单选题Evolution A is always about competition, but for humans, B with Darwin speculated , competition among groups C has turned us into pretty cooperative, empathetic and altruistic creatures—D at least within our families, groups and sometimes nations.

单选题Discipline cannot be ______ until the last day of school has passed.

单选题I arrive at nine o'clock, teach until twelve thirty and then have a meal; that is my morning ______. A) habit B) custom C) practice D) routine

单选题We______the New Year's Day with a dance party.

单选题 For years, doctors have given cancer patients three main treatments: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Now researchers are developing a fourth weapon: the patient's own immune system. New vaccines and drugs can stimulate the production of an army of cells and antibodies that kill cancer cells. Drug-vaccine therapy may be lifesaver for Deerfield man. Few people survive advanced melanoma, but immune therapy is giving Deerfield resident Douglas Parker a fighting chance. The 46-year-old salesman noticed a mole on his chest three and a half years ago that was found to be cancerous. Doctors removed the mole but didn't get all of the cancer. The cancer spread to other parts of his body, including his liver, where a tumor grew as large as a baseball. Parker took interferon and interleukin-2 to boost his immune system's ability to fight the cancer. The tumor shrank but didn't disappear. In August, 1997, surgeons removed it, along with two-thirds of his liver. Last January, doctors discovered a new tumor on Parker's left adrenal gland. He received an experimental cancer vaccine at the University of Chicago Hospitals, but the vaccine didn't stop the cancer from spreading to his right adrenal gland. To augment the vaccine, doctors at Lutheran General Hospital gave Parker a new round of interleukin-2 and interferon. The drug-vaccine combination has shrunk the tumors. And while it's too early to pronounce Parker cured, immune therapy may save his life. "I want to do this to help myself as well as other people who have melanoma, ' he said. Immune therapy "ultimately will be a significant change in the way we treat a lot of different cancers," said Dr. Jon Richards of Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge, who is testing cancer vaccines on melanoma patients. "It will be an equal partner with the other three treatments in the next five to ten years." Several drugs that bolster the immune system have been approved, and vaccines are being tested in dozens of clinical trials, including several in the Chicago area. Many of the experimental vaccines have been tested on patients with advanced melanoma who have little chance of surviving with conventional treatments alone. Researchers also have begun doing work that could lead to vaccines to treat prostate, lung, colon and other cancers. Immune therapy alone won't cure cancer. But when used after conventional treatments, it could kill cancer cells that survive surgery, radiation or chemotherapy, researchers said. Some day, vaccines also might be able to prevent certain cancers. It may be possible to vaccinate against viruses and bacteria that help cause cervical, liver and stomach cancers, the National Cancer Institute said.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Many people invest in the stock market hoping to find the next Microsoft and Dell. However, I know{{U}} (1) {{/U}}personal experience how difficult this really is. For more than a year, I waw{{U}} (2) {{/U}}hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars a day investing in the market. It seemed so easy, I dreamed of{{U}} (3) {{/U}}my job at the end of the year, of buying a small apartment in Paris, of traveling around the world. But these dreams{{U}} (4) {{/U}}to a sudden and dramatic end when a stock I{{U}} (5) {{/U}}, Texas cellular pone wholesaler, fell by more than 75 percent{{U}} (6) {{/U}}a one year period. On the{{U}} (7) {{/U}}day, it plunged by more than $ 15 a share. There was a rumor the company was{{U}} (8) {{/U}}sales figures. That was when I leamed how quickly Wall street{{U}} (9) {{/U}}companies that misrepresent the{{U}} (10) {{/U}}. In a{{U}} (11) {{/U}}, I sold all my stock in the company, paying{{U}} (12) {{/U}}margin debt with cash advances from my{{U}} (13) {{/U}}card. Because I owned so many shares, I{{U}} (14) {{/U}}a small fortune, half of it from money I borrowed from the brokerage company. One month, I am a{{U}} (15) {{/U}}, the next, a loser. This one big loss was my first lesson in the market. My father was a stockbroker, as way my grandfather{{U}} (16) {{/U}}him. (In fact, he founded one of Chicago's earliest brokerage firms. ) But like so many things in life, we don't learn anything until we{{U}} (17) {{/U}}it for ourselves. The only way to really understand the inner{{U}} (18) {{/U}}of the stock market is to invest your own hard-earned money. When all your stocks are doing{{U}} (19) {{/U}}and you feel like a winner, you learn very little. It's when all your stocks are losing and everyone is questioning your stock-picking{{U}} (20) {{/U}}that you find out if you have what it takes to invest in the market.

