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单选题The cognitive approach to literature does not include______
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单选题The problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.
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单选题This job ______, who are more careful.
单选题American society is not nap (午睡) friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. "There's even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep". Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb: "Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven." Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. "We have to totally change our attitude toward napping", says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research. Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an "American sleep debt" which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness: people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, president Clinton is trying to take a half hour snooze (打瞌睡) every afternoon. About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have "a midafternoon quiet phase" also called "a secondary sleep gate." Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap. We Superstars of Snooze don't nap to replace lost shut eye or to prepare for a night shift, Rather, we "snack" on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, ears, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums.
单选题Those areas rely on agriculture almost ______, having few mineral resources and a minimum of industrial development. A. respectively B. exclusively C. incredibly D. extraordinarily
单选题The author implies
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单选题Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.
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单选题Woman: I'm going to ask the neighbors to turn the music down. I can't
hear myself think. Man: Do you really think it makes any
difference to them? Question: What does the man imply?
A. She should move to another place.
B. The neighbors probably won't turn down the music.
C. He wants to listen to different music.
D. He doesn't think the music is particularly loud.
单选题The car was running so fast that it crashed into the truck and the driver was killed ______the spot.
单选题He moved away from his parents, and missed them enjoy ______ the exciting life in New York. A. enough to B. too much to C. very much to D. much so as to
单选题Users tend to buy a computer that Uconforms/U to the manufacturer's advertising claims.
单选题Man. Do you think you can manage this on your own? Woman: I think so, but it would help if we could go over the procedure one more time. Question: What does the woman mean?
单选题There's not much milk left but I think there's just ______ for our breakfast.
单选题The kids are hanging out. I pass small bands of students, in my way to work these mornings. They have become a familiar part of the summer landscape. These kids are not old enough for jobs. Nor are they rich enough for camp. They are school children without school. The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago. Once supervised by teachers and principals, they now appear to be in "self care". Passing them is like passing through a time zone. For much of history, after all, Americans arranged the school year around the needs of work and family. In 19th-century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a day, 11 months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off to work the crops. Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children work, but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school bus. The six-hour day, the 180-day school year is regarded as something holy. But when parents work an eight-hour day and a 240-day year, it means something different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means that, in the summer, they hang out. "We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and the realities of family life," says Dr. Ernest Boyer, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching." Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable. "School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been. " His is not a popular idea. Schools are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can they be asked to meet the needs of our work and family lives? It may be easier to promote a longer school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is compelling. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids' lack of learning, the United States still has a shorter school year than any industrial nation. In most of Europe, the school year is 220 days. In Japan, it is 240 days long. While classroom time alone doesn't produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes more time. The long summers of forgetting take a toll. The opposition to a longer school year comes from families that want to and can provide other experiences for their children. It comes from teachers. It comes from tradition. And surely from kids. But the most important part of the conflict has been over the money.
单选题HOTEL LEAFLET Read the information provided in a room leaflet from The Barclay Hotel in New York. YOUR ROOM AT A GLANCE INSTANT SERVICE To make your stay more enjoyable, Instant Service is available "around the clock" for any requests. WAKE-UP SERVICE Please contact Instant Service. IN-ROOM BAR Your private bar is stocked daily with a variety of drinks and snacks. Items removed are automatically charged to your account. A menu with pricing is located in your room. THE INTERNET Your room is equipped with high speed Internet access. A daily access fee will be assessed to your account. EXPRESS CHECK-OUT For a fast and effortless check-out, please utilize our voicemail check-out by dialing extension 4510 and leave your name and room number. IN-ROOM COFFEE Complimentary coffee is replenished daily in your room. Keurig-makers have directions located on the front of the machine. If further assistance is required please dial Instant Service. Complimentary coffee and tea is also served in the Lobby from 6:00AM to 7:00AM. FITNESS CENTER The Fitness Center offers an assortment of cardio and weight training equipment. Available 24 hours a day with a guestroom key card access on the third floor. Access to the steam room and sauna are available from 6:00AM to 8:00PM. IN-ROOM SAFE The safe can be programmed with a personalized four-digit pin code for each use. Please see detailed instructions located in the safe. Alternatively, safe deposit boxes are available at the Reception Desk. HOUSEKEEPING SERVICE Your room is serviced daily between 8:30AM and 2:30PM Monday through Friday; between 9:00AM and 3:00PM Saturday, Sunday and Holidays. For fresh towels after service hours, please dial Instant Service. LAUNDRY & SHOE SHINE Please find instructions in your closet for Laundry, Pressing and Dry Cleaning Service. For Shoe Shine Service, please contact Instant Service for pick-up. ENTERTAINMENT For your viewing pleasure we are pleased to offer a selection of pay per view movies and entertainment options. To view these and other options, press the menu button on the remote control.
单选题Speaker A: I thought you were going to the conference in USA last Saturday.
Speaker B: ______, but I haven"t been feeling well, so I stayed home.
单选题According to a prominent philosopher intolerance is a/an ______ to understanding.
单选题Reporters rushed to the Airport after the CNN reported that nine passengers ______ by a "terrorist" on the plane.
单选题Despite what I'd been told about the local people's attitude to strangers, ______ did I encounter any rudeness. A. at no time B. in no time C. at any time D. at some time
单选题It was very ______ of you not to play the piano while I was having a sleep.
单选题Lewis withdrew from administration to devote himself to teaching.
单选题Mr. Smith recently has ______ tennis to relax himself in spare time.
单选题He often ______ of having close connections with some famous pop singers.
单选题Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remains ______.
单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the from fall to winter. A. transmission B. transformation C. transition D. transfer
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单选题The water we drink and use is running short in the world. We all have to learn how to stop wasting our limited water. One of the steps we should take is to find ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field.
Today in most large cities, fresh water is used only once, then it runs into waste system. But it is possible to pipe the used water to a purifying factory. There it can be filtered and treated with chemicals so that it can be used again, just as it were fresh from a spring.
But even if every large city purified and reused its water, we still would not have enough. Then we could turn to the oceans. All we"d have to do to make use of the seawater on earth is to get rid of the salt. This process is called desalinization, and it is already in use in many parts of the world.
单选题Dr. William C. Stokoe, Jr., was the chairman of the English Department at Gallaudet University. He saw the way deaf people communicated and was extremely (21) . He was a hearing person, and signs of the deaf were totally new to him. Dr. Stokoe decided to propose a study of sign language. Many other teachers were not interested, and thought Dr. Stokoe was (22) to think about studying sign language. Even deaf teachers were not very interested in the project. However, Dr. Stokoe did not give up. (23) , he started the Linguistics Research Program in'1957. Stokoe and his two deaf assistants, worked (24) this project during the summer and after school. The three (25) made films of deaf people signing. The deaf people in the films did not understand (26) the research was about and were just trying to be nice to Dr. Stokoe. Many people thought the whole project was silly, but (27) agreed with Dr. Stokoe in order to please him. Stokoe and his (28) studied the films of signing. They (29) the films and tried to see patterns in the signs. The results of the research were (30) : the signs used by all of the signers (31) certain linguistic rules. Dr. Stokoe was the first linguist to test American Sign Language (32) a real language. He published the (33) in 1960,but not many people paid attention to the study. Dr. Stokoe was still (34) —he was the only linguist who (35) that sign language was more than gestures. He knew it was a language of its own and not just another form of English.
单选题Thepillmymothergaveme______mytoothache.
单选题The English Reformation began with______.
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单选题Sunny Monday skies will ______ a shield of clouds by sunset. A. give space to B. give place to C. give path to D. give way to
单选题Howmanyrequirementsarethereforonewhowantstobeacceptedtotheprogram?
___________________________________.
单选题I parked my car right here but now it's gone. It ______.A. must be stolenB. may be stolenC. must have stolenD. must have been stolen
单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}
Sea horses are unusual parents. The
female sea horses lay the eggs, but unlike other creatures, it's the males that
give birth to the young. Male sea horses have a fold of skin on
their bellies that forms pocket, called a brood pouch. During the breeding
season, the sea horse's pouch swells to receive eggs. A female sea horse lays up
to 200 eggs at a time in the pouch. Then she swims off, leaving her male partner
to care for the developing eggs and give birth to young sea horses. The female
will return everyday to check on her mate and the eggs, but she doesn't stay
long, nor does she take part in the birth. It takes from two to
six weeks for the eggs in the male's pouch to develop. During this time the male
avoids open water and hides in sea grass. His big pouch makes it difficult for
him to swim, so the male often uses his tail to grasp a piece of sea grass.
Firmly gripping the grass, he will stay perfectly still for hours or even days.
