.
At least five photographers had been attacked at Welling, Mr. Gopsill said. Photographers would be put in serious danger if demonstrators believed their pictures were going to be used to prosecute them.
A number of demonstrators who took part in the Trafalgar Square toll tax riot of 1990 were jailed as a result of photographic evidence obtained by police form media organizations.
单选题Anyone who's ever taken a preschooler to the doctor knows they often cry more before the shot than afterward. Now researchers using brain scans to unravel the biology of dread have an explanation: For some people, anticipating pain is truly as bad as experiencing it. How bad? Among people who volunteered to receive electric shocks, almost a third opted for a stronger zap if they could just get it over with, instead of having to wait. More importantly, the research found that how much attention the brain pays to expected pain determines whether someone is an "extreme dreader" —suggesting that simple diversions could alleviate the misery. The research, published in the journal Science ,is part of a burgeoning new field called neu-ro-economics that uses brain imaging to try to understand how people make choices. Until now, most of that work has focused on reward, the things people will do for positive outcomes. "We were interested in the dark side of the equation," explained Dr. Gregory Berns of Emory University, who led the new study. "Dread often makes us make bad decisions.' Standard economic theory says that people should postpone bad outcomes for as long as possible, because something might happen in the interim to improve the outlook. In real life the "just get it over with" reaction is more likely, said Berns, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. He offers a personal example: he usually pays credit card bills as soon as they arrive instead of waiting until they're due,even though "it doesn't make any sense economically." So Berns designed a study to trace dread inside the brain. He put 32 volunteers into an MRI machine while giving them a series of 96 electric shocks to the foot. The shocks varied in intensity, from barely detectable to the pain of a needle jab. Participants were told one was coming, how strong it would be, and how long the wait for it would be, from 1 to 27 seconds. Later, participants were given choices: Would they prefer a medium jolt in 5 seconds or 27 seconds? What about a mild jolt in 20 seconds vs. a sharp one in 3 seconds? When the voltage was identical, the volunteers almost always chose the shortest wait. But those Berns dubbed "extreme dreaders" picked the worst shock if it meant not having to wait as long. The MRI scans showed that a brain network that governs how much pain people feel became active even before they were shocked, particularly the parts of this "pain matrix" that are linked to attention—but not brain regions involving fear and anxiety. The more dread bothered someone, the more attention the pain-sensing parts of the brain were paying to the wait. In other words, the mere information that you're about to feel pain "seems to be a source of misery," George Lowenstein,a specialist in economics and psychology at Carnegie Mellon University, wrote in an accompanying review of the work. "These findings support the idea that the decision to delay or expedite an outcome depends critically on how a person feels while waiting," Lowenstein added. The National Institute on Drug Abuse funded the research. What's the link between dread and drug use? It's indirect, but now that scientists know how healthy people's brains anticipate unpleasant consequences, future studies can compare how drug abusers process such information.
单选题The two astronauts ______ someday hope it is to fly the craft into earth orbit were flight testing.
单选题The Supreme Court ______ the judgment of the lower court in that case last week. A. amplified B. affirmed C. ascended D. applauded
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单选题Among the following works, ______was written by Emily Bronte.
单选题She ______ making tea for us as soon as she let us in. A. set out B. set up C. set off D. set about
单选题Her years at the college were important as she was _______ to many different cultures.
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For most kinds of activities, a large
group of people can accomplish more and have more fun than one person alone. For
example, politicians, businessmen, workers, and{{U}} (31)
{{/U}}criminals know that they must join organizations in order to be{{U}}
(32) {{/U}}. Since there is usually strength in numbers, labor unions
have a more{{U}} (33) {{/U}}influence on wages and company policy than
individual workers{{U}} (34) {{/U}}. A person may also belong to social
clubs and athletic teams{{U}} (35) {{/U}}he or she can meet other people
who are interested in the same activities.{{U}} (36) {{/U}}you have a
hobby, such as playing chess, collecting coins or stamps, or playing a musical
instrument, you should join a club which has{{U}} (37) {{/U}}meetings to
talk about your activity; the other{{U}} (38) {{/U}}will help you learn
more about it. Of course, a group must be well{{U}} (39) {{/U}}, or k
might be a failure. All the members should work together on projects and choose
good leaders to.{{U}} (40) {{/U}}their activities. In this way, the
organization will benefit everyone in it.
