单选题Transportation has increased each person' s mobility. Initially, one could walk about 20 miles a day; using a horse or bicycle would double or triple(三倍)this range. Today one can travel halfway around the world in a day. Through increased mobility, one's range of acquaintances can be worldwide. Business and professional interactions also can be on a worldwide basis. With such wide-scale travel opportunities, business and culture will never be the same. In terms of sociology, teenage people in the United States view obtaining a driver' s license as one rite(仪式)of passage toward adulthood(成年). The automobile is a means for them to escape parental supervision(监管). The automobile is blamed for the decline of small towns; persons with cars are able and willing to travel longer distances to the stores and other attractions of larger communities. In the United States, the school bus also led to the decline of small towns because it made it possible to consolidate(合并)numerous small schools. Small villages where small schools were closed went into decline. Transportation has increased employment opportunities, because one can travel to reach more potential jobs, and a professional person can cover a wider area. In sparely settled areas, for example, veterinarians(兽医)and physicians make calls using small aircrafts. Transportation activities also provide employment opportunities; working for carriers and shippers, constructing vehicles and roadways, and working in government agencies involved with transportation. However, as transportation facilities and opportunities increase, there are some groups left behind. The poor, the feeble(弱者), the elderly, and the disabled are in danger of being ignored because they lack equal access to transportation systems. In many locations in the United States, automobile ownership as well as use is virtually a requirement. Society is uncertain as to what responsibilities it has for transportation systems that can be used by those without automobiles. Another negative impact relates to injuries and deaths caused by transportation. While airline crashes the most publicity, highway accidents cause a tremendous number of fatalities(死亡)and injuries. Fortunately, the number is decreasing owing to considerable improvement in auto safety. This includes safer roads, lower speed limits, use of seat belts, and stricter enforcement of laws against driving while drunk.

单选题Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, belief and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped form of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind the western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to he noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion; either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours; are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or the person addressed, or remote from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.

单选题To be a good teacher, you need some of the gifts of a good actor: you must be able to hold the attention and interest of your students; you must be a【C1】______speaker, with a good, strong, pleasing voice which is fully under your control; and you must be able to【C2】______what you are teaching in order to make its meaning clear.【C3】______a good teacher and you will see that he does not sit still【C4】______his class: he stands the whole time when he is teaching; he walks about, using his【C5】______, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express feelings. Listen to him, and you will【C6】______the loudness, the quality and the musical note of his voice always changing according to what he is【C7】______about. The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesn' t mean that he will indeed be able to act【C8】______on the stage, for there are very important【C9】______between the teacher' s work and the actor's. The actor has to speak words which he has learnt by heart; he has to repeat exactly the【C10】______words each time he plays a certain part; 【C11】______ his movements and the ways in which he uses his voice are usually fixed beforehand. What he has to do is to make all these carefully, learnt words and actions seem【C12】______on the stage. A good teacher【C13】______in quite a different way. His students take an active part in his【C14】______; they ask and answer questions; they obey orders; and if they don't understand something, they will say so. The teacher therefore has to suit his aet to the needs of his students. He cannot learn his part by heart, but must【C15】______it as he goes along.

单选题Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith. Before griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance. His appreciation of the camera"s possibilities produced novel dramatic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot. Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By putting images together and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space. Besides developing the cinema"s language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith"s introduction of the American-made multireel picture began an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour"s running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.

单选题______ in doing an examination, the time passed by quickly. A. Being absorbed B. Having been absorbed C. When they were absorbed D. Be absorbed

单选题One of the political issues we hear a lot about lately is campaign finance reform. The people who are calling for 1 usually want the government to pay for campaigns and/or limit the amount of money that candidates and their supporters can spend. One reason that reform is 2 for is that it costs so much to run for political office. Candidates have to spend a great deal of time and effort 3 money. The incumbents (those already in office) have 4 time to do their jobs since they must attend so many fund raising events. Another 5 is the fear that candidates will be owned or controlled by the "special interest groups" that contribute to their campaigns. Sometimes this certainly seems to be the 6 On the 7 side are those who caution that just because you call something "reform," doesn"t mean it"s really 8 . They 9 that our right to freedom of speech is meaningless if the government can limit anyone"s ability to get his or her message out to the people. If one person or a group of people want to tell the 10 what they think about an issue or candidate, they have to 11 advertising on TV, radio, and in newspapers and magazines. They might want to display billboards along highways and banners on heavily trafficked Web sites. All this 12 a lot of money. Opponents of laws that regulate or limit spending say that you don"t really have freedom of speech or freedom of the press if you can"t get your message out. They say that in a democracy, the government should never be able to regulate political discussion or the means to distribute ideas. They believe that this is most important when the voters are about to make 13 What do you think about this issue? Listen to what the 14 for national office have to say. Which candidates make the most 15 to you?

单选题In November 1987 the government ______ a public debate on the future direction of the official sports policy.(2008年四川大学考博试题)

单选题The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to ______.