The male sea horse will change his color to blend with his surroundings and
avoid being seen by predators who will try to eat him or poke holes in his pouch
to get the eggs. The eggs hatch inside the male's pouch. When
the babies begin moving around, the male sea horse knows it's time for them to
be born. He grabs a sea grass stem with his tail and begins rocking, bending,
and stretching his body so that the rest of the babies can be born. Sometimes he
has to press his pouch against a rock Or some stiff seaweed to force the young
out. Sea horse babies are born in groups of five or more.
Sometimes it takes two days for the father sea horse to give birth to all his
young. He is very tired when it's over. Soon after giving birth
to one brood, the male will approach his mate and show her his empty pouch. This
tells her he is ready to receive eggs again.
单选题The author's opinion upon the development of Wal-Mart is
单选题I wish I ______ you yesterday.
单选题______ shipment, please amend the L/C to allow transshipment. A．Regarding to B．Covering to C．Concerning D．Referring
单选题On the grounds of Wimbledon, a year-round museum is devoted to the joys and history of the sport—and one of their current exhibits showcases Ted Tinling, the popular and
controversial
designer of tennis dresses.
单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}}
A very important world problem, if not
the most serious of all the great world problems which affect us at the moment,
is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited
amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge
population if it continues to grow at its present rate. In an
early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited the earth.
Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing fast—by the staggering
figure of 90 million in 1988 alone. This means that the world must accommodate a
new population roughly equal to that of the United States and Canada every three
years! Even though the rate of growth has begun to slow down, most experts
believe the population size will still pass eight billion during the next 50
years. So why is this huge increase in population taking place?
It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming
known as "Death Control". You have no doubt heard of the term "Birth Control"—"
Death Control" is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the
doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would
have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of
technological innovations that include farming methods and sanitation, as well
as the control of these deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate
at which we die—creating a population explosion. We used to think that reaching
seventy years old was a remarkable achievement, but now eighty or even ninety is
becoming recognized as the normal life-span for humans. In a sense, this
represents a tremendous achievement for our species. Biologically this is the
very definition of success and we have undoubtedly become the dominant animal on
the planet. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to
mankind. Man is constantly destroying the very resources which
keep him alive. He is destroying the balance of nature which regulates climate
and the atmosphere, produces and maintains healthy soils, provides food from the
seas, etc. In short, by only considering our needs of today we are ensuring
there will be no tomorrow. An understanding of man's effect on
the balance of nature is crucial to be able to find the appropriate remedial
action. It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion
are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough
to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an
area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries
do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer
countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole.
The birth of a baby in, for example, Japan, imposes more than a hundred
times the amount of stress on the world's resources as a baby in India. Most
people in India do not grow up to own cars or air-conditioners—nor do they eat
the huge amount of meat and fish that the Japanese child does. Their life-styles
do not require vast quantities of minerals and energy. Also, they are aware of
the requirements of the land around them and try to put something back into
nature to replace what they take out. For example, tropical
forests are known to be essential to the balance of nature yet we are destroying
them at an incredible rate. They are being cleared not to benefit the natives of
that country, but to satisfy the needs of richer countries. Central American
forests are being destroyed for pastureland to make pet food in the United
States cheaper; in Papua New Guinea, forests are destroyed to supply cheaper
cardboard packaging for Japanese electronic products; in Burma and Thailand,
forests have been destroyed to produce more attractive furniture in Singapore
and Japan. Therefore, a rich person living thousands of miles away may cause
more tropical forest destruction than a poor person living in the forest
itself. In short then, it is everybody's duty to safeguard the future
of mankind-not only through population control, but by being more aware of the
effect his actions have on nature. Nature is both fragile and powerful. It is
very easily destroyed; on the other hand, it can so easily destroy its most
aggressive enemy—man.
单选题Victory is just ______
单选题The strange close understanding between twins is a familiar enough phenomenon. Often they seem to understand each other and share each other"s emotions to such an extent that one suspects some kind of thought communication.
What is not so widely known is that this special relationship often acts as brake on twins" intellectual development. As they are partly isolated in their own private world, twins communicate less with adults than do other children. The verbal ability of a four-year-old twin is typically six months behind that of a non-twin. The problem can be particularly severe in an underprivileged family, a one-parent family for example, where there is little stimulation for children anyway.
Such children, while capable of mutual comprehension in a private language, often remain incomprehensible to outsiders and thus at a severe educational disadvantage. The only solution to the problem, cruel though it may seem, is to separate the twins thus forcing them to acquire ordinary speech helped and guided by sympathetic parents and teachers.
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单选题With the Met Office predicting a summer heatwave, Macmillan Cancer Relief this week (1) its customary warning about the sun's ultravioiet rays: (2) , it says, for the huge rise in skin cancers affecting 70,000 people a year. (3) a hat and long-sleeved shirt, it advises, keep in the (4) in the middle of the day, and slap (5) suncream with a protection factor of 15 or above. We all know it (6) ; it's the message that's been drummed into us for the past 20 years. Too much sun (7) . But now there's a fly in the suntan lotion, complicating the message's clarity. It comes (8) a thin, quietly-spoken and officially retired Nasa scientist, Professor William Grant, who says that sun doesn't kill; in act, it does us the world of (9) . What's killing us, he says, is our (10) with protecting ourselves from skin cancer. Grant is trying to turn the scientific world (11) down. Talking to me on a trip to Britain this week, he (12) his startling--and at first appearance off-the-wall new calculation that (13) excessive exposure to the sun is costing 1,600 deaths a year in the UK from melanoma skin cancers, (14) exposure to the sun is the cause of 25,000 deaths a year from cancer generally. In other words, one sixth of all cancer deaths could be prevented (15) we sunned ourselves a little more; in comparison, the melanoma (16) is insignificant. The reason is vitamin D. Grant, the director of the Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Centre (SUNARC) he (17) in California a year ago, says that he and other scientists have (18) vitamin D deficiency as a key cause (19) 17 different types of cancer including melanoma, osteoporosis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis and other neurological (20) .
单选题(2008)Letters of apology should be written and sent______.
单选题The salon was the most elegant room Madeline had ever seen, despite its ______.
单选题The upshot of all this was that travelling had become precarious.
单选题I was curious______he would say and do next.
单选题What a pretty house, ______ ?
单选题The strong storm did a lot of damage to the coastal villages: severa; fishing boats were _____ and many houses collapsed.
单选题The Aleuts, residing on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof Islands, and the Alaskan peninsula have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Venation selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut vocabulary and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage. The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages. To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut parents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect. Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity. The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. From the wording of many regulations, it appears that American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans. Gradually despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation, away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression.
单选题Cats, according to the author, ______.
单选题In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition (学会) of each new skill--the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德). Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.
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单选题Facing growing costs and shrinking tax _____, the government is now threatening to cut funding for environmental protection programs.
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单选题When {{U}}squashed{{/U}} the stem and the leaves of the jewelweed exude a
juice that soothe some skin irritations.
A. boiled
B. aged
C. crushed
D. chopped
单选题In the 1960s, many young Americans were dissatisfied with American society. They wanted to end the Vietnam War and to make all the people in the U.S. equal. Some of them de tided to "drop out" of American society and form their own societies. They formed utopian communities, which they called "communes", where they could follow their philosophy of "do your own thing". A group of artists founded a commune in southern Colorado called "Drop City". Following the ideas of philosopher and architect Buckminster Fuller, they built dome- shaped house from pieces of old cars. Other groups, such as author Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, the followers of San Francisco poet Steve Gaskin, and a group that called itself the Hog Farm, lived in old school buses and travelled around the United States. The Hog Farm became famous when they helped organize the Woodstock Rock Festival in 1969. Steve Gaskin's followers tried to settle down on a farm in Tenessee, but they had to leave when some members of the group were arrested for growing marijuana. Not all communes believed in the philosophy of "do your own thing" however; Twin Oaks, a commune founded in Virginia in the late 1960s, was based on the ideas of psychologist B. F. Skinner. The people who lived at Twin Oaks were carefully controlled by Skinner's "conditioning" techniques to do things that were good for the community. In 1972,Italian architect Paolo Soleri began to build Arcosanti, a utopian city in Arizona where 2,500 people will live closely together in one large building called an "archaeology". Soleri believes that people must live closely together so that they will all become one.
单选题A lot of people worked long hours because high unemployment meant that they could easily be______.
单选题Be careful when you talk to your boss. He is in a very bad ______today.