单选题You can only fly to London this evening _____ you don`t mind changing planes in Paris.
单选题After World War Ⅱ the glorification of an ever-larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the country's radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP. The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments. The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly, in the food chain. (373 words)Notes: heretic 异教徒。sanitary 卫生的。for the most part 基本上。receptacle 储存地。
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单选题The storm sweeping over this area is sure to cause ______ of vegetables in the coming days. A. rarity B. sufficiency C. scarcity D. invalidity
单选题Had I had a little more money on me, I could have bought ______ more postcards.
单选题The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests gests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli's work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellow Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli's work remained out side of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes. ) The primary reason for Botticelli's unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not Seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro. Another reason for Botticelli's unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art. In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli's work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the' writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli's personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli's work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines-features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves-rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home's emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli's achievements.
单选题In every language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, consist of the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words with which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. They concern the common things of life, and are the goods in trade of all those who speak the language. Such words may be called "popular", since they belong to the whole people; and are not the exclusive possession of a limited class. On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home or in the market-place. Our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our school-mates, but from books that we read, lectures that we bear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in a style raised above the habitual level of everyday life. Such words are called "learned". And the distinction between them and "popular" words is of great importance to a right understanding of the language.
单选题I don’t like to ask people for help as a rule but I wonder if you could______ me a favor.
单选题Who is poor in America? This is a hard question to answer. Despite poverty's messiness, we've measured progress against it by a single statistic: the federal poverty line. In 2008, the poverty threshold was $ 21,834 for a four-member family with two children under 18. By 1his measure, we haven't made much progress. Except for recessions, when the poverty rate can rise to 15 percent, it's stayed in a narrow range for decades. In 2007—the peak of the last business cycle—the poverty rate was 12.5 percent; one out of eight Americans was "poor. " In 1969, another business-cycle peak, the poverty rate was 12.1 percent. But the apparent lack of progress is misleading for two reasons. First, it ignores immigration. Many immigrants are poor and low skilled. They add to the poor. From 1989 to 2007, about three quarters of the increase in the poverty population occurred among Hispanics—mostly immigrants, their children, and grandchildren. The poverty rate for blacks fell during this period, though it was still much too high (24.5 percent in 2007). Poverty "experts" don't dwell on immigration, because it implies that more restrictive policies might reduce U.S. poverty. Second, the poor's material well-being has improved. The official poverty measure obscures this by counting only pretax cash income and ignoring other sources of support. These include the earned-income tax credit (a rebate to low-income workers), food stamps, health insurance (Medicaid), and housing subsidies. Although many poor live hand to mouth, they've participated in rising living standards. In 2005, 91 percent had microwaves, 79 percent air-conditioning, and 48 percent cell phones. The existing poverty line could be improved by adding some income sources and subtracting some expenses (example: child care). Unfortunately, the administration's proposal for a "supplemental poverty measure" in 2011—to complement, not replace, the existing poverty line—goes beyond that. The new poverty number would compound public confusion. It also raises questions about whether the statistic is tailored to favor a political agenda. The "supplemental measure" ties the poverty threshold to what the poorest third of Americans spend on food, housing, clothing, and utilities. The actual threshold not yet calculated—will probably be higher than today's poverty line. Moreover, this definition has strange consequences. Suppose that all Americans doubled their income tomorrow, and suppose that their spending on food, clothing, housing, and utilities also doubled. That would seem to signify less poverty—but not by the new poverty measure. It wouldn't decline, because the poverty threshold would go up as spending went up. Many Americans would find this weird., people get richer, but "poverty" stays stuck. What produces this outcome is a different view of poverty. The present concept is an absolute one: the poverty threshold reflects the amount estimated to meet basic needs. By contrast, the new measure embraces a relative notion of poverty: people are automatically poor if they're a given distance from the top, even if their incomes are increasing.
单选题A. natureB. candleC. dangerD. stranger
单选题The little man was ______ one meter fifty high. A. almost than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as
单选题If it had not rained yesterday, they ______ work on time.