单选题{{B}}Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:{{/B}} Perhaps the most familiar plant movement belongs to one species of mimosa called the sensitive plant. Within seconds, it can lower its leaves and make its tiny leaflets close up like folding chairs. This movement is thought to be initiated by electrical impulses remarkably similar to nerve signals in animals. But without the animals' sophisticated motion machinery, the mimosa has had to be creative in devising a way to move. For motion, the plant depends on tiny, bulb-shaped organs located at the base of each leaf stalk and leaflet. Called pulvini, these organs hold the plant parts in place. When the mimosa is stimulated—say, by a crawling insect or a sudden change in temperature—an electrical impulse sweeps through the plant. This causes potassium and then water to be shifted from certain cells in the pulvini to others, quickly turning one side of the organs flaccid. Because the pulvini can no longer support the leaves and leaflets, this shift results in a corresponding change in their position.

单选题By the mid-sixties, blue jeans were an essential part of the wardrobe of those with a commitment to social struggle. In the American Deep South, black farmers and grandchildren of slaves still segregated from whites, continued to wear jeans in their mid-nineteenth-century sense; but now they were joined by college students-black and white-in a battle to overturn deeply embedded race hatred. The clothes of the workers became a sacred bond between them. The clothing of toil came to signify the dignity of struggle. In the student rebellion and the antiwar movement that followed, blue jeans and work shirts provided a contrast to the uniforms of the dominant culture. Jeans were the opposite of high fashion, the opposite of the suit or military uniform. With the rise of the women's movement in the late 1960s, the political significance of dress became increasingly explicit; Rejecting orthodox sex roles, blue jeans were a woman's weapon against uncomfortable popular fashions and the view that women should be passive. This was the cloth of action; the cloth of labor became the badge of freedom. If blue jeans were for rebels in the 1960s and early 1970s, by the 1980s they had become a foundation of fashion-available in a variety of colors, textures, fabrics, and fit. These simple pants have made the long journey "from workers' clothes to cultural revolt to status symbol." On television, in magazine advertising, on the sides of buildings and buses, jeans call out to us. Their humble past is obscured; practical roots arc incorporated into a new aesthetic. Jeans are now the universal symbol of the individual and Western democracy. They are the costume of liberated women, with a fit tight enough to restrict like the harness of old-but with the look of freedom and motion. In blue jeans, fashion reveals itself as a complex world of history and change. Yet looking at fashions, in and of themselves, reveals situations that often defy understanding. Our ability to understand a specific fashion-the current one of jeans, for example-shows us that as we try to make sense of it, our confusion intensifies. It is a fashion whose very essence is contradiction and confusion. To pursue the goal of understanding is to move beyond the actual cloth itself, toward the more general phenomenon of fashion and the world in which it has risen to importance. Exploring the role of fashion within the social and political history of industrial America helps to reveal the parameters and possibilities of American society. The ultimate question is whether the development of images of rebellion into mass-produced fashions has actually resulted in social change.

单选题Current Group, a Germantown-based technology firm, has taken over an ordinary looking house in Bethesda and turned it into a laboratory for smart-grid technology, the system the company believes will bring the nation"s electricity grids into the digital age. In the front yard stands a utility pole hooked up to a special transformer that connects the power lines to high-speed Internet. Hundreds of sensors attached to the lines monitor how power flows through the home. That information is then sent back to the utility company. The process lets a utility more efficiently manage the distribution of electricity by allowing two-way communication between consumers and energy suppliers via the broadband network on the power lines. Based on data they receive from hundreds of homes, utilities can monitor usage and adjust output and pricing response to demand. Consumers can be rewarded with reduced rates by cutting back on consumption during peak periods. And computerized substations can talk to each other so overloaded circuits hand off electricity to those that axe not fully loaded, helping to prevent blackouts. Some utility companies have launched initiatives to give consumers data about their energy consumption habits in an effort to lower energy bills. Smart-grid technology takes such programs further by automating electricity distribution, which would make grids more reliable and efficient. By partnering with utilities, the company hopes to tap into $4.5 billion in stimulus grants intended to encourage smart-grid development. When he announced the funding, President Obama pointed to a project in Boulder, Colo., as an example of a successful smart-grid experiment. Current is one of the companies working on the project. Current"s chief executive Tom Casey believes the technology will help utility companies better distribute electricity produced by renewable resources, such as solar panels or wind farms. "A smart grid"s system can be paired up with the renewable resources so that when the renewable source is varying, the overall load can be varied as well," Casey told the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. "This will reduce or eliminate the need for backup coal or gas based power generation plants."