单选题Most people who develop Lyme disease, a tick-borne infection that's endemic in parts of the Northeast and Midwest, are easily cured by taking an antibiotic like doxycycline for a couple of weeks. But for years a debate has raged over what to do about patients whose symptoms (fatigue, mental confusion, joint pain) never seem to clear up. One small but vocal group of doctors and patient advocates believes that Lyme's corkscrew-shaped spirochetes have tunneled deep into their victims' bodies and can be eradicated only with intensive antibiotic treatment over many months. Another group believes, just as adamantly, that the bacteria are long gone, making further treatment with powerful antibiotics—which can lead to potentially fatal infections or blood clots—positively dangerous. Now comes word of two studies in the New England Journal of Medicine that show that long-term antibiotic treatment is no better than a placebo for folks with chronic Lyme disease. Originally scheduled for publication in July, the research is part of a group of findings made public last week -just in time for the peak Lyme months of June and July. If confirmed by another major study that's looking at chronic Lyme and antibiotics from a slightly different perspective, the results would seem to settle the question once and for all. Researchers from Boston, New Haven, Conn., and Valhalla, N. Y., followed 129 patients who had previously been treated for well-documented eases of Lyme disease. Sixty-four were given antibiotics directly into their veins for a month, followed by two months of oral antibiotics. The others received dummy medications. A third of the chronic Lyme patients got better while taking the antibiotics. But so did a third of those on the placebo. Indeed, the results were so similar that a monitoring board decided to cut the trials short rather than add more subjects to the test groups. Unfortunately, the debate over chronic Lyme has become so heated that no one expects the controversy to go away. But both sides may take comfort in the other findings that were released by the New England Journal last week. After studying 482 subjects bitten by deer ticks in a part of New York with a lot of Lyme disease, researchers concluded that a singly 200-rug dose of doxycycline dramatically cut the risk of contracting the disease. That good news is tempered somewhat by the fact that 80% of patients who develop the infection don't remember ever being bitten by a tick. (The bugs inject an anesthetic into the skin to mask the pain and in their nymph stage are so small—about the size of a poppy seed--that they are easily overlooked.) There's still plenty you can do to protect yourself in a Lyme-infested neighborhood: tuck your pants in your socks, spray DEET on your clothing, check yourself and your kids for ticks. And if you develop a spreading red rash—particularly if it's accompanied by joint pain, chills or confusion—make sure you see a doctor right away. The tick, as always, is to be vigilant without overreacting.
单选题The swimming pool is ______ construction. A. in the process of B. in the process for C. on the process of D. on the process for
单选题When one has to be faced with some trouble, a ______ person is more likely to handle it in a relaxed way.
单选题The western media was astonished to see that China’s GDP _____ by almost 40% just in two years’time.
单选题______ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. A. Since B. While C. For D. Before
单选题That contract, about which we had a disagreement last month, has now gone______.
单选题Which of the following is NOT the reason for the decline in amateur singing?
单选题Placido Domingo has sung in opera house throughout the United States and abroad.
单选题The alarm clock didn't ring this morning. You ______ it last night.
单选题______ of them knew about the plan because it was secret.
单选题The Pentagon headquarters of the Department of Defense in the US is one of the world"s largest office buildings. It is twice the size of the Merchandise Mart in Chicago, and has three times the floor space of the Empire State Building in New York. There are very few people throughout the United States who do not have some knowledge of the Pentagon. Many have followed news stories emanating from the defense establishment housed in this building. However, relatively few people have had the opportunity to visit.
The Pentagon is virtually a city in itself. Approximately 23,000 employees, both military and civilian, contribute to the planning and execution of the defense over approximately 30 miles of access highways, including express bus lanes and one of the newest subway systems in the country. They ride past 200 acres of lawn to park approximately 8,770 cars in 16 parking lots; climb 131 stairways or ride 19 escalators to reach offices that occupy 3,705 square feet. While in the building, they tell time by 1,200 clocks, drink from 691 water fountains, utilize 284 rest rooms, consume 4,500 cups of coffee, 1,700 pints of milk and 6,800 soft drinks prepared or served by a restaurant staff of 230 persons and distributed in 1 dining room, 2 cafeterias, 6 snack bars, and an outdoor snack bar. The restaurant service is a privately run civilian operation under contract to the Pentagon.
Stripped of its occupants, furniture and various decorations, the building alone is an extraordinary structure. Built during the early years of World War, it is still thought of as one of the most efficient office buildings in the world. Despite 17.5 miles of corridors it takes only seven minutes to walk between any two points in the building.
单选题
单选题Student A: Well, it is time for boarding.
Student B: ______.
单选题______ is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A. What B. That C. It D. As
单选题His health ______, my father retired from the business last year. A. fails B. was failed C. failing D. failed
单选题The education ______ for the coming year is about $4 billion, which is
much more than what people expected.
A. allowance
B. reservation
C. budget
D. finance
单选题The DBMS accepts requests for data and instructs the operating system to ______ the appropriate data. A．accept B．take in C．transfer D．reject
单选题What happened in 1996?
单选题An American expects (his or her) conversation partner (to respond) a statement (immediately), but (in some other) cultures, people leave silence between each statement.
单选题The members of the club wouldn"t run a ______ in entrusting (委托) the organization to an unreliable person.
单选题
单选题Can't you speak more______ to your parents?(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)
单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}}
It may be just as well for Oxford
University's reputation that this week's meeting of Congregation, its
3,552-strong governing body, was held in secret, for the air of civilized
rationality that is generally supposed to pervade donnish conversation has
lately turned fractious. That's because the vice-chancellor, the nearest
thing the place has to a chief executive, has proposed the most fundamental
reforms to the university since the establishment of the college system in
1249; and a lot of the dons and colleges don't like it. The
trouble with Oxford is that it is unmanageable. Its problems-the
difficulty of recruiting good dons and of getting rid of bad ones, concerns
about academic standards, severe money worries at some colleges-all spring from
that. John Hood, who was recruited as vice-chancellor from the University
of Auckland and is now probably the most-hated antipodean in British academic
life, reckons he knows how to solve this, and has proposed to reduce the power
of dons and colleges and increase that of university administrators.
Mr. Hood is right that the university's management structure needs an
overhaul. But radical though his proposals seem to those involved in the
current row, they do not go far enough. The difficulty of managing Oxford
stems only partly from the nuttiness of its system of governance; the more
fundamental problem lies in its relationship with the government. That's
why Mr. Hood should adopt an idea that was once regarded as teetering on
the lunatic fringe of radicalism, but these days is discussed even in polite
circles. The idea is independence. Oxford gets around
￡5,000 ($9,500) per undergraduate per year from the government. In return,
it accepts that it can charge students only ￡1,150 (rising to￡3,000 next year)
on top of that. Since it probably costs at least ￡10,000 a year to teach
an undergraduate, that leaves Oxford with a deficit of ￡4,000 or so per student
to cover from its own funds. If Oxford declared independence,
it would lose the ￡52m undergraduate subsidy at least. Could it fill the
hole? Certainly. America's top universities charge around ￡20,000 per
student per year. The difficult issue would not be money alone, it would
be balancing numbers of not-so-brilliant rich people paying top whack with the
cleverer poorer ones they were cross-subsidising. America's top universities
manage it: high fees mean better teaching, which keeps competition hot and
academic standards high, while luring enough donations to provide bursaries for
the poor. It should be easier to extract money from alumni if Oxford were no
longer state-funded.
单选题Children loam almost nothing from television, and the more they watch, the less they remember. They regard television purely (71) entertainment, resent programs that put (72) on them and are surprised that anybody should (73) the medium seriously. Far from being over-excited by programs, they are mildly (74) with the whole thing. These are the main conclusions from a new study of children and television. The author, Cardiac Cullingford, (75) that the modem child is a (76) viewer. The study suggests that there is little (77) in the later hours. All 11-year-olds have watched programs after midnight. Apart from the obvious waste of time (78) , it seems that all this viewing has little effect. Cullingford says that children can recall few details. They can remember exactly which programs they have seen but they can (79) explain the elements of a particular plot. Recall was in " (80) proportion to the amount they had watched. "It is precisely because television, (81) a teacher, demands so little attention and response (82) children like it, argues Cullingford. Programs seeking to (83) serious messages are strongly disliked. (84) people who frequently talk on screen. What children like most are the advertisements. They see them as short programs (85) their own right and particularly enjoy humorous presentation. But again, they (86) strongly against high-pressure advertisements that attempt openly to (87) them. In addition, children are not (88) involved in the programs. If they admire the stars, it is because the actors lead glamorous lives and earn a lot of money, (89) their fictional skills with fast cars and shooting villains, children are perfectly (90) the functions of advertisements. And says Cullingford, educational television is probably least successful of an in imparting attitudes or information.
单选题A. workedB. defendedC. stressedD. finished
单选题Mr. Johnson was a passionate person filled with an incredible dynamism.
单选题
单选题You did well on the last project, but there’s still _______ for improvement.
