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文学
单选题He was ______ to be a college graduate but he knew nothing about history.
单选题Shaw's international fame was firmly established ______.
单选题A. angryB. cryC. armyD. copy
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单选题从供选择的答案中，选出最确切的解答。 WebSQL is a SQL-like (1) language for extracting information from the web. Its capabilities for performing navigation of web (2) make it a useful tool for automating several web-related tasks that require the systematic processing of either all the links in a (3) , all the pages that can be reached from a given URL through (4) that match a pattern, or a combination of both. WebSQL also provides transparent access to index servers that can be queried via the Common (5) Interface.
单选题[此试题无题干]
单选题Our physical development is largely directed by the genes that we inherit from our parents. At one time, psychologists waged vigorous debates about how much of our behavior is genetically determined and how much of it is learned. This was known as the nature-nurture controversy. We now know that this "either-or" question is largely meaningless, since behavior depends on the interaction between heredity (遗传) and environment. However, it is also dear that genetic factors do set limits on our behavioral capabilities, as illustrated most dramatically in certain genetically baaed birth disorders. Psychologists working in the field of behavior genetics study how behavior is influenced by biological factors and how favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions can affect an organism' s genetically inherited potential. Genetic theory began around 1865, when Gregor Mendel reported on his experiments with garden peas. Mendel showed that heredity involved the passing on of specific organic factors, not the simple blending of the parents' characteristics. These specific factors might produce visible characteristics in the offspring(后代), or they might simply be carried for possible transmission to another generation. In any case, the offspring of one set of parents did not all inherit the same traits. Early in the twentieth century, geneticists made an important distinction between genotype and phenotype. Genotype refers to the specific genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype refers to the observable characteristics produced by that genetic endowment(才能). Genotype and phenotype axe not identical because not every gene is expressed in a visible trait and bemuse the expression of a genotypic trait may be modified by the environment. An individual's genetic coding is like the catalog of a giant library. Some of the coded directives are used on one occasion, some on another. Some are never used at all, either, because they are contradicted by stronger genetic directives or because the environment never calls them forth. For example, geneticists have discovered that chickens have retained the genetic code for teeth, yet, because the code is prevented from being expressed, hens' teeth remain a cliche for scarcity.
单选题What do they think about the restaurant?
单选题I thought the meeting was going to be awful, but it didn't ______ too badly. A. turn up B. turn out C. turn apart D. turn down
单选题I found, while thinking about the far-reaching world of the creative black woman, that often the truest answer to a question that really matters can be found very close. In the late 1920s, my mother ran away from home to
1
my father. Marriage, if not running away, was
2
of seventeen-year-old girls. By the time she was twenty, she had two children and was pregnant
3
a third. Five children later, I was born. And this is how I
4
to know my mother: she
5
a large, soft, loving-eyed woman who was
6
impatient in our home. Her quick, violent temper was on
7
only a few times a year, when she
8
with the white landlord who had the misfortune to suggest to her that her children did not need to go to school. She made all the clothes we wore, even my brother"s
9
. She made all the towels and sheers we used. She spent the summers canning vegetables and fruits. She spent the winter evenings making quilts
10
to cover all our beds.
单选题According to the author, which of the following is NOT an ancient belief?
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单选题She helped the old man ______ the car. A. into B. on C. in D. to
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Reading to oneself is a modern activity
which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical. In{{U}} (1)
{{/U}}world during the fifteenth century the term " reading"{{U}} (2)
{{/U}}meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent
reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of{{U}} (3)
{{/U}}that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a(n){{U}}
(4) {{/U}}to others. Examination of factors related to the{{U}}
(5) {{/U}}development of silent reading reveals that it became the
usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks
themselves changed in{{U}} (6) {{/U}}. The last century
saw a steady gradual increase in{{U}} (7) {{/U}}and thus in the number
of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners{{U}} (8)
{{/U}}, and thus there was some{{U}} (9) {{/U}}in the need to read
aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the
flourishing of reading as a{{U}} (10) {{/U}}activity in such public
places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would{{U}}
(11) {{/U}}distraction to other readers. Towards the
end of the century there was still{{U}} (12) {{/U}}argument over whether
books should be used for information or treated{{U}} (13) {{/U}}, and
over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way{{U}}
(14) {{/U}}weakening. Indeed this argument still remains with us in
education.{{U}} (15) {{/U}}its virtues, the old shared literacy culture
had gone and was{{U}} (16) {{/U}}by the printed mass media on the one
hand and by books and periodicals for a{{U}} (17) {{/U}}readership on
the other. By the end of the century students were being
recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which
were inappropriate,{{U}} (18) {{/U}}not impossible, for the oral reader.
The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly{{U}}
(19) {{/U}}what the term "reading"{{U}} (20)
{{/U}}.
单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}Directions: Read the
following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C
or D． {{B}}Text 1{{/B}}
Cabinet meetings outside London are
rare and reluctant things. Harold Wilson held one in Brighton in 1966, but only
because the Labour Party was already there for its annual conference. In 1921
David Lloyd George summoned the Liberals to Inverness because he didn't want to
cut short his holiday. Gordon Brown's decision to hold his first cabinet meeting
after the summer break in Birmingham, on September 8th, was born of a nobler
desire to show the almost nine tenths of Britons who live outside London that
they are not ignored. He will have to do better: constitutionally, they are more
sidelined now than ever. Many legislatures use their
second chamber to strengthen the representation of sparsely populated areas
(every American state, from Wyoming to California, gets two votes in the Senate,
for example). Britain's House of Lords, most of whose members are appointed
supposedly on merit, has the opposite bias. A survey by the New Local Government
Network (NLGN), a think-tank, finds that London and two of its neighbouring
regions are home to more peers than the rest of Britain combined; even
Birmingham, the country's second-largest city, has just one.