单选题Both police officers and high officials here are susceptible to corruption.

单选题Forget football. At many high schools, the fiercest competition is between Coke and Pepsi over exclusive "pouring rights" to sell on campus. But last week Jeffrey Dunn, president of Coca-Cola Americas, called a timeout: Coke's machines will now also stock water, juice, and other healthful options—even rival brands and their facades will feature school scenes and other "noncommercial graphics" instead of Coke's vivid red logo. "The pendulum needs to swing back" on school-based marketing, said Dunn. Coke's about-face—particularly the call to end the exclusive deals that bottlers make with school districts—comes amid rising concern over kids' health. American children are growing ever more obese and developing weight-related diseases usually found in adults. While inactivity and huge helpings factor heavily, a recent study in the Lancet fingered soda pop as a likely culprit. Communities—and legislators—are already on the case. Last year, for instance, parents in Philadelphia detailed a proposed contract with Coca-Cola that would have netted the school system $ 43 million over 10 years. And in a searing report to congress last month, the U. S. Department of Agriculture recommended that all snacks sold in schools meet federal nutrition standards(the requirements are loose enough that Snickers bars qualify). Spare change? Activists hope Coke's capitulation will help curb commercialism in schools altogether. From ads on Channel One, which broadcasts current-affairs programs on classroom TV, to middle-school math texts that cite Nike and other brand-name products in their word problems, to company-sponsored scoreboards on football fields, American pupils are bombarded. But Andrew Hagelshaw, executive director of the Oakland, Calif. -based Center for Commercial-Free Public Education, views Coca-Cola's policy shift as a "partial victory". Schools sign contracts with local bottlers; the parent company can only urge them to back off. Moreover, Coke's machines will remain in place, although with healthier options. And don't expect teenagers to suddenly swear off the stuff—or school districts to give up the revenue. At Wheeler High School in Marietta, Ga., where students arrive before 7 a. m. and stay as late as 11 o'clock at night, they rely on the machines. And the $ 50,000 in annual vending revenues have enabled Principal Joe Boland to refinish the gym floor, install a new high-jump pit, and pay $ 7,000 for two buses. "If someone made an offer to me to take the machines out, I'd consider it," says Boland. "But nobody's offering me any money. "

单选题Client: Could you please break the dollar into quarters? I need the coins for thetelephone stand. Bank Clerk :______ A. Here, you have them. B. Here, take them. C. Sure, in what denomination? D. Sure, here you are.

单选题In Action Painting, the paint is sometimes ______ onto the canvas. A. trickled B. trampled C. stroked D. soaked

单选题According to the passage, Niall FitzGerald

单选题Attending a church, temple, or mosque is one way to make {{U}}agreeable{{/U}} friends.

单选题What's wrong with Tony? ______ very stressed and nervous lately.

单选题The thief tried to open the locked door but ______. A) in no way B) in vain C) without effect D) at a loss

单选题The crucial years of the Depression, as they are brought into historical focus, increasingly emerge as the decisive decade for American art, if not for American culture in general. For it was during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress of American art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janus-faced, the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same time forward, as far as the present and beyond. It was the moment when artists, like Thomas Hart Benton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like Stuart Davis and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the Machine Age and to deal with its consequences. America in the thirties was changing rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although not without a struggle. A Predominantly rural and small town society was being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations. Many Americans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinherited. At the same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous, the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction that art, at least, should serve some purpose or carry some message of moral uplift grew stronger as the Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditional American virtues, which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and political context. In this new context, the appeal of the paintings by the regionalists and the American Scene painters often lay in their ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditional American values—self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in an international situation soon to involve America in a second world war. Such themes gained popularity because they filled a genome need for a comfortable collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white picket fence America, which in retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost Golden Age. In this light, an autonomous art-for-art's sake was viewed as a foreign invader liable to subvert the native American desire for a purposeful art. Abstract art was assigned the role of the villainous alien; realism was to personify the genuine American means of expression. The arguments drew favor in many camps: among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations of European modernism and were convinced that American art must develop its own distinct identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared to set up an artificial double standard, one for American art, and another for European art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote in Art News, "We have today in our midst a greater array of what may be called second-, third-, and fourth-string artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring circus. "