A. would finish
B. will finish
C. would have finished
D. will have finished
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单选题(2002) Don't have him for a friend. He's____a criminal.
单选题The big UK grocery retailer TESCO is testing a database which knows when you like to shop, what's on the list and how much you are likely to spend. It also knows that three-quarters of a store's total profits comes from its top 10% of customers. Data mining—the intensive analysis of statistics—is being combined with micro-marketing—the targeting of small groups of consumers—to cause big changes in the way we spend. The U. S. retailer Wal-Mart now mails out to customers personalised weekly shopping lists with prices, together with a list of little temptations for their taste, budget and stage in life. These developments may have profound effects on the way we bank as well on the way we shop. In perhaps six months a customer will be able to arrive at a supermarket, pick up a bar code reader and wander about the shop, clicking on to whatever he or she wants to buy that week. A member of staff will take the bar code reader, use it to deliver the goods from the warehouse, while the customer goes off for a coffee or to have their hair clone. A 3D body scanner will come into use within a few years. A customer who stands partially clothed in a small room for about 10 seconds, can have his physical stature mapped to an accuracy of 1 millimeter. Then he or she can shop from home, with a television remote control device, flicking through the latest catalogue of offerings from a retailer. Fancy that outfit for yourself? A click of the button, and there you are, on the television screen, wearing it. Like to see it in another color? Click. Just got to have it? Another click to call up the Internet banking connection, and you have bought and paid for it, and a courier will deliver tomorrow. The revolution does not stop there. Mr. Treleaven, an expert in artificial intelligence and so- called neural networks, can tie together your current preferences, sprinkle with a little knowledge of how you are likely to age and predict your spending patterns for the rest of your life. Is it too intrusive—an invasion of privacy? "In fact just the opposite," says Mr. Treleaven. "People welcome the chance to be given valuable assistance in some of the humdrum chores of our time, and avoid being targeted by the irritations of intrusive advertising. The store owner will become the friend who gives valuable information to you.
单选题We are going on the ______ that the work will he finished tomorrow.
单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best
word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSER SHEET 1.
Divorce is the act by which a valid
marriage is dissolved, usually freeing the parties to remarry. In regions
in {{U}}(1) {{/U}}ancient {{U}}(2) {{/U}} authority still
predominates, divorce may be {{U}}(3) {{/U}} and rare, especially when,
as among Roman Catholics and Hindus, the religious {{U}}(4) {{/U}} views
marriage {{U}}(5) {{/U}} indissoluble. Custom, {{U}}(6) {{/U}},
may make divorce a simple matter in {{U}}(7) {{/U}} societies.
{{U}}(8) {{/U}} some Pueblo Indian tribes a woman could divorce her
husband {{U}}(9) {{/U}} leaving his moccasins on the doorstep. The
{{U}}(10) {{/U}} of individual determination and mutual {{U}}(11)
{{/U}} are making divorce {{U}}(12) {{/U}} acceptable in the
{{U}}(13) {{/U}} parts of the world. Among premodern
societies, the rate of marital stability is difficult to {{U}}(14)
{{/U}} {{U}}(15) {{/U}} the varying definitions of {{U}}(16)
{{/U}} and divorce. It seems to be broadly true {{U}}(17) {{/U}}
wherever divorce is a legal impossibility the wedding is a well-defined event
conducted with {{U}}(18) {{/U}} formality. The {{U}}(19) {{/U}}
principle does not hold true: elaborate marriage ceremonial is quite compatible
with high divorce rates. Many anthropologists agree that divorce is generally
more permissible in matrilineal societies {{U}}(20) {{/U}} in
patrilineal ones, in which the procreative and sexual rights of the bride are
often symbolically transferred to the husband with the payment of
bride-price.
单选题Water power stations are built ______ big water falls． A．where there are B．where there have C．which has D．which are
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All the people who went to the new
supermarket had one great hope: to be the lucky customer who did not have to pay
for his shopping. For this was what the notice just inside the entrance
promised. It said, "Remember, once a week, one of our customers gets free goods.
