单选题

单选题Do patents help or hinder innovation? Instinctively, they would seem a blessing. Patenting an idea gives its inventor a 20-year monopoly to exploit the fruit of his la- bor in the marketplace, in exchange for publishing a full account of how the new product, process or material works for everyone to see. For the inventor, that may be a reasonable trade-off. For society, however, the loss of competition through the granting sole rights to an individual or organization is justified only if it stimulates the economy and delivers goods that change people's lives for the better. Invention, though, is not innovation. It may take a couple of enthusiasts working evenings and weekends for a year or two--not to mention tens of thousands of dollars of their savings--to get a pet idea to the patenting stage. But that is just the beginning. Innovations based on patented inventions or discoveries can take teams of researchers, engineers and marketing experts a decade or more, and tens of millions of dollars, to transfer to the marketplace. And for every bright idea that goes on to become a commercial winner, literally thousands fall by the wayside. Most economists would argue that, without a patent system, even fewer inventions would lead to successful innovations, and those that did would be kept secret for far longer in order to maximize returns. But what if patents actually discourage the combining and recombining of inventions to yield new products and processes--as has happened in biotechnology, genetics and other disciplines? Or what about those ridiculous business-process patents, like Amazon.com's "one-click" patent or the "nameyour-price" auction patent assigned to Priceline.com? Instead of stimulating innovation, such patents seem more about extracting "rents" from innocent bystanders going about their business. One thing has become clear since business-process patents took off in America during the 1990s: the quality of patents has deteriorated markedly. And with sloppier patenting standards, litigation has increased. The result is higher transaction costs all round. It is not simply a failure of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to examine applications more rigorously. The Federal Circuit has been responsible for a number of bizarre rulings. Because of its diverse responsibilities, the Federal Circuit--unlike its counterparts in Europe and Japan--has never really acquired adequate expense in patent law. To be eligible for a patent, an invention must not just be novel, but also useful and non-obvious. Anything that relies on natural phenomena, abstract ideas or the laws of nature does not qualify. The USPTO has taken to requiring a working prototype of anything that supposedly breaches the laws of physics. So, no more perpetualmotion machines, please.

单选题Have you ever heard of the Aesop Fable, "The Belly(肚子)and The Members"? As you read the following story, I encourage you to think about your own teams and how this might 11 . One day it 12 to The Members of the Body that they were doing all of the work while the Belly got all of the food. They believed the Belly was 13 and unproductive. They held a meeting to discuss how 14 this seemed. After a very long meeting, The Members of the Body decided to go on strike until the Belly agreed to take its proper 15 of the work. The unhappy body parts didn"t do anything for several days to stop 16 the Belly. The Hands stopped moving and the Teeth stopped chewing. 17 , the Legs became more and more fired and the Hands could 18 move anymore. Eventually the entire Body collapsed. What is the moral of the story? Some members" contribution may seem of less 19 than that of others. It is important that every member of the team understands their unique roles and 20 they bring to the team. It is also important that they clearly understand everyone else"s roles and contributions.

单选题Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.

单选题Strange things have been happening to England. Still (1) from the dissolution of the empire in the years (2) World War Ⅱ, now the English find they are not even British. As the cherished "United Kingdom" breaks into its (3) parts, Scots are clearly (4) and the Welsh, Welsh. But who exactly are the English? What's left of them, with everything but the (5) half of their island taken away? Going back in time to (6) roots doesn't help. First came the Celts, then the Romans, then Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes. Invasion after invasion, until the Norman Conquest. English national identity only seemed to find its (7) later, on the shifting sands of expansionism, from Elizabethan times onwards. The empire seemed to seal it. But now there's just England, (8) of a green island in the northern seas, lashed by rain, scarred by two (9) of vicious industrialization fallen (10) dereliction, ruined, as D．H. Lawrence thought, by "the tragedy of ugliness," its abominable architecture. Of all English institutions, the one to (11) on would surely be the pub. Shelter to Chaucer's pilgrims, home to Falstaff and Hal, throne of felicity to Dr. Johnson, the pub- that smoky, yeasty den of jollity-is the womb of (12) , if anywhere is. Yet in the midst of this national (13) crisis, the pub, the mainstay of English life, a staff driven (14) into the sump of history, (15) as the Saxons, is suddenly dying and evolving at (16) rates. Closing at something like a rate of more than three a day, pubs have become (17) enough that for the first time since the Domesday Book, more than half the villages in England no longer have one. It's a rare pub that still (18) , or even limps on, by being what it was (19) to be: a drinking establishment. The old (20) of a pub as a place for a "session," a lengthy, restful, increasingly tipsy evening of swigging, is all but defunct.

单选题The room is so ______ with furniture—hat it is hard to move about.

单选题Villagersare __________ nottoswimintheriversinceitisquitedeepanddangerous

单选题I think it was all fixed up by lawyers or ______ arranges adoptions. A. someone B. anyone C. whoever D. those

单选题Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless re quently exercise jurisdiction over a variety of misdemeanors.

