单选题How many of today"s ailments, or even illnesses, are purely psychological? And how far can these be alleviated by the use of drugs? For example a psychiatrist concerned mainly with the emotional problems of old people might improve their state of mind somewhat by the use of anti-depressants but he would not remove the root cause of their depression—the feeling of being useless, often unwanted and handicapped by failing physical powers. One of the most important controversies in medicine today is how far doctors, and particularly psychologists, should depend on the use of drugs for "curing" their patients. It is not merely that drugs may have been insufficiently tested and may reveal harmful side effects (as happened in the case of anti-sickness pills prescribed for expectant mothers) but the uneasiness of doctors who feel that they are treating the symptoms of a disease without removing the disease itself. On the other hand, some psychiatrists argue that in many cases (such as chronic depressive illness) it is impossible to get at the root of the illness while the patient is in a depressed state. Even prolonged psychiatric care may have no noticeable effect whereas some people can be lifted out of a depression by the use of drugs within a matter of weeks. These doctors feel not only that they have no right to withhold such treatment, but that the root cause of depression can be tackled better when the patient himself feels better. This controversy is concerned, however, with the serious psychological illnesses. It does not solve the problem of those whose headaches, indigestion, backache, etc. are due to "nerves". Commonly a busy family doctor will ascribe them to some physical cause and as a matter of routine prescribe a drug. Once again the symptoms are being cured rather than the disease itself. It may be true to say, as one doctor suggested recently, that over half of the cases that come to the ordinary doctor"s attention are not purely physical ailments. If this is so, the situation is serious indeed.

单选题How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of it—convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrossed in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross-examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our "adversarial" system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the Continental "inquisitorial" system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role. In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by "ordeal"— essentially a religious event—was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this was eventually abandoned, the two systems parted company. On the Continent, church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and the jury. The jurymen were often illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day. On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered. The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their Constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U. S. A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, American lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs. In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare them themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case; the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed lo meet witness beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. By being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better. Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries' mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal.

单选题Major life changes may play a role in as many as a quarter of chronic daily headache cases that arise among otherwise healthy adult men and women, study findings suggest. "Major life events may precipitate or co-occur with the development of chronic daily headaches," Dr. Ann I. Scher said. Major life changes literally shake up our world, and invite or pressure us to interact with life in new ways. To grow, we need to change our belief systems to allow for new levels of thinking and performance. Scher, of Uniformed Services University, in Bethesda, Maryland, and colleagues assessed re ports of major life changes among 206 men and women who met criteria for chronic daily headache (180 or more headache days per year). They assessed similar reports from 507 men and women with "episodic" headache (2 to 104 headache days per year). The investigators assessed changes in work, marital status, children's status, or residence; as well as deaths of family or close friends. They also inquired about self-defined "extremely stressful situations," such as financial problems, an ongoing individual illness or that of a family member, or an ongoing abusive relationship. Compared with men and women with episodic headache, men and women with chronic daily headache were more likely to have experienced major life events in the 2-year period prior to the onset of their headache condition, the researchers report in the medical journal Cephalalgia. The strongest predictor of chronic daily headache was an ongoing extremely stressful situation. The researchers also noted a higher proportion of chronic daily headache among people 40 years and older. In this group, "a change in work status was related to increased risk for chronic daily headache, while in contrast, those younger than 40 years showed a decreased risk for chronic daily headache after a job change," Scher told Reuters Health. These findings are generally consistent with prior research related to other chronic pain conditions, the investigators note. "Our finding that the relationship may be stronger for those older than 40 was an interesting, but secondary, finding that should be replicated in other samples," Scher said.

单选题Whether we'll go for picnic tomorrow______the weather.

单选题Though her parents ______ her musical ability, Jerrilou's piano playing is really terrible. [A] pour scorn on [B] heap praise upon [C] give vent to [D] cast light upon

单选题From the text we learn that the administrators in the distance education do not include ______. A．consensus builders B．referees C．decision makers D．faculty

单选题The______of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life.

单选题______ a strange plant! I have never seen it before.

单选题will come and lend us a helping hand on such an awkward occasion? A. Do you suppose who B. Whom do you suppose C. Who do you think D. whom do you think

单选题 There is on question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of Mint. It was mainly through his efforts {{U}}(1) {{/U}} the English currency was put on the satisfactory basis at a difficult time. {{U}}(2) {{/U}} discovered a relationship between prices and the amount of money in circulation, which {{U}}(3) {{/U}} later formalized in the so-called "quality {{U}}(4) {{/U}} of money: if the amount of currency in circulaton is doubled--other things {{U}}(5) {{/U}} the same--then prices also will approximately double. This is a simple application {{U}}(6) {{/U}} the principle that it is impossible to get something for nothing, but apparently it took someone like Newton to discover it. There is an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who{{U}} (7) {{/U}}the Polish government on currency questions and in doing so discovered another important{{U}} (8) {{/U}}(usually known as Gresham's Law): when bad money is accepted as legal tender, {{U}}(9) {{/U}} money will be driven out of {{U}}(10) {{/U}}. Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formation of this law.