单选题I know a number of occasions ______ people died from water pollution. A．how B．as C．when D．where
单选题
{{B}}Passage Two
Tribute to Dr. Carlo Urbani, Identifier of $ARS{{/B}}
(1) On the 29th of March, 2003, the World Health Organization doctor Carlo
Urbani died of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the fast-spreading pneumonia
that had killed 54 people worldwide. (2) The 46-year-old Italian
doctor was the first WHO officer to identify the outbreak of this new disease in
an American businessman. Dr. Urbani first saw the US businessman on Feb. 28, two
days after the patient had been admitted to a hospital in Hanoi. Although Urbani
had worn a mask, he lacked goggles and other protective clothing. He began
demanding that Hanoi hospitals stock up on protective gear and tighten up
infection control procedures. But he was frustrated at how long it was taking to
teach infection-control procedures to people in hospitals. There were shortages
of supplies, like disposable masks, gowns, gloves. (3) After
three weeks of round-the-clock effort, Urbani's superior urged him to take a few
days off to attend a medical meeting in Bangkok, where he was to talk on
childhood parasites. The day after he arrived, he began feeling ill with
symptoms of the new disease. He called his wife, now living in Hanoi with their
three children. He said: "Go back to Italy and take the children, because this
will be the end for me." Dr. Urbani developed a fever and was put into isolation
where he remained until his death. The WHO representative in Hanoi said: "He was
very much a doctor, and his first goal was to help people." (4)
He was buried on April 2, 2003 in Castelplanio, central Italy, leaving behind
his wife and children. The measures he helped put in place before his death
appear to have doused the SARS wildfire in
Vietnam.
单选题The general ordered that his forces be {{U}}deployed{{/U}} immediately.
单选题The public were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the ______.
单选题On April 20,2000, in Accra, Ghana, the leaders of six West African countries declared their intention to proceed to monetary union among the non-CFA franc countries of the region by January 2003, as first step toward a wider monetary union including all the ECOWAS countries in 2004. The six countries (1) themselves to reducing central bank financing of budget deficits (2) 10 percent of the previous years government (3) ; reducing budget deficits to 4 percent of the second phase by 2003; creating a Convergence Council to help (4) macroeconomic policies; and (5) up a common central bank. Their declaration (6) that, " Member States (7) the need (8) strong political commitment and (9) to (10) all such national policies (11) would facilitate the regional monetary integration process. " The goal of a monetary union in ECOWAS has long been an objective of the organization, going back to its formation in 1975, and is intended to (12) broader integration process that would include enhanced regional trade and (13) institutions. In the colonial period, currency boards linked sets of countries in the region. (14) independence, (15) , these currency boards were (16) , with the (17) of the CFA franc zone, which included the francophone countries of the region. Although there have been attempts to advance the agenda of ECOWAS monetary cooperation, political problems and other economic priorities in several of the region's countries have to (18) inhibited progress. Although some problems remain, the recent initiative has been bolstered by the election in 1999 of a democratic government and a leader who is committed to regional (19) in Nigeria, the largest economy of the region, raising hopes that the long-delayed project can be (20) .
单选题{{B}}Passage 3{{/B}}
The Chinese have used a method called
acupuncture(针炙) to perform operations for about 4,000 years without putting the
patient to sleep. This involves placing flexible needles into certain parts of
the body. The needles are available in a number of stores in China and anyone
may buy them. To learn how to use the needles takes about one
month of training. But to be skillful requires greater time. (79) {{U}}The person
who performs the acupuncture knows how to put in the needles so the needles
themselves are not painful.{{/U}} This person also knows where to place the
needles so the patient feels no pain in the area where the operation is to be
performed. A particular operation might require 25 or more needles placed in
various parts of the body. But now this operation requires only 3 or 4
needles. Today, the Chinese doctors are trying to learn more
about acupuncture. (80) {{U}}They are trying to develop a convincing theory to
explain how the needles work in preventing pain, or why a needle in the wrist,
for example, Would prevent the pain in the area of the mouth.{{/U}}
A patient who needs an operation is given a choice between having
acupuncture or having one of the chemicals used for putting him to sleep. It has
been estimated that over half of the patients choose acupuncture because there
is no sickness after the operation but the chemical may make the patient sick
for a few hours or a day.
单选题Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学2006研)
单选题A
On the contrary
, a recent Harvard study argues that football"s characteristics of "impersonal acceptance of B
inflicting injury
, " an overriding " organization goal, " the " ability to turn oneself on and off, " and being, C
above all
, "out to win" D
are prized by
ambitious executives in many large corporations.
单选题He offered to ______. her a hand, for the suitcase was too heavy for her to carry.
单选题There is a difference between being laid off and being fired ______ a job.
单选题(Unable) to see their business as a separate entity, many people fail to make (a) distinction (between) their company and (them).
单选题This collection of short stories is said ______ into at
least five foreign languages in the years to come.
A. to translate
B. to be translated
C. to have been translated
D. being translated
单选题A: It's good to see the sun again. B: ______
单选题Weak dollar or no, $ 46,000-the price for a single year of undergraduate instruction amid the red brick of Harvard Yard-is (1) But nowadays cost is (2) barrier to entry at many of America's best universities. Formidable financial-assistance policies have (3) fees or slashed them deeply for needy students. And last month Harvard announced a new plan designed to (4) the sticker-shock for undergraduates from middle and even upper-income families too. Since then, other rich American universities have unveiled (5) initiatives. Yale, Harvard's bitterest (6) , revealed its plans on January 14th. Students whose families make (7) than $60,000 a year will pay nothing at all. Families earning up to $ 200,000 a year will have to pay an average of 10% of their incomes. The university will (8) its financial- assistance budget by 43%, to over $ 80m. Harvard will have a similar arrangement for families making up to $180,000. That makes the price of going to Harvard or Yale (9) to attending a state-run university for middle-and upper-income students. The universities will also not require any student to take out (10) to pay for their (11) , a policy introduced by Princeton in 2001 and by the University of Pennsylvania just after Harvard's (12) . No applicant who gains admission, officials say, should feel (13) to go elsewhere because he or she can't afford the fees. None of that is quite as altruistic as it sounds. Harvard and Yale are, after all, now likely to lure more students away from previously (14) options, particularly state-run universities, (15) their already impressive admissions figures and reputations. The schemes also provide a (16) for structuring university fees in which high prices for rich students help offset modest prices for poorer ones and families are less (17) on federal grants and government-backed loans. Less wealthy private colleges whose fees are high will not be able to (18) Harvard or Yale easily. But America's state-run universities, which have traditionally kept their fees low and stable, might well try a differentiated (19) scheme as they raise cash to compete academically with their private (20) . Indeed, the University of California system has already started to implement a sliding-fee scale.
单选题The museum arranged the fossils in______order, placing the older fossils dating from the Late Ice Age on the first floor and the more recent fossils on the second floor.
单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}
There are so many bad things about
women drivers, I don't know where to start. I guess I will get the bail rolling
by talking about one of my biggest pet peeves. Why do women have to wait until
they are in the car and barreling down the highway at sixty miles an hour before
they decide it is time to put on their makeup? Is there a law
that I don't know about that says women have to do their makeup in the car
because the bathroom isn't good enough for them? I don't know if anyone has ever
informed women, but the mirror in the car is not a makeup mirror. The
mirror is used for looking at other cars and pedestrians. So please do us all a
favor and do your makeup before you leave the house. The next
order of business for the men should be to find out whose brilliant idea it was
for women to have a phone in the car. This has disaster written all over it.
Everyone knows that women can't even walk and chew gum at the same time, so how
in the hell are they going to drive and talk on the phone? Why is it that every
time you are sitting at a red light the woman in front of you thinks this is a
good time to make a phone call? "HELLO LADY. THE LIGHT IS GREEN, GET OFF THE
PHONE AND GO!" I really think we need to outlaw women using their cell phones
while they drive. Another accident waiting to happen is when you
get two women in the same car together. How many times have you seen two women
just yakking away and the driver isn't paying attention to where she is going?
There is either one of two things that happens when two women get in the car
together. One. The women are talking and the driver doesn't see the stop sign in
front of her, so she runs it. Two: The two women are talking and at the last
minute the driver realizes there is her turn, so she stops really quick in front
of you and you almost rear-end her. So women please pay more attention to your
driving and, for the love of God, use your turn signals--they aren't there for
decoration. I know all women out there are yelling at me and
saying, "Women are better drivers than guys." If women were better drivers than
men, why do guys drive on dates? Why don't women ever tell the guy, I will come
pick you up? Why are almost all truck drivers guys? Why is it when a woman is
going to move and she rents a U-Haul van, she always Calls a guy to drive it for
her? When was the last time you watched a woman win the Indy 500 or Daytona 500?
All of these questions .just go to prove why guys are the kings of the
road.