Oddly, this distortion is partly thanks to reforms that were supposed to
make the Lords more representative. By throwing out most of the hereditary peers
in 1999, Labour paved the way for a second chamber that was less posh, less
white and less male than before. But in booting out the landed gentry, it also
ditched many of those who came from the provinces. The Duke of Northumberland
(270th in the Sunday Times's " Rich List") may not be a member of a downtrodden
minority. But Alnwick Castle, his family pile, is in the North-east region, home
to just 2% of the Lords' members now. Geographically speaking, the duke and his
fellow toffs were champions of diversity. The government
now wants to reintroduce some geographical fairness, but minus dukes.
Long-incubated plans to reform the Lords would see it converted during the next
parliament into a body that is mainly or entirely elected. A white paper in July
outlined various electoral systems, all based on regional or sub-regional
constituencies. Some would like to see the seat of
government prised out of the capital altogether, though in the past this has
normally required a civil war or a plague. Southerners whisper that no one would
show up if Parliament were based in a backwater such as Manchester. But many
don't now. The NLGN found that peers resident in Northern Ireland vote least
often. But next from the bottom are the London-dwellers, who show up for less
than a third of the votes on their doorstep. Even the eight who live abroad are
more assiduous. The north may seem an awfully long way away, but apparently so
is Westminster.
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单选题______to hurt her, he did not tell her the truth.
单选题At the______ moment, people from all corners of the country offered their help to the earthquake survivors.
单选题What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday "folks" who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middel-class republics—whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists how could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surpisingly, form New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the singning of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States' population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional. But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850's—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portaitist was called. Local craftspeople-sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.
单选题Several novels by Mo Yan ______ into English so far.
单选题
After the violent earthquake that shook
Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: the damage
and death toll could have been much worse. More than 60 people
died in this earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that
shook America in 1988 claimed 25, 000 victims. Injuries and
deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31
a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the city's highways. In addition,
changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years
have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more resistant
to quakes. Despite the good news, civil engineers aren't resting
on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints for improved
quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to
cities where earthquakes often take place. In the past, making
structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and
wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its
foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation
to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give
buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports, called smart buildings.
The structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When
the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the
building to shift in the opposite direction. The new smart
structures could be very expensive to build. However, they would save many lives
and would be less likely to be damaged during
earthquakes.
单选题What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.A. his not allowingB. his not being allowedC. his being not allowedD. having not been allowed
单选题Teacher: Are you following me?
Student: ______
单选题If we ______ our relations with that country, we'll have to find
another supplier of raw materials.
A. diffuse
B. diminish
C. terminate
D. preclude
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单选题Every officer and every soldier ______ obey the rules.
单选题
单选题Grace's eyes were wet with tears as she put her face______she could, gripping my left hand and stroking it.
单选题The loss of lusitania and so many of its passengers, including 128 U.S. citizens, aroused a wave of indignation in the United States.
单选题They are ______ the same size, though ______ different colour.
单选题
单选题Speaker A: Are you feeling better now?Speaker B:______A. Well, not too better yet, thank you.B. Well, not too good yet. Better than I was though.C. Well, it doesn' t matter.D. I'm all right now.
单选题
单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for
each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Until the late 1940s, when television
began finding its way into American homes, companies relied mainly on print and
radio to promote their products and services. The advent of television{{U}}
(1) {{/U}}a revolution in product and service. Between 1949 and 1951,
advertising on television grew 960 percent. Today the Internet is once again{{U}}
(2) {{/U}}promotion. By going online, companies can communicate
instantly and directly with prospective customers.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}on the
World Wide Web includes advertising, sponsorships, and sales promotions{{U}}
(4) {{/U}}sweepstakes, contests, coupons, and rebates. In 1996
World Wide Web advertising revenues{{U}} (5) {{/U}}$ 300
million. Effective online marketers don't{{U}} (6)
{{/U}}transfer hard-copy ads to cyberspace.{{U}} (7) {{/U}}sites
blend promotional and non-promotional information indirectly delivering the
advertising messages. To{{U}} (8) {{/U}}visits to their sites and to
create and{{U}} (9) {{/U}}customer loyalty, companies change information
frequently and provide many opportunities for{{U}} (10)
{{/U}}. A prototype for excellent{{U}} (11)
{{/U}}promotion is the Ragu Web site. Here visitors can find thirty-six
pasta recipes, take Italian lessons, and view an Italian film festival,{{U}}
(12) {{/U}}they will find no traditional ads.{{U}} (13)
{{/U}}subtle is the mix of product and promotion that visitors hardly know
an advertising message has been{{U}} (14) {{/U}}. Sega of America, maker
of computer games and hardware, uses its Web site for a{{U}} (15)
{{/U}}of different promotions, such as{{U}} (16) {{/U}}new game
characters to the public and supplying Web surfers the opportunity to{{U}}
(17) {{/U}}games. Sega's home page averages 250,000 visits a day. To
heighten interest in the site, Sega bought an advertising banner on Netscape{{U}}
(18) {{/U}}increasing site visits by 15 percent. Online{{U}} (19)
{{/U}}in Quaker Oats' Gatorade promotion received a free T-shirt in exchange
for answering a few questions. Quaker Oats reports that the online promotion
created product{{U}} (20) {{/U}}and helped the company know its
customers better.