This may be your lucky day!" For several weeks Mrs. White
hoped, like many of her friends, to be the lucky customer. Unlike her friends,
however, she never lost heart. Her kitchen was full of things which she did not
really need. Her husband tried again and again to persuade her to give it up,
but she just wouldn't listen. She dreamed of the day when the manager of the
supermarket would come up to say, "Madam, this is your lucky day. Everything in
your basket today is free." One Friday morning, after she had
finished her shopping and had taken it to her car, she found that she had
forgotten to buy some tea. She rushed back to the supermarket, got the tea and
went to the desk to pay for it. As she was walking, she saw the manager of the
supermarket coming up. "Madam," he said warmly, holding out his hand, "I
want to congratulate you! You are our lucky customer today. Everything you've
got in your basket is free."
单选题Li Ping was born ______.A. in the year 1984, at 10a. m. on June 18thB. on June 18th at 10a. m. in the year 1984C. at 10a. m. in the year 1984 on June 18thD. at 10a. m. on June 18th in the year 1984
单选题What is following is the cause that will make the Olympic Games suspect and no longer worth watching?
单选题when he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein ______
单选题Text 3 For the generation that grew up during the feminist revolution and the rapid social change of the 1960s and 1970s, it at first seemed achievement enough just to "make it" in a man's world. But coupled with their ambition, today's women have developed a fierce determination to find new options for being both parent and professional without sacrificing too much to either role or burning themselves out beyond redemption. Women have done all of the accommodating in terms of time, energy, and personal sacrifice that is humanly possible, and still they have not reached true integration in the workplace. For a complicated set of reasons—many beyond their control—they feel conflict between their careers and their children. All but a rare few quickly dispel the myth that superwoman ever existed. For many women, profession and family are pitted against one another on a high stakes collision course. Women's values are stacked against the traditions of their professions. In the home, men and women struggle to figure out how dual-career marriages should work. Role conflict for women reaches far beyond the fundamental work/family dilemma to encompass a whole constellation of fiercely competing priorities. Women today find themselves in an intense battle with a society that cannot let go of a narrowly defined work ethic that is supported by a family structure that has not existed for decades. The unspoken assumption persists that there is still a woman at home to raise the children and manage the household. But the economic reality is that most people, whether in two-parent or single-parent families, need to work throughout their adult lives. As a consequence, the majority of today's mothers are in the labor market. The first full-fledged generation of women in the professions did not talk about their overbooked agenda or the toll it took on them and their families. They knew that their position in the office was shaky at best. With virtually no choice in the matter, they bought into the traditional notion of success in the workplace—usually attained at the high cost of giving up an involved family life. If they suffered self-doubt or frustration about how hollow professional success felt without complementary rewards from the home, they blamed themselves—either for expecting too much or for doing too little. And they asked themselves questions that held no easy answers. Am I expecting too much? Is it me? Am I alone in this dilemma? Do other women truly have it all? Until now, this has been a private dilemma, unshared, as each woman was left to forge her own unique solution to merging her dual loyalties to work and family. Too often she felt that she alone had failed to achieve a comfortable balance between the two.
单选题In his ______to further knowledge of the universe, man has now begun to explore space.
单选题My wealthy aunt exceeds the trait of being economical. She is so ______ that she washes paper plates to be used again.
单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}
Already lasers can obliterate skin
blemishes, topically applied drugs can smooth facial lines and injected agents
can remove deep wrinkles. Future products will be faster, better and longer
lasting. "New substances will be developed by entrepreneurs," says Brian Mayou,
an aesthetic plastic surgeon, "that will be more successful than liquid silicone
that we use today to eradicate wrinkles." The next major breakthrough, says Mel
Braham, plastic surgeon and chief executive of the Harley Medical Group, will be
laser treatment that needs no recovery period. Nicholas Lowe,
clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Los Angeles, adds: "There
will be more efficient anti-oxidants to help reduce sun damage and aging. There
will also be substances that increase the production of new collagen and elastic
tissue to maintain the elasticity of youthful skin." Lee
Shreider, a research cosmetic chemist, says that we may be able to look better
without any kind of operation as semi-permanent make-up gets better. "Crooked
noses will be improved by effectively sealing on shaded colors that either
enhance or subdue areas of the face. We will be able to straighten eyebrows and
lips making the face more metrical—which remains one of the keys to beauty, and
even close blocked pores with permanent, custom-designed foundation."