单选题______ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with classmates. A. Despite of B. In spite of C. Even though D. Nonetheless
单选题"The U.S. economy is rapidly deteriorating," says Mr. Grannis. "The odds of a recession are now very high, perhaps by the end of the year. " There are already some signs that important pillars are weakening. Consumer confidence has fallen for the past two months; and the housing sector, which has been buoyant, is starting to sink. Corporate profits are falling. Some analysts are especially concerned over the sharp fall of commodity prices. They believe it represents the threat of inflation, or falling prices in general. While this may be good for consumers, it could cause a global slowdown. "The Central Bank will have to act forcefully to arrest the deflationary forces," says Robert LaMorte, chairman of Behavioral Economics, a consulting firm in San Diego. But others counter that the Central Bank doesn't need to intervene, and they argue it should wait to see real data before acting. "The fundamentals are better than the stock market reflects," says Peter Kretzmer, an economist at Nationsbanc Montgomery Securities. The president also tried to do his part to calm the markets, citing the strong job market and balanced budget. "We believe our fundamental economic policy is sound," he said. His comments echoed statements by Treasury Secretary in Washington. Some numbers do continue to reflect a strong economy. On September 11, the Conference Board released its index of leading indicators. The index rose 0.4 percent, promoting the business organization to predict that the nation's output should increase at a moderate pace for the rest of this year. The group sees little risk of recession in the near term. But what has changed is the global economy. Japan and the rest of Asia are in recession. The woes are spreading to Latin America. "I'm convinced that we are going to have a global economic recession," says Sung Won Sohn, chief economist at Norwest Corp. , a Minneapolis-based bank. But, he adds, it's not certain the U.S. will slide into a period of negative growth. He rates the risk of recession at only 10 to 15 percent. "We will be responding to the world economic situation rather leading it," he says. Still, Fed watchers don't think the Central Bank will act to try to save the world. "It's inconceivable the Fed could make much difference in Asia, Russia, or Latin America," says Lyle Gramley, a former Fed governor. After the last stock market crash, the Federal Revenue acted quickly to provide liquidity to the markets and to lower interest rates. But the economy is in better shape this time. The banking sector is stronger and the financial markets have been able to respond to enormous trading volume.
单选题In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer--government or private- should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women's earnings as compared with their earnings fi~om private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs' results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal. In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown's research design was controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanation of the study's results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs' argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better work for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
单选题Horseback riding______both the skill of handling a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.
单选题It vanished in 2002, a result of a bad fall. As my neurosurgeon explained, when my head hit the ground, my brain sloshed around, which smashed delicate nerve endings in my olfactory system. Maybe they'll repair themselves, she said (in what struck me as much too casual a tone ), and maybe they won't, If I had to lose something, it might as well have been smell; at least nothing about my personality or my memory had changed, as can happen with head trauma. So it seemed almost churlish to feel, as the months went on, so devastated by this particular loss. But I was heartbroken. My sense of smell was always something I took pleasure in. Without scent, I felt as ff I were walking around the city without my contact lenses, dealing with people while wearing earplugs, moving through something sticky and thick. The sharpness of things, their specificity, diminished. I couldn't even tell when the milk had gone bad. Oddly, my sense of taste remained perfectly fine, but I was still nervous about opening a carton of yogurt without having someone nearby to sniff it for me. I had been stripped of the sense we all use, often without realizing it, to negotiate the world, to know which things are safe and which are dangerous. After nearly a year, I talked to a colleague savvying about neuro-science, who suggested I try to retrain my sense of smell on the assumption that the nerve endings had repaired themselves but that something was still broken along the pathway from nose to brain, where odor molecules activate olfactory receptors (the subject of this year's Nobel-winning research) . Her advice was to expose myself to strong, distinctive fragrances, asking the person I was with to tell me exactly what I was smelling even if I wasn't conscious of smelling anything at all. I began sticking my nose into everything that seemed likely to have a scent-the cumin in the spice cabinet, freshly ground coffee, red wine. I interrupted friends midsentence if we happened to be walking past a pizza place or a garbage truck and asked, stupidly, "What are you smelling now?" Slowly, the smell therapy started to work. At first, distressingly, all I could smell were unnatural scents: dandruff shampoo, furniture polish, a cloud of after-shave from a stocky young man. The first time I smelled cut grass again, in the small park near the American Museum of Natural History, was almost exactly two years after my fall. It made me cry. The tears embarrassed me, but cut grass is one of those fragrances that transport me directly to the landscape of childhood. And that's what I had been missing, really, and why getting back my sense of smell was so precious: a visceral connection to the person I used to be.
单选题Woman: Are you thinking of breaking off the relationship? Man: It's probably just a matter of time. I really can't put up with her. Question: What does the man mean?
单选题Intheflattriangularsurfacedepictedabove,iffeet,whatistheareaofthesurfaceinsquarefeet?(Figurenotnecessarilydrawntoscale.)
单选题I went to have my glasses A. fit on B. fitted C. fitted on D. fit
单选题It will ______ another five to ten years before the new medicine can be tested on human beings.
单选题Tom: Shall we try Pizza Hut tonight? Rachel : Sure.
A. Do you feel like pizza?
B. I like pizza tonight.
C. I know you like pizza.
D. I love pizza.
单选题There are many disadvantages in grouping pupils just according to their intellectual ability. In fact, bright children are rarely_____by mixed ability teaching.
单选题It was ten o'clock ______ he came back home．A．whenB．thatC．sinceD．after
单选题43 By ______ computation, he estimated that the repairs on the house would cost him a thousand dollars. [A] coarse [B] rude [C] crude [D] rough
单选题The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media — such as television commercials and print advertisements — still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create " owned" media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Website. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media — for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Website. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a standalone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more and more diverse communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
单选题The dark clouds suggest a (n) ______ storm.
单选题
单选题A: I've got a fever and a really bad headache.B: ______. A. Why are you so careless about yourself? B. This kind of thing happens to everyone. C. You should take good care of yourself. D. Oh, that's too bad. Why don't you take some aspirin?
单选题These national parks are very important for preserving many animals, who would otherwise nm the risk of becoming______. A. abolished B. extinct C. distinct D. distinctive
单选题Of course after I gave her my advice, she ______ go and do the opposite. A. must B. should C. need D. have to
单选题It ______ my two brothers who knew him best. A) is B) was C) will be D) has been
单选题Since it is too late to change my mind, I am ______ to carrying out the plan.
单选题Culture shock is the result of the removal of the familiar. Suddenly the individual is faced with the necessity of working, commuting, studying, eating, shopping, relaxing, even sleeping, in an unfamiliar environment organized according to unknown rules. In mild form, culture shock shows itself in symptoms(症状)of fatigue, irritability(易怒)and impatience. Being unable to interpret the situations in which they find themselves, people often believe they are being deliberately deceived or exploited by host-country nationals. They tend to perceive(感觉，觉察到)rudeness where none is intended. Their efficiency and flexibility is often impaired and both work and family suffer. Some people may respond by developing negative stereotypes(老一套)of the host culture, by refusing to learn the language and by mixing exclusively(排外地，专有地)with people of their own cultural background. In extreme cases, rejection may be so complete that the individual returns immediately to their own culture, regardless of the cost in social, economic or personal terms. Alternatively, people may retreat into their own private world, either mentally or physically.
单选题This suit is specially designed for astronauts; it is a habitat(栖息地)for an extremely hostile environment.
单选题The politician says he will______the welfare of the people.
单选题I heard somebody ______ at the door. A. knocked B. to knock C. knock D. knocking
单选题Like many Americans, Mark Seery watched the Virginia Tech school shooting unfold on the cable news networks in April 2007. It wasn"t just the catastrophe that disturbed him—it was how some psychologists were advising the campus community to respond in the wake of the devastating tragedy. "There"s a sense that"s very much alive within the professional community that if people don"t talk about what they"re feeling, and try to suppress it, somehow it will only rebound down the road and make things worse," says Seery, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Buffalo.
That, says Seery, is one of many examples of situations in which the first response to a tragedy"s psychological ramifications is to encourage victims and bystanders to talk about their emotions in the wake of the event. That idea is constantly reinforced by a battery of television therapists who harp on the importance of sharing your feelings. But is that really the best medicine?
Seery"s new research offers an alternative to that philosophy. His work suggests that those who do not reveal their feelings in the wake of a collective trauma turn out just fine, if not better, than those who do. Seery used an online survey to query a national sample about their reactions to the 9/11 attacks, beginning on the day itself. The respondents were divided into two groups: those who said they were initially unwilling to talk about their feelings, and the rest.
At the end of the two-year survey period, those who decided not to share their feelings reported fewer related mental and physical problems. That effect was even more pronounced among those who lived close to the tragedy. Seery also found an interesting correlation between the level of sharing and well-being. Participants could decide how much they wanted to report about their feelings on the survey. Seery found that there was a correlation between those who wrote the lengthier, more in-depth descriptions of their feelings and those who had worse mental and physical statuses.
Does the study turn conventional wisdom completely on its head, suggesting that it"s better to stay quiet in the aftermath of a traumatic event? Not quite. Seery explains that the respondents who felt the need to divulge their emotions started off in a worse mental and physical state in the first place, likely a bit more susceptible to the stress of a collective traumatic event. "The people who were talking were probably more distressed by the event," says Seery. "The initial distress motivated them to want to have some place to talk about it...whereas people who chose not to talk were less likely to say that they were trying cope." The take-home message, then, is that there is no one right way to react to traumatic events; there is a wide range of normal and healthy responses to tragedy.