单选题______ is known to us is that tobacco contains nicotine and other harmful products, so you should give up smoking.
单选题Trains used to stop here to ______ us.
单选题According to the author, probably no one uses the old Excel macro language, because it ______. A．is out of date B．is a nasty process C．is a long process D．all of the above
单选题[此试题无题干]
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单选题Speaker A: So far as I can see, it is the fault on the third party.Speaker B:______A. I don' t agree with the third party.B. Yes. I can' t agree more.C. I think you are not meeting that.D. I can go along with you.
单选题Despite his______appearance, he was chosen by his employer for a job that required neatness and polish.
单选题The time during which the desired sector rotates to access mechanism is called ______. A．rotational delay B．access time C．run time D．seek time
单选题The article does not mention whether the scientists' experiments with dogs have ______.
单选题Are you interested ______ tennis?A. in playingB. for playingC. on playingD. to play
单选题I think this is the first time that we have met．______ anywhere．A．Before have we never seen each otherB．Never before we have seen each otherC．Each other have We seen never beforeD．Never before have we seen each other
单选题(As) every (other) nation, the United States (used to define) (its) unit of currency, the dollar, in terms of the gold standard.
单选题Students should know better not______pets like dogs, cats and mice at dormitory.
单选题When I was still an architecture student, a teacher told me, "We learn more from buildings that fall down than from buildings that stand up." What he meant was that construction is as much the result of experience as of theory. Although structural design follows established formulas, the actual performance of a building is complicated by the passage of time, the behavior of users, the natural elements--and unnatural events. All are difficult to simulate. Buildings, unlike cars, can't be crash-tested. The first important lesson of the World Trade Center collapse is that tall buildings can withstand the impact of a large jetliner. The twin towers were supported by 59 perimeter columns on each side. Although about 30 of these columns, extending from four to six floors, were destroyed in each building by the impact, initially both towers remained standing. Even so, the death toll (代价) was about-2 245 people lost their lives. I was once asked, how tall buildings should be designed given what we'd learned from the World Trade Center collapse. My answer was, "Lower." The question of when a tall building becomes unsafe is easy to answer. Common aerial fire-fighting ladders in use today are 100 feet high and can reach to about the 10th floor; So fires in buildings up to 10 stories high can be fought from the exterior (外部). Fighting fires and evacuating occupants above that height depend on fire stairs. The taller the building, the longer it will take for firefighters to climb to the scene of the fire. So the simple answer to the safety question is "Lower than 10 stories." Then why don't cities impose lower height limits? A 60-story office building does not have six times as much rentable space as a 10-story building. However, all things being equal, such a building will produce four times more revenue and four times more in property taxes. So cutting building heights would mean cutting city budgets. The most important lesson of the World Trade Center collapse is not that we should stop building tall buildings but that we have misjudged their cost. We did the same thing when we underestimated the cost of hurtling along a highway in a steel box at 70 miles per hour. It took many years before seat belts, air hags, radial tires, and antilock brakes became commonplace. At first, cars simply were too slow to warrant concern. Later, manufacturers resisted these expensive devices, arguing that consumers would not pay for safety. Now we do-- willingly.
单选题To save more money you'll need to be more frugal.
单选题
单选题She was pale with ______ after working for three shifts in succession.
单选题Parties are therefore free to strive for a settlement without {{U}}jeopardizing{{/U}} their chances for or in a trim if mediation is unsuccessful.
单选题Mrs. James______a divorce from her husband, for she can no longer______ his stormy temper.(北京大学2005年试题)
单选题At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this
decision was ______ revised.
A. consecutively
B. consequently
C. successively
D. subsequently
单选题Anyone who has any understanding of China will agree that we will be able to achieve a soft landing, supported by
buoyant
domestic demand.
单选题This is the best novel ______ I have ever read. A. which B. where C. that D. what
单选题With nothing ______ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out.
单选题He kept silent, so I couldn't know ______ he agreed ______ not. A. if; or B. whether; or C. either; or D. neither; nor
单选题Two (woman) teachers and four (girl) students (were) praised (at) the meeting yesterday. A. woman B. girl C. were D. at
单选题
单选题The overall development of the passage can best bc described as ______.
单选题In the second paragraph the writer mainly discusses ______
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单选题As the sky lightened even more, they began to ______ their surroundings more clearly. A. fall out B. fall into C. makeup D. make out
单选题She had her finger ______when she was paper cutting.
单选题When buying food, consumers are usually in a hurry, so they don't often______ descriptions for motivating them to make a choice.
