单选题Sleep is a funny thing. We' re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke--probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly. Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a doctor, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn' t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person' s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don' t think twice about operating without enough sleep. "I could tell you horror stories," says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. "I was operating after being up for over 36 hours, "one writes. "I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound. " "Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work," writes another. "I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a convenience store on the roadside, going [105kin/h]. " "Your own patients have become the enemy," writes a third," because they are the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep. " Agrawal' s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State's regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes "doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government. " The U. S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you' re worried about the people treating you, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.

单选题In education, changing patterns of school attendance required new ways of thinking. As late as 1870, 【C21】______families needed children at home to do farm work, Americans attended school for an average of only four years. By 1900, however, cities contained multitudes of children who had more time for school. Compulsory-attendance laws 【C22】______children to be in school to age fourteen, and swelling populations of immigrant and migrant children jammed schoolrooms. Before the Civil War, the curriculum had consisted chiefly of moral lessons. But in the late nineteenth century, the psychologist G. Stanley Hall and the philosopher John Dewey asserted that modern education ought to prepare children【C23】______. They insisted that personal development, not subject matter, should be the focus of the【C24】______. Education, argued Dewey, must relate directly to experience; children should be encouraged to discover knowledge for themselves. Learning 【C25】______to students' lives should replace rote memorization and outdated subjects. Progressive education, based on Dewey's books The School and Society(1899)and Democracy and Education(1916), was a uniquely American phenomenon. Dewey believed that learning should focus on real-life problems and that children should be taught to use their intelligence and ingenuity as 【C26】______for controlling their environments. From kindergarten through high school, Dewey asserted, children should learn 【C27】______direct experience. Dewey and his wife, Alice, put these ideas into【C28】______in their own Laboratory School, located at the University of Chicago. A more practical curriculum became the driving principle behind reform in higher education as well. Previously, the purpose of American colleges and universities had resembled that of European 【C29】______: to train a select few individuals for careers in law, medicine, teaching and religion. But in the late 1800s, institutions of higher learning multiplied. Curricula【C30】______as educators sought to make learning more appealing and to keep up with technological and social changes.

单选题The process of fermentation is ______ by adding sugar.

单选题Women are often said to be more ______ than men. A. emotions B. motions C. emotional D. emotive

单选题Not until the mid-12th century______as a nation with its own culture and language.

单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}} What makes Reader's Digest the most successful magazine in publishing history? Beneath the fun and excitement that fill our pages, we are, above all else, a serious magazine. Our readers are serious people. The Digest never loses sight of the fact that each day all of us confront a tough, challenging world. To millions who know our record of viewing this world, we are not a luxury; we are a necessity. Basic to our magazine is a steady focus on the power of the individual. We show that man's greatest ideas and accomplishment, his often stunning (极好的) faith and courage and hope, can be seen in the conduct of ordinary men and women. We reflect the universal skepticism that government can solve our problems; we herald the unending promise of self-determination and individual enterprise. Readers depend upon us for truth and accuracy, logic and common sense. Our stories come from the grit of human experience—the tough, the tender, the funny. These Stories—always told in a powerful narrative style—spring from tore and caring, from a sense of right and wrong, from a dedication to the vitality (活力,生命力) of the human spirit. We are at the forefront of major issues of medicine, health, environment, human rights. We take readers behind the headlines to the cause and meaning of world events. We celebrate courage, champion adventure and always seek to expand the mind, and to enrich the spirit and the body. It is this clear voice—never preaching (说教), always showing—that has made readers set us apart from all other magazines. Deep within our widely varied package of humor, drama, and helpful information, there hums (哼唱) a subtle power that guides people in every aspect of their lives. They listen because what we put forth rings true. They are comfortable with our clear, concise words that inform them, entertain them, and remind them of those eternal values that fortify all decent people as they seek clarity and coherence in a confusing world. Our readers recognize that our compass is good for the long haul—that our principles are good for all seasons, good for all ages, good for all those who wish to play a role in making their world a better place. So long as we never lose sight of these powerful principles that are at the soul of our magazine—and so long as we remain at the cutting edge of life in our world—then we are prepared to lay claim to a future as brilliant and as exciting as our past.

单选题Education benefits a lot from multimedia because ______. A．all educational software employing multimedia is available in the libraries B．the material of education is dependent upon responses and requests of the students involved C．teachers can reduce their heavy work D．information can be controlled in the classroom

单选题Is ______ three hours ______ the boy ______ family is poor to come to school on foot? A) it; that; whose B) it; that it takes; whose C) it for; that it takes; whose D) it; when; that

单选题When a student, I was a member of the collegiate basketball team. It was mainly composed of bookish students. Only one could be counted as natural athlete, another half-qualified. That's why we were defeated nine out of ten games. Our spirits, however, had never dampened, for we were a cheerful team. None would strive to get into the spotlight when we were gaining the upper hand~ nor would we blame each other when we were losing. Thus a cordial relationship between members prevailed in our team. Most recommendable of all was our morale which never lowered. Our sportsmanship also remained good. We persisted in carrying on to the last when suffering great loss. We knew we had done our best, showing no regret at failure. To the rest of the students our team was a good one though it lost the game. They kept encouraging us and none of them was disappointed. Recently I have avoided watching games, not even at a TV live coverage, still less to the match in person. That's because I know I couldn't control myself. When watching a match, I'll inevitably take sides and be emotionally involved, strongly wishing for the triumph of the side over its opponent. As I often side with the "weaker " in a match, watching it will only spell worry and misery for me. Not long ago when I accompanied my wife to a super world tennis match my horizons broadened as regards sports competition. It seemed to me that wins and losses were relative and transient. What mattered was the ever-higher level achieved through contest. Victory was a result of all the efforts made by both sides. As one of the audience, I should applaud the energetic performance of both to the neglect of the result. Why should I regard the contest as a life-and-death struggle, the winner as survival and the loser as dead?