单选题No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been ______ to Bach. A. identified B. associated C. referred D. attributed

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Researchers have found that migrating animals use a variety of inner compasses to help them navigate. Some{{U}} (1) {{/U}}by the position of the Sun. Others navigate by the stars. Some use the Sun as{{U}} (2) {{/U}}guide during the day, and then{{U}} (3) {{/U}}to star navigation by night. One study shows that the homing pigeon uses the Earth's magnetic fields as a guide{{U}} (4) {{/U}}finding its way home, and there are indications that various other animals, from insects to mollusks (软体动物), can also make{{U}} (5) {{/U}}of magnetic compasses.{{U}} (6) {{/U}}is of course very useful for a migrating bird to be able to switch to magnetic compass when clouds cover the sun;{{U}} (7) {{/U}}it Would just have to land and wait for the Sun to come out again.{{U}} (8) {{/U}}with the Sun or stars to steer by, the problems of navigation are more complicated{{U}} (9) {{/U}}they might seem at first. For example, a worker honeybee{{U}} (10) {{/U}}has found a rich source of nectar and pollen flies rapidly home to the hive to{{U}} (11) {{/U}}: A naturalist has discovered that the bee scout{{U}} (12) {{/U}}her report through complicated dance in the hive,{{U}} (13) {{/U}}she tells the other workers not only how far away the food is, but also what direction to fly in{{U}} (14) {{/U}}to the Sun.{{U}} (15) {{/U}}the Sun does not stay in one place all day. As the workers start{{U}} (16) {{/U}}to gather the food, the Sun may{{U}} (17) {{/U}}have changed its position in the sky somewhat. In later trips during the day, the Sun seems to move farther and farther toward the west. Yet the worker bees seem to have no{{U}} (18) {{/U}}at all in finding the food source. Their inner{{U}} (19) {{/U}}tell them just where the Sun will be, and they change their course{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.

单选题Intelligence test scores follow an approximately normal distribution, (meaning) that most people score near the middle of the distribution of scores, (and) scores (drop off) fairly rapidly in frequency as one moves in (either) direction from tile center.A. meaningB. andC. drop offD. either

单选题The food you eat does more than provide energy. It can have a dramatic effect on your body's ability to fight off heart disease, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, and weak bones. With remarkable consistency, recent research has found that a diet high in plant-based foods—fruits, vegetables, dried peas and beans, grains, and starchy staples such as potatoes—is the body's best weapon in thwarting many health-related problems. These foods work against so many diseases that the same healthy ingredients you might use to protect your heart or ward off cancer will also benefit your intestinal tract and bones. Scientists have recently estimated that approximately 30 to 40 percent of all cancers could be avoided if people ate more fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods and minimized high-fat, high-calorie edibles that have scant nutritional value. Up to 70 percent of cancers might be eliminated if people also stopped smoking, exercised regularly, and controlled their weight. In the past, researchers had linked fat consumption with the development of cancers, but they currently believe that eating fruits, vegetables, and grains may be more important in. preventing the disease than not eating fat. "The evidence about a high-fat diet and cancer seemed a lot stronger several years ago than it does now," says Melanie Polk, a registered dietitian and director of nutrition education at the American Institute for Cancer Research. The road to strong bones is paved with calcium-rich food. Leafy green vegetables and low-fat dairy products are excellent sources of calcium, the mineral that puts stiffness into your skeletal system and keeps your bones from turning rubbery and fragile. Your body uses calcium for mom than keeping your bones strong. Calcium permits cells to divide, regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, and plays an important role in the movement of protein and nutrients inside cells. If you don't absorb enough from what you eat to satisfy these requirements, your body will take it from your bones. Because your body doesn't produce this essential mineral, you must continually replenish the supply. Even though the recommended daily amount is 1,200 mg, most adults don't eat more than 500 mg. One mason may have been the perception that calcium-rich dairy products were also loaded with calories. "In the past, women, in particular, worded that dairy products were high in calories, "says Letha Y. Griffin, M. D., of Peachtree Orthopaedics in Atlanta." But today you can get calcium without eating any high-fat or high-calorie foods by choosing skim milk or low-fat yogurt. "Also, low-fat dairy products contain phosphorous and magnesium and are generally fortified with vitamin D, all of which help your body absorb and use calcium. If you find it difficult to include enough calcium in your diet, ask your doctor about supplements. They are a potent way to get calcium as well as vitamin D and other minerals. But if you rely on pills instead of a calcium-rich diet, you won't benefit from the other nutrients that food provides. Getting the recommended vitamin D may be easy, since your body makes the vitamin when your skin is exposed to the sun's rays.

单选题In the ______ century, if a man took more than his share of salt, he would ______.

单选题The nuclear family ______a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.