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单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}}
Within 80 years, some scientists
estimate, the world must produce more than eight times the present world food
supply. The productiveness of the sea raises our hopes for an adequate food
supply in the future. Aided by men of science, we have set forth to find out
that 70 percent of the earth remains unexplored the ocean depths. Thus, we may
better discover and utilize the sea's natural products for the world's
hungry. It is fish protein concentrate that is sought from the
seas. By utilizing the unharvested fish in United States waters alone, enough
fish protein concentrate can, be obtained to provide supplemental animal protein
for more than one billion people for one year at the cost of less than half a
cent per day per person. The malnutrition of children is terribly tragic. But
the crime lies in society's unrestrained breeding, not in its negligence in
producing fish powder. But wherever the population projects are carefully
considered, the answer to the problem is something like this: There are few
projects that could do more to raise the nutritional level of mankind than a
full-scale scientific effort to develop the resources of the sea. Each year some
thirty million tons of food products are taken from the sea, which account for
12 percent of the world's animal proteins. Nations with their swelling
populations must push forward into the sea frontiers for food supplies. Private
industry must step up its marine research and the federal government must make
new attacks on the problems of marine research development. There is a tone of
desperateness in all these designs on the sea. But what is most
startling is the assumption that the seas are an untouched resource. The fact is
that the seas have been, and are being, hurt directly and indirectly, by the
same forces that have abused the land. In the broad pattern of ecological
relationships the seas are not separable from what happens on the land. The
poisons that pollute the soil and the air bring in massive doses into the
"continental shelf" waters. The dirt and pollution that spills from our urban
sewers and industrial out falls despoil our bays and coastal waters. All the
border seas are already heavily polluted by the same exploitation drives that
have undermined the quality of life on land.{{B}}Notes:{{/B}} sewers
下水道。
单选题The text mainly tells us about
单选题{{B}}Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four
choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is most suitable and mark your
answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.{{/B}}
You really have to get very old before
you realize you're old. I'm in my middle fifties and I don't feel{{U}} (21)
{{/U}}yet. However, sometimes I look back at my childhood and{{U}} (22)
{{/U}}things to the way life is for{{U}} (23) {{/U}}kids. Some
things have certainly changed. One area of change is{{U}}
(24) {{/U}}. Some changes have been improvements. Some changes, on the
other hand, have been{{U}} (25) {{/U}}. When I started
school, most people didn't have a television; TV was just beginning to get{{U}}
(26) {{/U}}. My father decided to go all out and buy a 16 inch black
and white Motorola{{U}} (27) {{/U}}. I still re-member watching the Lone
Ranger save people from the{{U}} (28) {{/U}}guys on that awesome
electronic ma- chine. That was exciting! Now,{{U}} (29)
{{/U}}have larger pictures in full color. The pictures are clearer and the
sound is much more{{U}} (30) {{/U}}. The new high definition sets are
made to rival{{U}} (31) {{/U}}screens. The variety and
quantity of programming has{{U}} (32) {{/U}}greatly. There are hundreds
of channels and more shows than one person could ever watch. There are many fine
entertainment and educational{{U}} (33) {{/U}}. There's also a lot of
garbage, stuff that most{{U}} (34) {{/U}}don't want their kids exposed
to. Overall, we have more choices, and that is good. I wonder
what{{U}} (35) {{/U}}will be like when today's kids are my
age.
单选题
单选题Americans live in a style-conscious culture even elementary school children know the difference between Air Jordans and the cheaper imitations. By the time they enter junior high school, most American adolescents are already highly skilled at distinguishing between brand names. The real lesson young Americans learn is that they live in a world where it matters what brand of clothes or furniture or car they buy. It matters what style of music they listen to, how they wear their hair, whether they"re tattooed or pierced, and what kind of food they like to eat. Even everyday use—objects from staplers to tooth brushes to laptop computers matter too.
In many ways, it seems that such a concern for personal style and the appearance of objects is shallow and trivial. After all, what does it really matter whether or not someone"s clothes or music or computer is at the cutting edge of style? Why should anyone care? One reason is that style is a guide to economic and social class in America Style identities. Whether consciously or unconsciously, we make judgments about people based on their appearance and their style. Simply by growing up in American culture, we acquire a sense of the style appropriate to different walks of life—how, for example, a high school teacher, a business executive, a truck driver, or a rock star ought to look.
Style communicates messages about economic and social class precisely because we share with others cultural codes that define what"s normal and expected. For example, we expect wealthy professionals in metropolitan areas to be museum members, go to the opera, and enjoy gourmet food and fine wine. On the other hand, we are likely to expect that working-class men in the Midwest drink beer, listen to classic rock, and support their local pro-football team. This doesn"t mean that everyone in a particular social group conforms to these cultural codes. What it does indicate, however, is that style carries cultural meanings that go far beyond individual likes and dislikes. Style, in other words, is linked to the way of life that identifies groups of people, cultures, and subcultures. If the styles we adopt seem to be freely taken personal choices, they are contained nonetheless in a larger system of cultural codes that organize the way we think about identity, social status, prestige, good (and bad) taste, tradition, and innovation.
Fashion designers, graphic designers, and product designers understand this intimate connection between style and identity. They design everything from corporate logos and brand trademarks to the latest style of jeans and athletic shoes to computers and cars. Their job is to match styles to people"s identities and, at the same time, to create styles that offer people new identities.
单选题
单选题I{{U}} {{/U}} raw fish, but I'd like to try it one day.