The development of the safe Sun tan is a potential gold mine. Being
researched at the University of Arizona, but a long way from reality, is the
injectable tan. Professor Lowe is optimistic: "There will almost certainly be a
safe way of developing a sunless tan that protects against sun damage. In animal
research, we've applied creams to guinea pigs that can actually 'turn on' some
of the genes that produce pigmentation without any sunlight
exposure."
单选题 For American parents, bargain prices for toys this holiday
season qualify as good news: A Barbie fan who rose before dawn for Wal-Mart's
Black Friday sale could secure the "Barbie Diamond Castle Princess Liana Doll"
for $5-royally marked down from its regular retail price. At Target, a
radiocontrolled helicopter cost a mere $15. The price wars were enough to draw
consumers out of their bunkers (碉堡) for their first shopping outing in
months. But wrapped up with those cheap toys are ominous
economic omens for both sides of the Pacific. The rock-bottom prices show how
desperate US retailers are to plump up weak consumer demand—a symptom of the
ailing US economy and a serious problem for China, which makes nine of every 10
toys sold in American stores. The toy industry has played a
major role in China's economic surge (猛增) over the past 30 years. But Chinese
toy makers began feeling the economic squeeze well before the US recession was
made official in late November. The volume of Chinese toys passing through eight
major US ports was down 5.9 percent in the first nine months in 2008, compared
to the same period in 2007, according to economic forecasters IHS Global
Insight, which tracks the information for the National Federation of
Retailers. China's new labor contract law which imposed
stricter conditions and compensation for layoffs of temporary workers took
effect in 2007, increasing costs for manufacturers that rely heavily on migrants
on production lines, including toy makers and other labor-intensive
manufacturers based mainly in southern Guangdong province. Toy makers also were
hard hit by the rising price of oil, which surged to more than $140 a barrel in
June, and in turn sharply increased the price of plastic.
Industry sources say the toy makers saw profits squeezed to the point where many
tried to renegotiate contracts with buyers—especially major US players like
Wal-Mart. When they discovered the buyers wouldn't move even slightly on the
purchase agreements, many simply decided to close their factories. "Over half
(of the factories) that have closed had negotiated a price, then when they
couldn't get the retailer to move (on the price), they wouldn't make it at a
loss and closed down," said Britt Beemer, a retail strategist and founder of
America's Research Group. To be sure, some of the factories
that were shut down were small shops that employed only a few dozen workers. And
the contraction is to some degree a natural consolidation process in an industry
that is overbuilt.
单选题Trade with Britain and the West Indies allowed colonial seaports such as Boston to ______.(2010年北京航空航天大学考博试题)
单选题Passage Five Luckily, the back tires of their car stayed on the road. Otherwise, the young couple would have driven right into a pit twenty feet wide and thirty feet deep! The man and woman were coming home from a party. They were enjoying the landscape around Swansea, Wales. Suddenly, they found the front of their car leaning into a huge hole. The ear barely hung onto the edge of the pit. It swayed back and forth like the arm of a balance. In their precarious position, the couple knew that each movement they made could be a matter of life and death. Slowly, slowly, they edged toward the backseat. Then each opened a back door. And on the count of three, they jumped out together. The accident was so scary that they ran a long way before they calmed down. But later they returned to see what had happened. They found that a big chunk of the road had sunk into the ground ! And at the bottom of the pit lay their ear--roof down and wheels up. Was this mystery of the sunken road ever solved? It turned out that an abandoned mine shaft lay under the road. It had collapsed and taken the pavement with it. Layers of tunnels intersect beneath the city of Swansea. The tunnels were built so many years ago that no one knows where they end or begin. The tunnels are shaky, like those that ants build in the sand. No one knows when the entire city might collapse.
单选题I get asked about what individuals can do to stay current in a world that somehow keeps and repeating pattems all at the same time. A. transforming B. distorting C. converting D. contorting
单选题My problem with food began when I graduated from high school. About that time, I began eating out a lot. There were two fast-food restaurants near the place where I worked, so I ate lunch at one or the other almost every day. I found it much easier to go to a fast-food restaurant than to prepare my own lunch.