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单选题Mental exercises do NOT include ______.
单选题Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. At the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent (31) of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was invented, or by whom. But it began to be (32) in the early 1900s. Jazz is America's contribution to popular music. In contrast to classical music, which (33) formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free form. It bubbles with energy, expressing the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz (34) like America, and as it does today. The (35) of this music are as interesting as the music itself. American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz pioneers. They were brought to Southern States (36) slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long (37) . When a Negro died, his friend and relatives (38) a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a baud often accompanied the procession. On the way to the cemetery (墓地) the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. (39) on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their (40) , but the livings were glad to be alive. The band played happy music, improvising (即兴表演) on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes presented at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.
单选题Although it was his first experience as chairman, he ______ over the
meeting with great skill.
A. presided
B. administered
C. mastered
D. executed
单选题Just ______ and do it properly.
单选题Man: I have received a letter from Harry this afternoon. He said he wanted to know if he could get a job in your office for the summer.
Woman: I rather think it would be better for him to get a job somewhere else to learn to stand on his own feet instead of depending on his family to help him.
Question: What is the probable relationship between Harry and the man?
单选题Walking down any of Shanghai"s main shopping streets this week,
newcomers
might think the locals have been celebrating Christmas for centuries. Christmas may not be a customary holiday in China, but businessmen in Shanghai know it will bring something more valuable than tradition: people willing to spend money. Most Chinese may feel little connection with the Christmas celebration, but with most shops offering discounts (折扣), the message couldn"t be clearer—it is the season to part with one"s hard-earned cash.
Much of that marketing drive is directed towards the thousand of foreigners and foreign companies that call Shanghai home. But for Shanghai"s 13 million locals, regardless of personal interest, there seems no avoiding the season"s commercial (商业的) greetings. Along some major roads, nearly every shop window displays some symbols to the holiday: a man-made fir tree (杉树) with lights, or a snowman.
With an increasing number of Westerners arriving in the city for work, young Shanghainese, eager to keep pace with the latest Western fashions, have begun to show their interest in Christmas. But some people still don"t think Christmas is an important festival in China. At least it is less important than the New Year and China"s Spring Festival.
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单选题This criminal was ______ with murdering an policeman. A. accused B. charged C. scolded D. sentenced
单选题Some economists believe women earn less than men partly because ______.
单选题Linguists have understood for decades that language and thought are closely related. Humans construct reality using thought and express these thoughts through the use of language. Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorl are credited with developing the most relevant explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The hypothesis consists of two parts, linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism. Supporters of linguistic relativity assume that culture is shaped by language. Terwilliger defines linguistic determinism as the process by which "the functions of one's mind are determined by the nature of the language which one speaks." In simpler terms, the thoughts that we construct are based upon the language that we speak and the words that we use. In its strongest sense, linguistic determinism can be interpreted as meaning that language determines thought. In its weakest sense, language partially influences thought. Whorl was careful to avoid authoritative statements which would permanently commit him to particular position. Because of the broad nature of his statements, it is difficult to distinguish exactly to what extent Whorf believes that language determines thought. Heated debate among modern linguists demonstrates that disagreement exists about the accuracy and correctness of Whorf's studies and of the actual level of influence of language on thought processes. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis essentially consists of two distinct statements connecting the relation of thought and language. Whorl believes that humans may be able to think only about objects, processes, and conditions that have language associated with them. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis also explains the relationship between different languages (French, English, German, Chinese, and so on) and thought. Whorl demonstrated that culture is largely determined by language. Different cultures perceive the world in different ways. Culturally essential objects, conditions and processes usually are defined by a plethora of words, while things that cultures perceive as unimportant are usually assigned one or two words. Whorl developed this theory while studying the Hopi Indian tribe. Whorl was amazed that the Hopi language has no words for past, present, and future. The Hopi have only one word for flying objects. A dragonfly, an airplane, and a pilot are defined using the same word. Whorf questioned whether or not the Hopi view the world differently than western people. After further interpretation and analysis he concluded that the Hopi have a sense for the continuum of time despite having no words, to specifically describe past, present, and future. It is commonly believed that the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis possesses some truth, but the extent to which it is applicable to all situations is questioned. Linguists generally support a "strong" or a "weak" interpretation. Linguists who study the hypothesis tend to cite examples that support their beliefs but are unable or unwilling to refute the opposing arguments. Examples exist that strengthen the arguments of everyone who studies the hypothesis. Nobody has gained significant ground in proving or refuting the hypothesis because the definitions of Sapir and Whorl are very vague and incomplete, leaving room for a significant amount of interpretation.
单选题I saw Bob play the piano at John's party and on that ______ he was simply brilliant.A. sceneB. circumstanceC. occasionD. situation
单选题One of the real services of the historical novel is not that it can be a substitute for history, but that it can be a(n) extension.
单选题How valiant that general who Uprosecutes/U a war with vigor!
单选题It was the night before the composition was due. As I looked at the list of topics, "The Art of Eating Spaghetti (意大利面条)" caught my eyes. The word "spaghetti" brought back the
1
of an evening at Uncle Allen"s in Belleville
2
all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat
3
spaghetti for supper. Spaghetti was an exotic (外来的) treat in
4
days. Never had I eaten spaghetti, and
5
of the grown-ups had enough experience to be good
6
it. Eating Spaghetti was a funny story.
7
, I wanted to write about that, but I wanted to
5
it down simply for my own
9
, not for Mr. Fleagle, my composition teacher. As for him, I would write something else.
When I finished it the night was half gone and there was no
10
left to write a proper composition for Mr. Fleagle. There was no choice next morning hut to hand in my work. Two days passed before Mr. Fleagle returned the
11
papers. He said, "Now class, I want to read you a composition, "The Art of Eating Spaghetti"."
My words! He was reading my words out
12
to the whole class.
13
laughted, then the whole class were laughing with open-hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show
14
, but what I was feeling was pure happiness, for my words had the power to make people
15
.
单选题What kind of television is intended for small numbers of people?
单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music and by psychologists and "human-relation" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets (木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The workers and employees are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realties of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etC. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow- competitors creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century "free-enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as a means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
单选题Although she was still ill, she ______ herself from the hospital.(2004年湖北省考博试题)
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单选题He ______ me to take a lawyer to court with me.
单选题Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities. Of course, there have always been people who have looked for adventure—those who have climbed the highest mountains, explored unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans. Now, however, there are people who seek an immediate excitement from a risky activity which may only last a few minutes or even seconds. I would consider bungee jumping to be a good example of such an activity. You jump from a high place(perhaps a bridge or a hot-air balloon)200 meters above the ground with an elastic rope tied to your ankles. You fall at up to 150 kilometers an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground. It is estimated that two million people around the world have now tried bungee jumping. Other activities which most people would say are as risky as bungee jumping involve jumping from tall buildings and diving into the sea from the top of high cliffs. Why do people take part in such activities as these? Some psychologists suggest that it is because life in modern societies has become safe and boring. Not very long ago, people's lives were constantly under threat. They had to go out and hunt for food, diseases could not easily be cured, and life was a continuous battle for survival. Nowadays, according to many people, life offers little excitement. They live and work in comparatively safe environment; they buy food in shops; and there are doctors and hospitals to look after them if they become ill. The answer for some of these people is to seek danger in activities such as bungee jumping.
单选题A. anywhere B. here C. careful D. compare
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单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}
The word science is heard so often in
modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other
hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is
confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to
make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as
classified knowledge (facts). Even in the true sciences
distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care
should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as
long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations.
For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena.
From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until
they are proved or discredited. The exact statue of any explanation should be
clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science
are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man
cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that
questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in
the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their
time and energy. Actually, two basic approaches lead to the
discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to
as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for
instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new
consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an
approach is referred to as applied science. Sometimes
practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its
immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the
discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day
result in application of such a practical nature as those directly related to
life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information opens the door to the
discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they
were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the 'construction of
the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists
dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the
practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most
knowledge is eventually applied.
单选题NASA is casting a wider net in the space shuttle investigation as to what caused the spacecraft to swing out of control and ______ moments before it was to land. A. disassemble B. disembark C. disintegrate D. disinherit
单选题The touch excites no defensive response unless the approach is from above where the spider can see the motion,______on its hind legs, lifts its front legs, opens its fangs and holds this threatening posture as long as the object continues to move.(中国社会科学院2006年试题)
单选题Woman: I just can't believe this is our last year. College is going by fast. Man: Yeah, we'll have to face the real world soon. So have you figured out what you are going to do after you graduate? Question: What do we learn from the conversation7 A. The two speakers are at a loss what to do. B. The man is worried about his future. C. The two speakers are seniors at college. D. The woman regrets spending her time idly.