单选题In March 1974 one of the most astonishing archaeological discoveries of the twentieth century was unearthed in the county of Lintong, Shaanxi Province. An entire army of life-sized warriors and horses, buried for more than 2200 years, began to be uncovered. These replicas had been placed in trenches around the still-unexcavated tomb of Qinshihuang, the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty(221-207 B.C.). Each of the many hundreds of life-sized warriors was constructed of baked clay and painted with a variety of colors. Most were obviously intended as individual portraits. The head shapes of these figures and the expressions on their faces were, more or less, individualized, and so each man could be identified as to his place of regional origin. The square-faced, broad-foreheaded, prominent-cheekboned, heavy-featured, big-mouthed and wide-cheeked ones were modeled after natives of central Shaanxi. The shorter, round-faced, sharp-chinned, and thin-lipped soldiers were modeled after persons from the province of Sichuan. Others were clearly from Gansu, and there were some who appeared to be members of various minorities in northwestern China. Each had its own hairdo: the ones with long hair had the knot at the right side of the head because the Qin people esteemed the right. To the surprise of both Chinese and Western archaeologists, a few of the clay soldiers showed non-Chinese characteristics possibly being persons from as far away as Arabia or Persia. This was particularly surprising because it had long been assumed that there were no persons from outside China living there in such ancient times. Yet a century later the historical record does indicate limited contact with foreigners. There is one report in the annals of the Eastern Han Dynasty(A.D. 25-220)of a Roman juggler who arrived in China by way of Burma in A. D. 109, and another of the arrival of an envoy from Macedonia at about the same time. And the Roman historian Lucjus Amnase Floras mentions the coming of a Chinese envoy to Rome as early as the reign of Augustus(27 B.C.-A. D. 14). But extensive contacts between China and the West didn't really begin until the northern Silk Road was gradually developed after 138 B.C. This overland route started at present-day Xi'an and passed through the Western Corridor beyond the Yellow River, Xinjiang, Farghana(now Uzbekistan), Persia(Iran)and Tajik(Iraq)where it met western boundary of the Roman Empire. For more than a thousand years this northern Silk Road provided a route for caravans that brought to China dates, saffron powder and pistachio nuts from Persia; glass bottles from Egypt, and many other expensive and desirable goods from other parts of the world. And the caravans went home with their camels and horses loaded down by bolts of silk brocade and boxes filled with lacquer ware and porcelains. Another Silk Road, documented in the geography section of the History of Han Dynasty, was a sea route that began at the ports of Xuwen and Hepu on the Reizhou Peninsula in South China(near which the city of Beihai is now located), passed through the Malacca Strait and ended in Burma or the Huangchi Kingdom of southern India. More Chinese porcelains and silks reached Europe by this route than by the overland one because of pirates and storms at sea. Subsidiary branches of this Silk Road of the sea reached such places as Korea, Japan, and the Philippines to allow for the exchange of various goods not readily available over the land route. For example, as early as the third century A.D., the Philippines were shipping gold to China by this route.
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单选题Spread the cream evenly over your arms and legs and ______ it into the
skin.
A. mastermind
B. massacre
C. massage
D. message
单选题Experimenting with household objects can often get young people in trouble, but for one intelligent, inquisitive boy, it created the foundation of his future. Young Henry Ford discovered through his curious mind that many objects were useful for much more than their intended purposes. For example, he used to tinker with his father's fanning tools to see what they could do. He used his mother's darning needles to help him repair watches. And once, in an effort to study the power to steam, he sat and watched water boil in his mother's teapot. Little did Ford know that these experiments would lead him to creating a means of transportation that would change the world forever. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, near Detroit, Michigan. He was the oldest of six children and the grandson of immigrants from Ireland who came to America in 1847. His family were farmers, and he grew up on the family farm where he began to develop mechanical skills. Through his experiences on the farm with his father, Henry developed a great curiosity about how things worked. When traveling in his father's wagon, Henry would often wonder if there were a faster and easier way to travel. A time he remembered for the rest of his life happened when he was only thirteen years old. He was riding in the wagon with his father, and he spotted a steam engine traveling along the road under its own power. Henry was so excited that he ran toward the engine and asked its driver question after question about the incredible machine. This machine was used for sawing wood and other tasks that required it to remain stationary, but the engine was mounted on wheels to propel itself from one location to another. Henry was so excited that the driver let him fire the engine and even run it. From that point on, Henry Ford's dream of creating a self-propelled vehicle began to materialize. Ford wanted to move to Detroit to work in the machine shops, but he stayed on the family farm until he was seventeen. At that time, he started his successful journey by moving to Detroit. He began working at the Michigan Car Company for $1.10 a day, but he was fired because he was faster than anyone else at making repairs. It took him only one hour to do what took others five hours to do! From there he took on a variety of different jobs but his dream continued to be the creation of a "horseless carriage." No matter where he worked, he continued to read about gas engines and experiment in his own workshop. In 1896 Ford's efforts began to pay off when he was working at the Detroit Edison Illuminating Company. His first self-propelled vehicle was ready for a try-out. As it started to run, it actually frightened the horses and caused many people to protest, but it ran. It was at the Detroit Edison Illuminating Company where Ford met Thomas Edison. Ford had always admired Thomas Edison's work and was excited when he discovered that Edison agreed that it had possibilities and encouraged him to continue. This gave Ford the incentive to invent an operable car that was written up in the Detroit Journal where he was described as a "mechanical engineer." Soon his work on automobiles caused him to have to leave the Detroit Edison Illuminating Company. Ford wanted more time to work on automobile building so he was forced to quit his job. Ford's dream began to materialize with his invention of automobiles and the development of the assembly line. His dream of creating a "motor car for the great multitude.., constructed of the best materials by the best men to be hired.., so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one..." came true with the invention of his ninth car, the Model T. It sold more than any other car for eighteen years between 1908 and 1926. This commonplace, hard working, sturdy car made up over one half of all the cars sold at this time. Today we are reminded of Ford's genius whenever we see one of his "horseless carriages" traveling across the many highways in our world. Who would have guessed for the world? The next time you see a child experimenting with different common objects, keep in mind that you may be witnessing the beginning of another great invention.