单选题 People find it hard to like businesses once they grow beyond a certain size. Banks that were "too big to fail" sparked a global economic crisis and burned bundles of taxpayers' cash. Big retailers such as Walmart and Tesco squeeze suppliers and crush small rivals. Some big British firms minimize their tax bills so aggressively that they provoke outrage. It is shrewd politics to champion the little guy. But the popular fetish for small business is at odds with economic reality. Big firms are generally more productive, offer higher wages and pay more taxes than small ones. Economies dominated by small firms are often sluggish. Countries such as Greece, Italy and Portugal have lots of small firms which, thanks to burdensome regulations, have failed to grow. Firms with at least 250 workers account for less than half the share of manufacturing jobs in these countries than they do in Germany, the euro zone's strongest economy. For all the support around small business, it is economies with lots of biggish companies that have been able to sustain the highest living standards. Big firms can reap economies of scale. A big factory uses far less cash and labor to make each car or steel pipe than a small workshop. Big supermarkets such as the Walmart offer a wider range of highquality goods at lower prices than any corner store. Size allows specialization, which fosters innovation. Big firms have their flaws, of course. They can be slow to respond to customers' needs, changing tastes or innovative technology. To idolize big firms would be as unwise as to idolize small ones. Rather than focusing on size, policymakers should look at growth. One of the reasons why everyone loves small firms is that they create more jobs than big ones. But many small businesses stay small indefinitely. The link between small firms and jobs growth relies entirely on new start-ups, which are usually small, and which by definition create new jobs. Rather than spooning out subsidies and regulatory favors to small firms, governments should concentrate on removing barriers to expansion. In parts of Europe, for example, small firms are exemptedfrom the most burdensome social regulations. {{U}}This{{/U}} gives them an incentive to stay small. Far better to abolish burdensome rules for all firms. The same goes for differential tax rates, such as Britain's, and the separate bureaucracy America maintains to deal with small businesses. In a healthy economy, entrepreneurs with ideas can easily start companies, the best of which grow fast and the worst of which are quickly swept aside. Size doesn't matter. Growth does.

单选题The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs--or even to run a small electric motor--is almost unbelievable, but several kinds of fish are able to do this. Even more strangely, this curious power has been acquired in different ways by fish be- longing to very different families. Perhaps the best known are the electric rays, or torpedoes (电鱼), of which several kinds live in warm seas. They posses on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large organ consisting of a number of hexagonal shaped cells rather like a honeycomb. The cells are filled with a jelly-like substance, and contain a series of flat electric plates. One side, the negative side, of each plate, is supplied with very fine nerves, connected with a main nerve coming from a special part of the brain. Current passes from the upper, positive side of the organ downwards to the negative, lower side. Generally it is necessary to touch the fish in two places, completing the circuit, in order to receive a shock. The strength of this shock depends on the size of the fish, but newly born ones only about 5 centimeters across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and, if suitable wires arc connected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes. Another famous example is the electric eel. This fish gives an even more powerful shock. The system is different from that of the torpedo in that the electric plates run longitudinally(纵向) and are supplied with nerves from the spinal(脊骨) cord. Consequently, the current passes along the fish from head to tail. The electric or gans of these fish are really altered muscles and like all muscles are apt(likely) to tire, so they are not able to produce electricity for very long. The power of producing electricity may serve these fish both for defence and attack.

单选题Suppose you go into a fruiterer's shop, wanting an apple—you take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried. Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction. You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalize the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green, you say, "all hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour." That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism, and has all its various parts and terms — its major premises, its minor premises, and its conclusion. And by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination, "I will not have that apple. " So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case. Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, "It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!" Your friend says to you, "But how do you know that?" You at once reply, "Oh, because I have tried them over and over again, and have always found them to be so." Well, if we are talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still opposed, you go further, and say, "I have heard from people, in Somerset shire and Devon shire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing." It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America. In short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject. Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawn. He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kind arrived at—that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it.

单选题The ______ are a hard-working people.

单选题The current political debate over family values personal responsibility, and welfare takes for granted the entrenched American belief that dependence on government assistance is a recent and destructive phenomenon. Conservatives tend to blame this dependence on personal irresponsibility aggravated by a swollen welfare apparatus that saps individual initiative. Liberals are more likely to blame it on personal misfortune magnified by the harsh lot that falls to losers in our competitive market economy. But both sides believe that "winners" in America make it on their own that dependence reflects some kind of individual or family failure, and that the ideal family is the self-reliant unit of traditional lore--a family that takes care of its own, carves out a future for its children, and never asks for handouts. Politicians at both ends of the ideological spectrum have wrapped themselves in the mantle of these "family values" arguing over why the poor have not been able to make do without assistance, or whether aid has exacerbated their situation, but never questioning the assumption that American families traditionally achieve success by establishing their independence from the government. The myth of family self-reliance is not compelling that our actual national and personal histories often buckle under its emotional weight. "We always stood on our own two feet", my grandfather used to say about his pioneer heritage, whenever he walked me to the top of the hill to survey the property in Washington State that his family had bought for next to nothing after it had been logged off in the early 1900s. Perhaps he didn't know that the land came so cheap because much of it was part of a federal subsidy originally allotted to the railroad companies, which had received 183 million acres of the public domain in the nineteenth century. These federal giveaways were the original source of most major western logging companies' land, and when some of these logging companies moved on to virgin stands of timber, federal lands trickled down to a few early settlers who were able to purchase them inexpensively. Like my grandparents, few families in American history--whatever their "values" have been able to rely solely on their own resources. Instead, they have depended on the legislative, judicial and social support structures set up by governing authorities, whether those authorities were the clan elders of Native American societies, the church courts and city officials of colonial America, or the judicial and legislative bodies established by the Constitution. At America's inception, this was considered not a dirty little secret but the norm, one that confirmed our social and personal interdependence. The idea that the family should have the sole or even primary responsibility for educating and socializing its members, finding them suitable work, or keeping them from poverty and crime was not only ludicrous to colonial and revolutionary thinkers but dangerously parochial.

单选题The word "haywire" ( Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means

单选题Inexperienced as he is, he has succeeded ______ other experienced researchers fail. A. where B. what C. which D. how

单选题I saw an accident _______ home.

单选题W: I' m anxious to get started on our project. Can we meet sometime before the weekend?M:______A. Never mind. Shall we meet on Sunday?B. Your project? I have no time studying your project.C. OK. What about Friday morning?D. OK. Library is the best place for us to meet.