单选题Our trouble lies in a simple confusion, one to which economists have been prone since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Growth and ecology operate by different rules. Economists tend to assume that every problem of scarcity can be solved by substitution, by replacing tuna with tilapia, without factoring in the long-term environmental implications of either. But whereas economies might expand, ecosystems do not. They change--pine gives way to oak, coyotes arrive in New England--and they reproduce themselves, but they do not increase in extent or abundance year after year. Most economists think of scarcity as a labor problem. Imagining that only energy and technology place limits on production. To harvest more wood, build a better chain saw; to pump more oil, drill more wells; to get more food, invent pest-resistant plants.
That logic thrived on new frontiers and more intensive production, and it held off the prophets of scarcity- from Thomas Robert Malthus to Paul Ehrlich- whose predictions of famine and shortage have not come to pass. The Agricultural Revolution that began in seventeenth-centur) England radically increased the amount of food that could be grown on an acre of land, and the same happened in the 1960s and 1970s when fertilizer and hybridized seeds arrived in India and Mexico. But the picture looks entirely different when we change the scale. Industrial society is roughly 250 years old: make the last ten thousand years equal to twenty-four hours, and we have been producing consumer goods and CO
2
for only the last thirty-six minutes. Do the same for the past 1 million years of human evolution, and every thing from the steam engine to the search engine fits into the past twenty-one seconds. If we are not careful, hunting and gathering will look like a far more successful strategy of survival than economic growth. The latter has changed sc much about the earth and human societies in so little time that it makes more sense to be cautious than triumphant.
Although food scarcity, when it occurs, is a localized problem, other kinds of scarcity are already here. Groundwater is alarmingly low in regions all over the world, but the most immediate threat to growth is surely petroleum.
单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}Directions: Read the following texts.
Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer
on ANSWER SHEET 1. {{B}}Text 1{{/B}}
Children attending schools located in high-traffic
zones have a 45 percent increased risk of developing asthma, even though time
spent at school only accounts for about one-third of a child's waking hours,
according to new research. Asthma is the most common
chronic childhood illness in developed countries and has been linked to
environmental factors such as traffic-related air pollution. "While residential
traffic-related pollution has been associated with asthma, there has been little
study of the effects of traffic exposure at school on new onset asthma," says
Rob McConnell, professor of preventive medicine at USC's Keck School of
Medicine. "Exposure to pollution at locations other than home, especially where
children spend a large portion of their day and may engage in physical activity,
appears to influence asthma risk as well." The study appears
online in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The study drew upon
data from the Children's Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal study of children in
Southern California communities that was designed to investigate the chronic
effects of air pollution on respiratory health. Using a cohort of 2 497
kindergarten and first grade children who were asthma-free when they entered the
study, researchers examined the relationship of local traffic around schools and
homes to diagnosis new onset asthma that occurred during three years of
follow-up. Traffic-related pollution exposure was assessed based on a model that
took into account traffic volume, distance to major roadways from home and
school and local weather conditions. Regional ambient ozone,
nitrogen dioxide (二氧化氮) and particulate matter were measured continuously at one
central site in each of the 13 study communities. The design allowed
investigators to examine the joint effects of local traffic-related pollution
exposure at school and at home and of regional pollution exposure affecting the
entire community. Researchers found 120 cases of new asthma. The risk associated
with traffic-related pollution exposure at schools was almost as high as for
residential exposure, and combined exposure accounting for time spent at home
and at school had a slightly larger effect. Although children spend less time at
school than at home, physical education, and other activities that take place at
school may increase ventilation rates and the dose of pollutants getting into
the lungs, McConnell notes. Traffic-related pollutant levels may also be higher
during the morning hours when children are arriving at school.
Despite a state law that prohibits school districts from building campuses
within 500 feet of a freeway, many Southern California schools are located near
high-traffic areas, including busy surface streets. "It's
important to understand how these micro-environments where children spent a lot
of their time outside of the home are impacting their health," McConnell says.
"Policies that reduce exposure to high-traffic environments may help to prevent
this disease. " The study was funded by grants from the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the South
Coast Air Quality Management District, and the Hastings Foundation.
单选题I must get down (to) (write) the composition. (There) is only 20 minutes (left)
单选题Mara Dona will (face) a possible prison term (if) (finding) guilty (on) the shooting charges. A. face B. if C. finding D. on
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单选题The number of the people who ______ cars ______ increasing.A. owns; areB. owns; isC. own; isD. own; are
单选题A stateless young man may have felt______ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)
单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}}
The global reputation of Japan's
animation industry -- an animated cartoon industry -- has never been higher, and
at first glance it would appear to be in rude health. In the opening weekend of
Miyazaki's new film, Howl's Moving Castle, a record 1.1 million Japanese crammed
into cinemas nationwide. It has since been seen at home by nearly 10 million
people, and has made Japan the only country in which The Incredibles has been
kept out of the top slot. Yet Japan's animators are full of
gloom. They fear that the future is bleak and that the success enjoyed by
Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli, which makes his films, is actually masking a sad
decline. Indus- try experts say that not only is there a lack of creative talent
on a par with Miyazaki, but the overall standard of animators has fallen over
the past decade as low pay and poor working conditions force many to quit.
"Miyazaki can't be replaced, he's a one-off," says Jonathan Clements, a British
animation expert, "Miyazaki isn't 100 per cent of Ghibli, but when he goes, the
party is over." The creative and commercial success enjoyed by
Ghibli has afforded it a unique breathing space. For other studios, however,
commercial pressures force work to be done at breakneck speed and on shoestring
budgets. Veterans of the industry say quality has been sacrificed as television
cartoon episodes are 'made for as little as ￡ 10,000. Many young
animators rely on parental support to put them through animation schools and
continue to need financial help just to afford to work in Tokyo, the world's
most expensive city. Yet, remarkably, animation has little problem attracting
recruits. Dozens of students pore over desks painstakingly producing page after
page of drawings. Most say they are aware that pay is low but desperately want
to work in the industry they fell in love with as children through cartoons such
as Doraemon, the blue talking cat, and Battle of the Planets. But reality often
bites as animators reach their thirties, by which time they typically earn
around a third of the average pay for Japanese their age and at lower hourly
rates than supermarket clerks. Clements believes that the soul
of animation is at stake. "Animation is, by definition, from Japan, but it's
only a matter of time before the number of foreign contributors tips the
balance, and what used to be animation becomes plain old cartoons," he says. "It
may ultimately remove much of what makes animation appeal to its current foreign
audience base: its exoticism."
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单选题The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because ______.
单选题Student journalists are taught how to be ______ when writing in a
limited space.
A. concise
B. proper
C. complex
D. perfect
单选题The Gymnasium was______by April 2014, but now the wall was still nowhere in sight.
单选题A study released a little over a week ago, which found that eldest children end up, on average, with slightly higher IQ's than younger siblings, was a reminder that the fight for self-definition starts much earlier than freshman year. Families, whatever the relative intelligence of their members, often treat the firstborn as if he or she were the most academic, and the younger siblings fill in other niches: the wild one, the flirt. These imposed caricatures, in combination with the other labels that accumulate from the sandbox through adolescence, can seem over time like a miserable entourage of identities that can be silenced only with hours of therapy. But there's another way to see these alternate identities: as challenges that can sharpen psychological skills. In a country where reinvention is considered a birthright, many people seem to treat old identities the way Houdini treated padlocked boxes: something to wriggle free from, before being dragged down. And psychological research suggests that this ability can be a sign of mental resilience, of taking control of your own story rather than being trapped by it. The late-night bull sessions in college or at backyard barbecues are at some level like out-of-body experiences, allowing a re-coloring of past experience to connect with new acquaintances. A more obvious outlet to expand identity—and one that's available to those who have not or cannot escape the family and community where they're known and labeled—is the Internet. Admittedly, a lot of the role-playing on the Internet can have a deviant quality. But researchers have found that many people who play life-simulation games, for example, set up the kind of families they would like to have had, even script alternate versions of their own role in the family or in a peer group. Decades ago the psychologist Erik Erickson conceived of middle age as a stage of life defined by a tension between stagnation and generativity-a healthy sense of guiding and nourishing the next generation, of helping the community. Ina series of studies, the Northwestern psychologist Dan P. McAdams has found that adults in their 40s and 50s whose lives show this generous quality—who often volunteer, who have a sense of accomplishment—tell very similar stories about how they came to be who they are. Whether they grew up in rural poverty or with views of Central Park, they told their life stories as series of redemptive lessons. When they failed a grade, they found a wonderful tutor, and later made the honor roll; when fired From a good job, they were forced to start their own business. This similarity in narrative constructions most likely reflects some agency, a willful reshaping and re-imagining of the past that informs the present. These are people who, whether pegged as nerds or rebels or plodders, have taken control of the stories that form their identities. In conversation, people are often willing to hand out thumbnail descriptions of themselves:" I'm kind of a hermit." Or a talker, a practical joker, a striver, a snob, a morning person. But they are more likely to wince when someone else describes them so authoritatively. Maybe that's because they have come too far, shaken off enough old labels already. Like escape artists with a lifetime's experience slipping through chains, they don't want or need any additional work. Because while most people can leave their family niches, schoolyard nicknames and high school reputations behind, they don't ever entirely forget them.