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单选题America is a country on the move. In unheard-of numbers, people of all ages are exercising their way to better health. According to the latest figures, 59 percent of American adults exercise regularly—up 12 percent from just two years ago and more than double the figure of 25 years ago. Even non-exercisers believe they would be more attractive and confident if they were more active.
It is hard not to get the message. The virtues of physical fitness are shown on magazine covers, postage stamps, and television ads for everything from beauty soaps to travel books. Exercise as a part of daily life did not catch on until the late 1960s when research by military doctors began to show the health benefits of doing regular physical exercises. Growing publicity (宣传) for races held in American cities helped fuel a strong interest in the ancient sport of running. Although running has leveled off in recent years as Americans have discovered equally rewarding—and sometimes safer—forms of exercise, such as walking and swimming, running remains the most popular form of exercise.
As the popularity of exercise continues to mount, so does scientific evidence of its health benefits. The key to fitness is exercising the major muscle groups vigorously(强有力地) enough to approximately double the heart rate and keep it doubled for 20 to 30 minutes at a time. Doing such physical exercises three times or more a week will produce considerable improvements in physical health in about three months.
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单选题To be frank, I'd rather you ______ in the case. A. will not be involved B. not involved C. not to be involved D. were not involved
单选题Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they'll change America. Rightly so. But selfishly, I'm more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world's attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see. Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that we're all hot-tempered single mothers who can't keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can't escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic(酗酒的) mothers. These images have helped define the way all black women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself. It won't be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all. Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what they'd like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone—an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise(沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that's been around for far too long.
单选题The pianist was{{U}} adept{{/U}} at playing the arpeggios.
单选题
The Supreme Court's decisions on
physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks
to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it
ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the
Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a
centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good
one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the
actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that
principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control
terminally iii patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually
kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends
that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly
insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their
pain if that might hasten death." George Annas, chair of the
health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor
prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing
illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery,"
he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend
to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician,
you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their
suicide." On another level, many in the medical community
acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the
despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of
dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on
physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a
two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care atthe End of Life. It
identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual an
forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of
dying" as the twi problems of end-of-life care. The profession
is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge
of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a medicare billing code for
hospital-base care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain
at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in
insisting that these well-meaning medical initiative translate into better care.
"Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients
are needlessly and predictably suffering", to the extent that it constitutes
"systematic patient abuse". He says medical licensing boards "must make it
clear.., that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently
managed and should result in license
suspension".
单选题The shy girl felt______and uneasy when she could not answer her teacher's question.
单选题
The uniqueness of the Japanese
character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of
traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As
early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation.
Yukichi Fukuzawa, the most eloquent spokesman of Japan's "Enlightenment",
claimed: "The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things
possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of
independence in the spiritual sphere." Fukuzawa's great influence is found in
the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he
was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of
Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of
relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of
President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals
and, especially students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the
1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism
became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.
Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in
Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new
democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals,
and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole.
Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of
personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar. Today,
democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the
Japanese people in social and political life; yet, there is no universally
accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong
infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks
expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and
rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values arc often
misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the
individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and
materialistic ones. Most Japanese people have consciously
rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important
feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large
corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child
relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty,
protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their
interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes even
extends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to
his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A
willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without
qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still
a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kohun creates ladders of mobility which an
individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he
maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the
latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional
competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between
people even within the same profession.
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单选题In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethnology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (61) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (62) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the (63) are not solely fixed by the genes. (64) , the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (65) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best (66) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly (67) they hatch, ducklings fix (68) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (69) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably (70) , even ones that have a considerable base (71) by genetics. Even among the social insects something like imprinting (72) influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely (73) instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally (74) very good mother but Jane Good all reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or (75) fail to nurture the young.
单选题I cannot explain the withholding tax to you. This is something which you will have to take Uup with/U an accountant.
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单选题 Space Shuttle Project is one of the first huge-typed
spaceflight instruments used for many times in the world, organized by American
National Aviation andSpaceflight Bureau, the main researches of{{U}}
{{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}are researching and making the system of space
shuttle, suggesting and choosing{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}}
{{/U}}and landing ports,deciding the scheme of reclaiming the roll booster of
solid rocket,{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}the establishment of
repairing the roll booster, and rebuilding and expanding the building of
the{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}and controlling system.
At the beginning of 1969, the United States set up a group that specially
researched the development direction of spaceflight with{{U}}
{{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}for the next stage,{{U}} {{U}}
6 {{/U}} {{/U}}by deputy president. After{{U}} {{U}} 7
{{/U}} {{/U}}and research, it suggested that an aerocraft with great benefits
in{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}should be made, eg{{U}}
{{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}the spaceflight being its leading stanchion. In
this project, five orbit implements were prescribed to be made,{{U}}
{{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}" Exploitation", " Columbia", "
Challenger","Discovery" and "Atlands". In 1970,
spaceflight got into an all-round{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}of
research and manufacture. The whole-project had to delay more than three years.
Five orbit implements were{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}to be four
and flight experiment for six times was also decreased for four, {{U}}
{{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}the number of production was cut down,
according to the original scheme. In April 1971 this{{U}} {{U}} 14
{{/U}} {{/U}}was decided that Kennedy Space Centre was used for the launching
and landing port for space shuttles, and Edwards Air Base was used for
the{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}landing port. In
February 1977,"Exploitation" Orbit Implement started to have entering and
landing experiment sin Edwards Air Base. From May 12, 1981 to July 4, 1982,
"Columbia" Space Shuttle successfully finished four
flight experiments for research and manufacture,
{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}meant that the {{U}} {{U}}
17 {{/U}} {{/U}}and manufactures were over in{{U}} {{U}}
18 {{/U}} {{/U}}form. It{{U}} {{U}} 19
{{/U}} {{/U}}about 12 years and cost more than 75 billion US dollars to finish
the whole project. On November 11, 1990, space shuttles began to fly
for{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}.