When I moved away from home my eating habits got worse. I didn"t know how to cook, and I didn"t have much money; but my favorite fast-food restaurant was just two blocks away. Eating there seemed like the easiest and cheapest option. In addition to eating the wrong kind of food, I ate way too much. I wasn"t satisfied with a standard fast-food meal. I ordered more French fries, a larger soft drink, and an extra hamburger—whatever I could afford—in the largest size available.
The turning point came when I was in my late 20"s. I started thinking more seriously about my health. I was overweight. I felt sluggish all the time, and I lacked self-confidence. I knew that I needed to make changes. So I began to try to get my eating under control.
I took a gradual approach. First, I reduced the amount of food I ate. 1 would tell myself, "This isn"t my last meal; I can always eat again." At times I literally had to walk away from the dinner table. But I felt good afterward, as if I had won a victory.
Besides I had to give up something completely. For example, I eliminated soft drinks and drank only water. That was difficult. I loved soft drinks, and I hated water. After I drank a glass of water, I would take a small cup of juice, which put some flavor in my mouth. After a while, water itself became more appealing.
Now I still do go out to eat occasionally. But when I do, I control how much I eat. If the portion I"m served is too big, I ask for a take-out box. Then I put half of the meal in the box before I start eating. That way, I consume a reasonable portion instead of eating.
单选题The cost is going (21) for just about everything, and college tuition is no exception. According to a nationwide survey (22) by the College Board's Scholarship Service, (23) at most American universities will be (24) of 9 percent higher this year over last. The biggest increase will occur at private colleges. Public colleges, heavily subsidized by tax funds, will also (25) their tuition, but the increase will be a few percentage points (26) than their privately sponsored neighbors. (27) a follow-up, the United Press international did their own study (28) Massachus-setts Institute of Technology. At M. I. T. advisors recommended (29) students have $ 8,900 (30) for one year's expenses, including $ 5,300 (31) tuition, $ 2,685 for room and (32) , $ 630 for personal expenses, and $ 285 for books and supplies. Ten years ago the tuition (33) only $ 2,150. To (34) that another way, the cost has climbed 150 percent in the last (35) .
单选题The author's tone in the text may best be summarized as that of
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单选题The book shows a remarkable______of knowledge.
单选题Pneumonia is closely related to ______.
单选题All the housewives who went to the new supermarket had one great ambition: to be the lucky customer who did not have to pay for her shopping. For this was what the notice just inside the entrance promised. It said: "Remember, once a week, one of our customers gets free goods. This May Be Your Lucky Day!"
For several weeks Mrs. Edwards hoped, like many of her friends, to be the lucky customer. Unlike her friends, she never gave up hoping. The cupboards in kitchen were full of things which she did not need. Her husband tried to advise her against buying things but failed. She dreamed of the day when the manager of the supermarket would approach her and say: "Madam, this is Your Lucky Day. Everything in your basket is free."
One Friday morning, alter she had finished her shopping and had taken it to her car, she found that she had forgotten to buy any tea. She dashed back to the supermarket, got the tea and went towards the cash-desk. As she did so, she saw the manager of the supermarket approach her. "Madam," he said, holding out his hand, "I want to congratulate you! You are our lucky customer and everything you have in your basket is free!"
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单选题Doctors recommend Vitamin C for keeping colds ______bay.
单选题The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier — that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Not only was Turner's thesis influential at the time, it was later adopted and elaborated by other scholars, such as John D. Hicks in The Populist Revolt (1931). Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. In the 1890's, when agrarian discontent had become most acute, 1, 100,000 new farms were settled, which was 500, 000 more than had been settled during the previous decade. After 1890, under the terms of the Homestead Act and its successors, more new land was taken up for farming than had been taken up for this purpose in the United States up until that time. It is true that a high proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands. The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened and the first transcontinental railroad in the United States was completed. An extensive network of telegraph and telephone communications was spun: Europe was connected by submarine cable with the United States in 1866 and with South America in 1874. By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. As a consequence, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870's and the 1890's, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. Those staple-growing farmers in the United States who exhibited the greatest discontent were those who had become most dependent on foreign markets for the sale of their products. Insofar as Americans had been deterred from taking up new land for farming, it was because market conditions had made this period a perilous time in which to do so.