单选题 When it comes to jealousy, men and women aren't always on the same page. Previous studies have shown that, while men are more likely to see red over a partner's sexual infidelity, women are more upset by emotional cheating. Evolutionary psychologists theorize that the difference is rooted in the sexes' historical roles-men wanted to guarantee that their partners were carrying their children, while women needed to feel secure that they and their children would be cared for by a committed partner. Yet, that evolutionary explanation doesn't account for a large group of men who say that emotional disloyalty is more upsetting than sexual infidelity, and women who are more upset by sexual betrayal. To gain a more thorough understanding of gender and jealousy, researchers from Pennsylvania State University (PSU) approached the issue with some modern psychology. In a study published in the journal Psychological Science, researchers found that, while generally speaking, the evolutionary explanation of gender and jealousy held up, when viewed through the lens of attachment theory-broadly, the psychological theory about our tendency to foster intimate relationships with other people-both men and women with secure emotional histories were more likely to experience jealousy over emotional infidelity, and those who were insecure or dismissing, were more likely to be {{U}}vexed{{/U}} by sexual cheating. To tackle the issue, researchers recruited 416 college students from New York City, whose attachment styles were assessed through questionnaires containing a series of vignettes (short descriptions or pictures)-each reflecting either secure, fearful, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles. Participants were instructed to select the story that most accurately reflected their own attitude about romantic relationships, and were categorized accordingly. In a subsequent questionnaire, participants were asked whether they would be more upset by their partner "having passionate sexual intercourse with another person," or "forming a deep emotional attachment to another person." They found that, regardless of gender, 77.3% of securely attached participants viewed emotional infidelity as more upsetting, while 64.8% of insecure or dismissing participants thought sexual cheating was worse. These findings, the authors say, shed light on the intricate psychological nature of jealousy, and may help to develop techniques to determine the underlying dynamics of sexual jealousy-a welldocumented cause of spousal abuse, beating and even murder. The authors suggest that, gaining a better understanding of not only the broad differences in jealousy between the sexes, but of the differences in jealousy within genders, may help to identify methods for interrupting abuse by fostering stable, secure attachments.

单选题The author draws a sharp contrast between the housing market and the rest of the economy so as to show

单选题It's his ______ that about every hundred years it becomes necessary to have a change movement.

单选题Even for overachievers who are used to multitasking, the idea of watching two versions of the same television show at the same time--one on television and one on a computer—is something that is probably foreign to most people over the age of 30. To the eternally young brains that nm MTV, however, it is the next step in reshaping their business. Beginning this summer with the MTV Video Music Awards and continuing in the fall with the cable channel's live afternoon program, "Total Request Live," MTV will offer two simultaneous versions of each show, one on television and another, focusing on a behind-the-scenes narrative, on its broadband channel, MTV Overdrive. "We do tons of research on our audience, and it shows that they are instant messaging and listening to music and watching TV all at the same time," said Christina Norman, president of MTV. "We've definitely seen them become more adept at navigating through multiple media. They live comfortably in several worlds at once." The Overdrive component, located at mtv.com, will feature a sort of video digression that will continue to stream live while the television show is broadcasting commercials. For example, if a viewer wants to watch an entire music video after a snippet is shown on the "Total Request Live" video countdown, or take a backstage tour with Jamie Foxx after he finishes his onstage appearance on the set of "T.R.L." (as the show is familiarly known), Overdrive will be the place to turn. "Doing three things at once when you're 19 years old is not hard," said Dave Sirulnick, an executive vice president at MTV who oversees multiplatform production, news and music. Last Thursday at MTV's studios in Times Square, Mr. Sirulnick proved adept at doing at least two things at once, dashing between two control rooms that were steps away from each other just down the hallway from the "T.R.L." set. It was the second test-run of simultaneous production, and in each control room-one for Overdrive, one for "T.R.L". —separate sets of directors and producers guided cameramen and the show's hosts, known as V.J.'s, through their paces. "No one that we know has done a live stream of a different signal of an existing show." Mr. Sirulnick said. "It's a live parallel experience, one that very quickly turns into an on-demand experiment" with portions of each show archivcd and kept on the Overdrive site for fans to replay at will.

单选题It"s ______ day and I"d like to go for walk in the park.

