问答题 (1) Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child's individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. (2) In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity. There is some relationship between age and children's characteristic reaction to divorce. (3) As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls' adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? (4) The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. (5) Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents' fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.

问答题A photograph that made me look worse than the Ruins of Athens was published by Time together with a line from William Blake: "The lineaments of gratified desire." Nowhere in the novel Time was reviewing had I so much as hinted that my face, with its lineaments, was anything like the faces Blake had in mind (faces of prostitutes, as his text explicitly tells us). But there was my dreary, sullen, tired, and aging mug. I was brought low by Blake's blazing words. But it is the prerogative (特权) of the mass media to bring you down when they think that you have gotten ahead of yourself—when they suspect you of flying too high.

问答题有的人喜欢居住在城市，而有的人则喜欢居住在农村。解释一下他们的各自原因。

问答题(1) A gifted American psychologist has said, "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go. " It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that. " Such an attempt only aggravates the train of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.(2) Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes; those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labor, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious thing for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the week-end. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire—for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.(3) In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path. It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes-, first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one.(4) Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But fortune's favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.

问答题他工作表现出色，最近被提升为部门经理。

问答题你是Lucy，写一封给老同学Allen的邀请信，邀请他参加星期日下午4点(3月28日)的校友聚会。希望Allen尽快回信接受邀请，以便他们及时做好安排。

问答题The human resources department is using online advertisements to recruit new employees because applicants can respond to this more quickly than to print ones.

问答题在美国，很多美国人都会庆祝感恩节，甚至包括那些并不是英国移民的人。现在，人们把这一天看作是一次家庭聚会，大家一起来享受传统的烤火鸡宴，彼此诉说着令自己感激的事情。那些上大学或离家在外的年轻人，常常会赶回家来吃这顿饭。如果是上了年纪的人，那么他们已成年的孩子或别的亲戚会来准备这顿盛宴。

问答题Once we draw the conclusion, we"ll inform you.

问答题(1)如今越来越多的人利用业余时间提志愿服务。 (2)志愿服务在现代社会中的重要意义。 (3)你的看法。

问答题 It was an admission of cultural defeat; but then Hong Kong is nothing if not pragmatic about such things. {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}On June 6th its education minister lifted restrictions that forced four-fifths of the territory's more than 500 secondary schools to teach in the "mother tongue", i.e. Cantonese, the main language of its residents{{/U}}. Schools may switch to English, the language of the former colonial oppressor, from next year. Tiffs reverses a decade-old policy adopted after Hong Kong's reversion to China in 1997, in an assertion of independence from both formre and present sovereign powers. Emotion may have played a large role in the decision. But it made some sense. Students speak Cantonese at home, and so using it is the easiest way to impart information and promote discussion. {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}It is also the first language of most teachers: a study done at the time concluded that schools labeled "English-medium" were actually teaching in Cantonese but using English-language textbooks.{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}After much bureaucratic rearrangement, 20% of schools were permitted to continue teaching in English, which may have made sense to teachers and administrators, but not to ambitious parents.{{/U}} They know that their offspring will need English to get ahead. Those who could flee the public system for costly private schools, or for the eight semi-private schools run on the British system, did so. The rest made extraordinary efforts to enter the minority of English-language schools. They have huge waiting lists; Cantonese ones gaping holes. That helps explain the minister's change of heart, for which no reason was given. {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}So does a survey published last year, which concluded that students from the Cantonese schools did far worse than their peers in getting into universities-a result that would horrify Hong Kong's achievement-obsessed parents.{{/U}} And whatever the educators think, employers from coffee bars to banks either require people to be bilingual or pay more to those who are. Private schools offering supplementary English tuition have mushroomed. {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Hong Kong's educational bureaucracy has devoted much thought to how English could be offered without harming other studies, and without sacrificing a generation of teachers with strong interest in a system based on their first language{{/U}}. The minister has skirted these difficult issues. A much debated but still undisclosed formula will allow an increasing number of subjects to be taught in English. Every step is controversial. Pragmatists want Hong Kong to drop Cantonese entirely in favor of English and Mandarin. But that may demand a level of cultural indifference which even Hong Kong cannot muster.

问答题 American and Japanese researchers are developing a smart car that will help drivers avoid accidents by predicting when they are about to make a dangerous move. The smart car of the future will be able to tell if drivers are going to turn, change lanes, speed up, slow down or pass another car. If the driver's intended action could lead to an accident, the car will activate a warning system or override the move. (46) {{U}}"By shifting the emphasis of car safety away from design of the vehicle itself and looking more toward the driver's behavior, the developers believe that they can start to build cars that adapt to suit people's needs,"{{/U}} New Scientist magazine said. Alex Pentland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated on the project with Andrew Liu who works for the Japanese carmaker Nissan. (47) {{U}}Tests of their smart car using a driving simulator have shown that it is 95 percent accurate in predicting a driver's move 12 seconds in advance.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}The system is based on driving behavior which the researchers say can be divided into chains of sub-actions which include preparatory moves.{{/U}} It monitors the driver's behavior patterns to predict the next move. "To make its predictions, Nissan's smart car uses a compute, r and sensors on the steering wheel, accelerator and brake to monitor a person's driving patterns. (49) {{U}}A brief training session, in which the driver is asked to perform certain maneuvers, allows the system to calculate the probability of particular actions occurring in two-second time segments, "the magazine said.{{/U}} Liu has also done work on tracking eye movement to predict driving behavior. (50) {{U}}He said the smart car could be adapted to monitor eye movement which could give even earlier predictions of when a driver is about to make a wrong move.{{/U}}

问答题For this part, you are allowed fifteen minutes to write an informal letter of congratulation to a friend of yours (Charles) based on the following notes. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using "Anni" instead. 1) Congratulations on your friend's appointment to the General Manger of this company. 2) The promotion is due to his hard work. 3) You are going to New York very soon. You promise to call him after you come back. 4) Express your best wishes for the future.

问答题Directions: Write an essay of no less than 150 words about the volunteers (志愿者) of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: In this part, you are allowed to write a letter to Mr. Li, your friend who is going to visit you during vacation. You should write him a letter 1) to express the welcome; 2) to suggest the plan about the visit; 3) to remind what to do when he visits. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not write your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Linguistic determinism (上海交大2007研)