单选题Man: Have you finished reading the book you bought last month?
Woman: Oh, I didn"t read it straight through the way you read a novel. I just cover the few chapters that interested me most.
Question: How did the woman read the book?
单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}
The study of philosophies should make our own ideas
flexible. We are all of us apt to take certain general ideas for granted, and
call them common sense. We should learn that other people have held quite
different ideas, and that our own have started as very original guesses of
philosophers. A scientist is apt to think that all the problems
of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science. I think this is true for a
great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example,
Plato thought that when we saw something, one ray of light came to it from the
sun, and another from our eyes and that seeing was something like feeling with a
stick. We now know that the light comes from the sun, and is reflected into our
eyes. We don't know in much detail how the changes in our eyes give rise to
sensation. But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about the
physiology of the brain, we shall do so, and that the great philosophical
problems about knowledge are going to be pretty fully cleared up.
But if our descendants know the answers to these questions and others that
perplex us today, there will still be one field of which they do not know,
namely the future. However exact our science; we cannot know it as we know the
past. Philosophy may be described as argument about things of which we are
ignorant. And where science gives us a hope of knowledge it is often reasonable
to suspend judgment. That is one reason why Marx and Engels quite rightly wrote
to many philosophical problems that interested their contemporaries.
But we have got to prepare for the future, and we cannot do so rationally
without some philosophy. Some people say we have only got to do the duties
revealed in the past and laid down by religion, and god will look after the
future. Others say that the world is a machine and the course of future events
is certain, whatever efforts we may make. Marxists say that the future depends
on ourselves, even though we are part of the historical process. This
philosophical view certainly does inspire people to wry great achievements.
Whether it is true or not, it is powerful guide to action. We
need a philosophy, then, to help us to tackle the future. Agnosticism easily
becomes an excuse for laziness and conservatism. Whether we adopt Marxism or any
other philosophy, we cannot understand it without knowing something of how it
developed. That is why knowledge of the history of philosophy is important to
Marxists, even during the present critical days.
单选题
单选题 "You are not here to tell me what to do. You
are here to tell me why I have done what I have already decided to do," Montagu
Norman, the Bank of England's longest-serving governor (1920-1944), is reputed
to have once told his economic adviser. Today, thankfully, central banks
aim to be more transparent in their decision making, as well as more
rational. But achieving either of these things is not always easy.
With the most laudable of intentions, the Federal Reserve, America's central
bank, may be about to take a step that could backfire. Unlike
the Fed, many other central banks have long declared explicit inflation targets
and then set interest rates to try to meet these. Some economists have
argued that the Fed should do the same. With Alan Greenspan, the Fed's
much-respected chairman, due to retire next year-after a mere 18 years in the
job-some Fed officials want to adopt a target, presumably to maintain the
central bank's credibility in the scary new post-Greenspan era. The Fed
discussed such a target at its February meeting, according to minutes published
this week. This sounds encouraging. However, the Fed is considering
the idea just when some other central banks are beginning to question whether
strict inflation targeting really works. At present centra1
banks focus almost exclusively on consumer-price indices. On this measure
Mr. Greenspan can boast that inflation remains under control. But some
central bankers now argue that the prices of assets, such as houses and shares,
should also somehow be taken into account. A broad price index for America
which includes house prices is currently running at 5.5%, its fastest pace since
1982. Inflation has simply taken a different form. Should
central banks also try to curb increases in such asset prices? Mr. Greenspan
continues to insist that monetary policy should not be used to prick asset-price
bubbles. Identifying bubbles is difficult, except in retrospect, he says,
and interest rates are a blunt weapon: an increase big enough to halt rising
prices could trigger a recession. It is better, he says, to wait for a
housing or stockmarket bubble to burst and then to cushion the economy by
cutting interest rates-as he did in 2001-2002. And yet the
risk is not just that asset prices can go swiftly into reverse. As with
traditional inflation, surging asset prices also distort price signals and so
can cause a misallocation of resources-encouraging too little saving, for
example, or too much investment in housing. Surging house prices may therefore
argue for higher interest rates than conventional inflation would demand. In
other words, strict inflation targeting-the fad of the 1990s-is too
crude.
单选题What does the word "ineligible" in par
单选题Instead of answering, she merely smiled. Which of the following can best explain the meaning of the underlined word?A. onlyB. barelyC. almostD. scarecely
单选题Fortunately, the government has taken some measures to bring down the rate of inflation to a (an)______level.
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Children model themselves largely on
their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify{{U}}
(56) {{/U}}a parent when they believe they have the qualities and
feelings that are{{U}} (57) {{/U}}of that parent. The things parents do
and say--and the{{U}} (58) {{/U}}they do and say to them-- strongly
influence a child's{{U}} (59) {{/U}}. A parent's
actions{{U}} (60) {{/U}}affect the self image that a child forms{{U}}
(61) {{/U}}identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities
in their{{U}} (62) {{/U}}will likely learn to see themselves in a
positive way. Children who observe chiefly{{U}} (63) {{/U}}qualities in
their parents will have difficulty{{U}} (64) {{/U}}positive qualities in
themselves. Children may{{U}} (65) {{/U}}their self image, however, as
they become increasingly{{U}} (66) {{/U}}by peer groups:
In the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the{{U}} (67)
{{/U}}of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it.
Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and
previous training. Children who know they are loved can, {{U}}(68)
{{/U}}, accept the divorce of their parents or a parent's early{{U}}
(69) {{/U}}. But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such
events{{U}} (70) {{/U}}a sign of rejection or
punishment.
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单选题With the spread of inter-active electronic media a man alone in his own home will never have been so well placed to fill the inexplicable mental space between cradle and crematorium. So I suspect that books will be pushed more and more into those moments of travel or difficult defecation (1) people still don't quite know what to do with. When people do read, I think they'll want to feel they are reading literature, or (2) something serious. (3) you're going to find fewer books presenting themselves as no- nonsense and (4) assuming literary pretensions and being packaged as works of art. We can expect an extraordinary variety of genre, but with an underlying (5) of sentiment and vision. Translators can only (6) from this desire for the presumably sophisticated. We can look forward to lots of difficult names and fantastic stories of foreign parts enthusiastically (7) by the overall worship of the "global village" Much of this will be awful and some wonderful, (8) don't expect the press or the organizers of prizes to offer you much help in making the appropriate distinctions. They will be chiefly (9) in creating celebrity, the greatest enemy of discrimination, but a good prop for the (10) consumer. Every ethnic grouping over the world will have to be seen to have a great writer--a phenomenon that will (11) a new kind of provincialism, more chronological than geographic, (12) only the strictly contemporary is talked about and (13) . Universities, including Cambridge, will include (14) their literature syllabus novels written only last year. (15) occasional exhumation for the Nobel, the achievements of ten or only five years ago will be largely forgotten. In short, you can't go too far wrong when predicting more of the same. But there is a (16) side to this--the inevitable reaction against it. The practical things I would like to see happen--publishers seeking less to (17) celebrity through extravagant advertising, (18) and magazines (19) space to reflective pieces--are rather more improbable than the Second Coming (耶稣复临). But dullness never quite darkens the whole planet. In their own idiosyncratic fashion a few writers will (20) be looking for new departures.
单选题[Focus on countability] A. expertise B. evidence C. equipment D. discourse
单选题John continued to {{U}}defy{{/U}} his boss.
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单选题Text 1 New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. It's now a "global village" where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills. Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modem markets, success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts. Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being "out of sight and out of mind". He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company's plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent. Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets. English is still the international language of business. But there is all ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isn't generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal. The employee posted abroad who speaks the country's principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.
单选题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the 1.02 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
单选题The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers" seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research"s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read "I lb. Maxwell House coffee" on one list and "Nescafe instant coffee" on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ("personality and character") who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.
单选题I prefer ______ a term paper ______ an examination.
单选题All the following expenses are included in the term bill EXCEPT ______.
单选题The development of the English language falls into three reasonably ______periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.
单选题Tom ran from the house in a terrible rage, his arms ______ in the air. A. overriding B. flailing C. overacting D. forsaking
单选题______ fun and good exercise, car racing is a very useful skill. A. For B. About C. Besides D. Beside
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单选题The police ______ outside the hall in large numbers. A．have stationed B．were stationed C．stationed D．has been stationed