单选题Will there ever be another Einstein? This is the undercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year. A new Einstein will emerge, scientists say. But it may take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival, Isaac Newton.
Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn"t been born yet, or is a baby now. That"s because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.
But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einstein emerging anytime soon.
For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einstein"s day, there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar with seats to spare.
Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einstein"s training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenager—Kant, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, among others. It taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space and time, and it wasn"t long before he became a philosopher himself.
The independence created by philosophical insight is—in my opinion—the mark of distinction between a mere artisan or specialist and a real seeker after truth, Einstein wrote in 1944.
And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay between music and math is well known. Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.
Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There aren"t many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical—and rewarding—efforts.
"Maybe there is an Einstein out there today," said Columbia University physicist Brian Greene, "but
it would be a lot harder for him to be heard".
Especially considering what Einstein was proposing.
"The actual fabric of space and time curving? My God, what an idea!" Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. "It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe you"ll find the solution."
Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his "miracle year" of 1905. These "thought experiments" were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physic by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes or citations.
What might happen to such a submission today?
"We all get papers like those in the mail," Greene said. "We put them in the junk file."
单选题After the earthquake, a new school building was put up ______ there had once been a theatre.
单选题These explorers received Uliberal/U rewards for the risks they had taken and felt proud.
单选题Those scientists were conducting an experiment and expected a good______.
单选题For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures— learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
单选题Seeing and perceiving are ______.
单选题I was born ______ a cold evening in November.A. inB. onC. atD. by
单选题How will the government know what the air quality is? A. The factories will test the air every day. B. Scientists will test it every day. C. A report will be published. D. They will ask homeowners.
单选题Speaker A:I am so glad I caught you at home. I need your help!
Speaker B: ________, Robin?
单选题Social customs and ways of behaving change. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable. Just a few years ago, it was considered impolite behaviour for a man to smoke on street. No man who thought of himself by smoking when a lady was in a room. Customs also differ from country to country. Does a man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your country? Or doesn't it matter? Should you use both hands when you are eating? Should leave one in your lap, or on the table? The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs. For example, in both America and England people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time. Also, most Englishmen will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman, and so will most Americans. Promptness is important both in England and in America. That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 o'clock, the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delay. The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable—especially if they are your guests. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a knife. The other guests were amused or shocked, but the host calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortable.
单选题Which one of the following, according to the text, will not be the beneficiaries of virtual reality in the future? A．Patients. B．Peasants. C．Pilots. D．Architects.
单选题The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the______by various means.
单选题
单选题His production techniques are elaborate and near legendary, but even
if they could be ______, it wouldn't be the same for any other people.
A. resembled
B. approximated
C. duplicated
D. undertaken
单选题
单选题Some psychologists maintain that thinking is ______.
单选题In the eyes of Unilever, its troubles mainly lie in
单选题According to the notions of construction and constituent, the largest construction in a language is sentence.
单选题4 Within hours of appearing on television to announce the end of conscription, President Jacques Chirac moved quickly to prevent any dissent from within the military establish ment. Addressing more than 500 military staff officers at the military academy in Paris yes terday, Mr. Chirac said clearly that he "expected" their loyalty in the work of rebuilding France's national defense. He understood their "legitimate concerns, questions and emotions" at the reforms, but added: "You must understand that there is not and never has been any rigid model for French defense. Military service has been compulsory for less than a century. Realism re quired that our armed forces should now be professional. " The president's decision to abolish conscription over a period of six years removes a rite of passage for young Frenchmen that has existed since the Revolution, even though obligatory national service only became law in 1905. As recently as 1993, an opinion poll showed that more than 60% of French people said they feared the abolition of conscription could endanger national security. A poll conducted this month, however, showed that 70% of those asked favored ending of practice, and on the streets and in offices yesterday, the response to Mr. Chirac's announcement was generally positive. Among people who completed their 10-month period of national service in the last few years or were contemplating the prospect, there was almost universal approval, tempered by a sense that something hard to define—mixing with people from other backgrounds, a formative experience, a process that encouraged national or social cohesion—might be lost. Patrick, who spent his year in the French city of Valance assigning and collecting uni forms, and is now a computer manager, said he was in tears for his first week, and hated most of his time. He thought it was "useless" as a form of military training— "I only fired a rifle twice"—but, in retrospect, useful for learning how to get on with people and instilling patriotism. As many as 25% of those liable for military service in France somehow avoid it—the percentage is probably much greater in the more educated and higher social classes. According to Geoffroy, a 26-year-old reporter, who spent his time in the navy with the information office in central Paris, the injustice is a good reason for abolishing it. People with money or connections, he said, can get well-paid assignments abroad. "It's not fair: some do it, some don't. " Several expressed support for the idea of a new socially-oriented voluntary service that would be open to both men and women. But the idea seemed less popular among women. At present, women have the option of voluntary service and a small number choose to take it.