单选题The child was ______. he made up a wonderful story when he was given only the beginning of it. A) imaginative B) imagining C) imaginary D) imagery

单选题Sometimes, people (41) your life and you realize that they are there (42) some purpose, to (43) you a lesson, or to help you (44) who you are or who you want to become. You'd never know who these people (45) be, your friend, your classmate, your neighbor, your co-worker, your teacher, or (46) a stranger, but they will deeply (47) your life in some way. And sometimes things (48) to you that may seem (49) , painful and horrible at first, but (50) , you realize that without (51) those difficulties you would never know your strength, (52) or potential. Everything happens for a (53) . Nothing happens by (54) or by means of good luck. Illness, great achievement, love, injury and failure all come to (55) the limits of your soul. Without these tests, life would be like a straight and fiat road, but it goes (56) . It would be safe and comfortable, but dull and completely (57) . Those people who affect your life, and the failure and the success you experience can help you to create who you are and who you become. Even the bad experiences can (58) from. In fact, they are the most important ones. If someone breaks your heart, or hurts you, please (59) them, for they helped you to learn about the importance of being careful when you open your heart. If someone loves you, love them (60) , because they are teaching you to love and how to open your heart and eyes to things.

单选题April 1st is a day on which, in some countries, people try to play tricks on others. If one succeeds in tricking somebody, one may laugh and say, "April Fool!" and then the person who has been tricked usually laughs too. One April 1st, a bus was going along a country road when it slowed down and stopped. The driver anxiously turned switches (开关) and pressed buttons (按钮), but nothing happened. Then he turned to the passengers with a worried look on his face and said, "This poor bus is getting old. There"s only one thing to do if we want to get home today. I shall count one, two, three, and on the word three, I want you all to lean forward suddenly with all your effort. That should get the bus started again. Now, all of you lean back as far as you can in your seats and get ready." The passengers all pressed back against their seats and waited for his order. The driver turned to his front and asked, "Are you ready?" The passengers hardly had enough breath to answer, "Yes." "One! Two! Three!" counted the driver. The passengers all swung (摇摆)forward and the bus started up at once. The passengers breathed more easily and began to smile. But their smiles turned to surprise and then burst into laughter (大笑起来) when the driver merrily cried, "April Fool!" "April Fool" is a person who ______ on April 1st.

单选题In spite of the thunderstorm, the children slept ______ all night. A. densely B. soundly C. loudly D. noisily

单选题I was most favorably struck by the {{U}}assurance{{/U}} with which the boy answered all my questions.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Every year 100 million holiday-makers are drawn to the Mediterranean. With one third of the world's tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday destinations: it is also the most polluted. It has only 1 percent of the world's sea surface, but carries more than half the oil and tar floating on the waters. Thousands of factories pour their poison into the Mediterranean, and almost every city, town and village on the coast sluices its sewage, untreated, into the sea. The result is that the Mediterranean, which nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill-the first of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it. And the population does not merely stifle the life of the sea-it threatens the people who inhabit and visit its shores. Typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, polio, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are endemic in the area, and there are periodic outbreaks of cholera. The mournful litany of disease is caused by sewage. Eight-five percent of the waste from the Mediterranean's 120 coastal cities is pushed out into the waters where their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight off the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offshore. Less than 100, 000 of Greece's four million coastal people have their sewage properly treated-and Greece, is one of the cleaner countries of the northern shore. The worst parts of the sea are Israeli/Lebanon coast and between Barcelona and Genoa, which flushes out over 200 tons of sewage each year for every mile of its length. Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesn't take long for these to reach people. Professor William Brumfit of the Royal Free Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate; but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk. An even greater danger lurks in the seductive seafood dishes that add so much interest to holiday menu. Shellfish are prime carriers of many of the most vicious diseases of the area. They often grow amid pollution. And even if they don't they are frequently infected by the popular practice of "freshening them up" -throwing filthy water over them in markets. Industry adds its own poisons. Factories cluster round the coastline, and even the most modern rarely has proper waste-treatment plant. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage. Fifteen thousand factories foul the Italian Lihurian Riviera. Sixty thousand pollute the Tyrrhenian Sea between Sardinia, Sicily and the west Italian coast! The lagoon of Venice alone receives the effluents of 76 factories. Thousands of tons of pesticides are blown off the fields into the sea, detergents from millions of sinks kill fish, and fertilizers, flushed out to sea, nourish explosions of plankton which cover bathers with itchy slime. Then there is the oil-130, 000 tons pouring each year from ships, 115, 000 tons more from industries round the shore. Recent studies show that the Mediterranean is four times as polluted as the north Atlantic, 20 times as bad as the north-east Pacific. Apart from the nine-mile-wide Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean is landlocked, virtually unable to cleanse itself. It takes 80 years for the water to be renewed, through the narrow, shallow straits, far too slow a process to cope with the remorseless rush of pollution.

单选题Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black Fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black Fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black Fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black Fiction make itself distinct from other modem fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black Fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity ; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works -- yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

单选题The word relative (line 1, paragraph 3 )most probably means ______.