单选题Have you ever felt your life go into slow motion as you realize something bad is happening? You might have just knocked over a wine glass or noticed a car hurtling towards you, for example. Now scientists have measured exactly how much these attention-grabbing(引人注意的)events slow down our perception of the world around us. Another example of the world appearing to slow down is when you are hanging on the phone waiting for someone to pick up at the other end. If your attention wanders while you're waiting, then suddenly switches back,you will probably hear what seems like a longer than usual silence before hearing the dialling tone again. For you, time will have momentarily slowed. To see how our perception of time changes when something new happens, Vincent Walsh and his colleagues put headphones on volunteers and played eight beeps to their right ears. The gap between each beep was exactly i second, except for the gap between the fourth and fifth beeps, which the scientists could make shorter or longer. They altered the length of this gap until the volunteers estimated it was the same length as the other gaps. The researchers found that, on average, people judge a second slightly short, at 955 milliseconds. In the second part of the experiment, the first four beeps were played to the subjects' right ear, but the other four were then played to their left. Again, the volunteers were asked to estimate when the gap between the fourth and fifth beeps was the same as the others. This time they judged a second to be even shorter at 825 milliseconds long. Perceiving a second to be much shorter than it is makes you feel as though the world has gone into slow motion, since less happens in that slice of time. Walsh thinks the effect could have evolved to give us a fraction more time to react to potentially threatening events. Last year, Kielan Yarrow, a British psychologist found a similar effect with vision. When you glance at a clock, the first second will seem longer than it really is. Yarrow's results showed that time appeared to slow down by a similar amount as Walsh found. Previous studies have shown that cooling the body slows down our perception of time while warming it up has the opposite effect.

单选题Speaker A: Can I do anything for you?Speaker B:______A. No. You can' t do anything for me.B. Never mind.C. lt' s my pleasure.D. No, it' s all right. I can manage mysel

单选题The decades after 1830 were a period of disintegration and uncertainty in German philosophy. For almost half a century idealist philosophies, culminating in Hegel's grandiose system, had dominated the philosophical scene, revolving around such spiritual notions as transcendental ego, consciousness, presentation (Vorstellung ) , idea, mind, and spirit (Geist). The rapid collapse of German Idealism—that "gigantic mountain range" of creative thought, as Husserl called it in 1917, was due to a combination of causes. There was in the first place, accelerated progress in the natural sciences, ranging from physiology (Johannes Muller, Ernst Weber) to physics (Robert Mayer, Hermann Helmholtz) and chemistry (Justus von Liebig, Friedrich Whler). The success of the experimental approach visibly demonstrated the futility of all idealistic speculation about nature. Secondly, there was the rapid growth of technology (especially the construction of railways and the invention of the telegraph), combined with the process of industrialization (resulting in tensions between capital and labour which led to radical changes in the economic system). Moreover, new political ideas concerning popular participation in government led first of all to the abortive revolution of 1848 and resulted finally in the unification of Germany after the war of 1866. Next to philosophical idealism, the other great loser in this course of events was Christianity, especially protestant Christianity, a long-standing ally of idealism. The vacuum thus produced was often filled by vulgar materialist ideas along the line of Ludwig Buchner's Kraft und Stoff (1855). The more educated classes, however, had needs of a more refined nature, and they turned instead to Schopenhauerianism. Schopenhauer stood firmly in the great European tradition of idealism extending from Plato and Kant, but he nevertheless resolutely rejected post-Kantian, and more specifically Hegelian idealism. Schopenhauer combined the scientist's conviction of a blind causality reigning in the world of nature with a view according to which this world is none the less rooted in a subjective bestowal of sense. He combined the democratic feeling of compassion for all mankind with an elitist view on art, and a belief in the ultimate meaninglessness of history with an ontology in which the will is fundamental. But above all his philosophy, while rating Christianity rather low, made room for religion on better soil. the religion of India. The view of Indian thought current among educated circles in the second half of the nineteenth century in Germany was strongly influenced by Schopenhauer. Not only did he give popular currency to expressions such as "nirvana" and "the veil of maya", but also he may also be held responsible for the current amalgamation of all ideas which blew into Europe from the East. Neither Hinduism and Buddhism nor Brahmanism and Vedanta philosophy were clearly distinguished by Schopenhauer. On one point, however, he was particularly firm. Buddhism is the highest religion in the world, because it is an "atheistic religion" .Thus it not only surpasses Christian theism, but also comes close to Schopenhauer's own conception of the absolute. Schopenhauer's followers in Germany were therefore able to look down on the parochial Christian rituals practised in their country, while upholding the claim that they, too, were directed toward some higher entity however, vaguely conceived. Moreover, they could feel themselves close to the Vedas and Upanisads, considered to be the oldest and most venerable documents of human thought, while at the same time feeling superior to these Indian "myths" as a result of their own rootedness in the purely philosophical ideas of the Schopenhauerian system. To illustrate all this, I want to quote from a document which not only exemplifies this widespread attitude, but also deviates from it in a significant way. It will moreover display the typical framework of Husserl's own understanding of Indian thought. The document in question is a letter written by Thomas Masaryk (1850—1937) in 1876, while Masaryk (who later was to rise to fame as the thunder and first president of the Czechoslovakian state) was still a student of philosophy. The letter is addressed to Franz Brentano who had been for some years Masaryk's teacher at the University of Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was written from Leipzig in Germany where Masaryk moved in order to continue his studies. On 23 November 1876, he writes to Brentano....

单选题Domestic tourists now make up more than 90 percent of the country's total and______two-thirds of its total tourism earnings.