单选题Trapped miners dramatically
emerged
after 69 days of underground imprisonment.
单选题We should critically ______ whatever is beneficial in literature and arts from western countries.
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单选题5 Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits" between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that on line visits will mean employees won't have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to fol low up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies. Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough un paid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are in terested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid," says Stifling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work. " In the pilot program, physicians will get $ 20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit. Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" ques tions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treat ment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit. Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require stethoscope to discover what's wrong and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a "very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic. The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Healing", notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the "Web visits" succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satis fied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.
单选题For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.
But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.
Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.
Many first-generation students "struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the "rules of the game," and take advantage of college resources," they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don"t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students" educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve.
单选题A. dearB. hearC. earlyD. fear
单选题Since Wallerstein's study, ______.
单选题[此试题无题干]
单选题— I'm ______ sorry to have put you into so much trouble. — It doesn't matter.A. extremelyB. extensivelyC. tooD. much
单选题The passage ends with ______.
单选题American society is not nap (午睡) friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. ""There"s even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep. " Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb: "Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven. "
Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. "We have to totally change our attitude toward napping," says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.
Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an "American sleep debt" which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness, people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, president Clinton is trying to take a half hour snooze (打瞌睡) every afternoon.
About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have "a midafternoon quiet phase" also called "a secondary sleep gate. " Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap.
We Superstars of Snooze don"t nap to replace lost shut eye or to prepare for a night shift. Rather, we "snack" on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, cars, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums.
单选题The teacher told the students that the Earth______round the Sun.
单选题I recognized John ______ he entered the room. A. hardly B. the minute C. no sooner D. at once
单选题He was Uurgent/U in his demands.
单选题More than 6,000 children were expelled (开除) from US school last year for bringing guns and bombs to school, the US Department of Education said on May 8. The department gave a report to the expulsions (开除) as saying handguns accounted for 58% of the 6,093 expulsions in 1996—1997, against 7% for rifles (步枪) or shotguns and 35% for other types of firearms. "The report is a clear sign that our nation's public schools are cracking down (严惩) on students who bring guns to school," Education Secretary Richard Riley said in a statement. In March 1997, an 11-year old boy and a 13-year old boy using handguns and rifles shot dead four children and a teacher at a school in Arkansas. In October, two were killed and seven wounded in a shooting at a Mississippi school. Two months later, a 14-year old boy killed three high school students and wounded five in Kentucky. Most of the expulsions, 56%, were from high school, 34% were from junior high schools and 9% were from elementary schools, the report said.
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单选题Economists believe that job earnings influence choice of occupation. They acknowledge that people place varying emphasis【C1】______income, but point out that workers tend to move from one occupation to another【C2】______changes in salaries. In 1931, H. F. Clark, an economist, stated that " proper information regarding wages if sufficiently【C3】______upon people, will lead to correct choice of occupation and correct【C4】______of people in an occupation, provided barriers to occupations have been removed. " This means that the supply and demand of workers have【C5】______to do with wages, 【C6】______in turn influence people to choose certain careers. However, all barriers to occupations will have to be removed【C7】______career choices can be【C8】______by economics alone. There is little question【C9】______economic factors have some influence on choice of an occupation. But to picture them as the major or most important reason【C10】______against the soundest of folk wisdom: " Man does not live by bread alone. "
单选题A. theyB. thisC. thatD. thing
单选题Mrs. John always reads fashion magazines in order to ______ the latest fashion.
单选题He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered ______ bordering on hostility.
单选题Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?(西安交大2008研)
单选题The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept "sense of trust" is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child's satisfying experiences at this early age. Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy. Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that "Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc. " Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion. Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected. It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react do badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment's notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age. We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers' encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children's needs and by their overall attitude.
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单选题He is a funny-looking man with______cheerful face and always encourages______ free-thinking in______young.
单选题Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs?
单选题Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn't conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That's one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.