单选题
单选题To our grief, he became ______ to the drug. A. addicted B. interested C. amused D. disturbed
单选题Woman: I paid 50 dollars for these books at the Eaglewood Bookstore. They're really too expensive. Man: Too expensive? They cost a lot more in other bookstores. Question: What does the man mean?
单选题Why does the author say that beauty and women are twins? A. Women try to maintain their beauty by dressing up. B. Women like to show off their beauty. C. Women are born to be beauties. D. Women are proud of their beauty.
单选题Neither John nor his brothers bought what ______ needed.
单选题On (each) side of the highway (was) hundreds of billboards (advertising) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell (fresh fruit) and bedspreads.A. eachB. wasC. advertisingD. fresh fruit
单选题Obviously these are all factors affecting smooth operation, but the
underlying
problem is still to be identified.(2004年秋季电子科技大学考博试题)
单选题Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, (1) into a hobby and lately has (2) into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates (3) Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep (4) of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they (5) that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and (6) Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. During 1994, they (7) yahoo into a customized database designed to (8) the needs of the thousands of users (9) began to use the service through the closely (10) Internet community. They developed customized software to help them efficiently locate, identify and edit material stored on the Internet.
单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}}
It used to be so straightforward. A
team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results
of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors'
names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.
Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for
publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and
researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the
journal. No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding
agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from
government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to
scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching
consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in
Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who
have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a
change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific
endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public
investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready
access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is
estimated at between $ 7 billion and $ 11 billion. The International Association
of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2
000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than
1.2 million articles each year in some 16 000 journals. This is
now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are
now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were
identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where
institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal
titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing,
typically sup- ported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the
paper to be published: Finally, there are open-access archives, where
organizations such as universities or international laboratories support
institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,
such as delayed open-access, where. journals allow only subscribers to read a
paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone
who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-
review process, at least for the publication of
papers.
单选题Linda ______ at the dance tonight, nor will Peter.
单选题In Krashen" s monitor theory, "i" in "i +1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______.(对外经贸2006研)
单选题Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn. Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42. 7% of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks. An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning. "Alcohol is always toxic. It's really a poison, " said Steven Schandler, professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. "Because it's a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die. " Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol. But problems with alcohol aren't limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape. Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4% — five times the legal intoxication limit of 0. 8%— can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood, enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said. Regardless of a person's tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain's cortex, which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That's why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol, and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others. Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until "it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat, " said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine. At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. "The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest, " said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning. College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass, advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking.
单选题The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept "sense of trust" is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child's satisfying experiences at this early age. Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy. Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that "Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc." Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion. Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected. It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react do badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment's notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age. We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers' encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children's needs and by their overall attitude.
单选题No reference book, perhaps no book of any kind except the Bible, is so widely used as "the dictionary". Even houses that have few books or none at all possess at least one dictionary; most business offices have dictionaries, and most typists keep a copy on their desks; at one time or another most girls and boys are required by their teachers to obtain and use a dictionary. Admittedly, the dictionary is often used merely to determine the correct spelling of words, or to find out the accepted pronunciation, and such a use is perhaps not the most important from an intellectual point of view. Dictionaries may, however, have social importance, for it is often a matter of some concern to the person using the dictionary for such purposes that he should not suggest to others, by misspelling a word in a letter, or mispronouncing it in conversation, that he is not "well-bred", and has not been well educated. Yet, despite this familiarity with dictionary, the average person is likely to have many wrong ideas about it, and little idea of how to use it profitably, or interpret it rightly. For example, it is often believed that the mere presence of a word in a dictionary is evidence that it is acceptable in good writing. Though most dictionaries have a system of marking words as obsolete, or in use only as slang, many people, more especially if their use of a particular word has been challenged, are likely to conclude, if they find it in a dictionary, that it is accepted as being used by writers of established reputation. This would certainly have been true of dictionaries a hundred years or so ago. For a long time after they were first firmly established in the eighteenth century, their aim was to include only what was used by the best writers, and all else was suppressed, and the compiler frequently claimed that this dictionary contained no "low" words. Apparently this aspect of the dictionary achieved such importance in the mind of the average person that most people today were unaware of the great change that has taken place in the compilation of present-day dictionaries. Similarly, the ordinary man invariably supposes that one dictionary is as good and authoritative as another, and, moreover, believes that "the dictionary" has absolute authority, and quotes it to clinch arguments. Although this is an advantage, in that the dictionary presents a definition the basic meaning of which can't be altered by the speaker, yet it could be accepted only if all dictionaries agreed on the particular point in question. But ultimately the authority of the dictionary rests only on the authority of the man who compiled it, and, however careful he may be, a dictionary-maker is fallible: reputable dictionaries may disagree in their judgments, and indeed different sections of the same dictionary may differ.
单选题In all the cities that have already banned smoking in public venues it is still very difficult to prohibit smoking in places such as restaurants the owners do not want to offend their customers.
单选题It can be inferred from the passage that tile company
单选题She sat in the corner of the room, with tears ______ down her cheeks. A. run B. to run C. ran D. running
单选题The student"s
aggressive
personality kept him from having many friends.
单选题It is essential that mankind ______ ways and means to protect the environment.
单选题In order to increase the number of female representatives, the selection committee decided to ______ in favor of women for three years.
单选题All things ______, her paper is of great value.
单选题The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world"s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another.
Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.
单选题As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for progressive magazine had discovered bow to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm(火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one. "The Constitution," said the associationes spokesman, "gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesn't spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydmgen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect theraselves." "Don't you think it's dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?" "The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instrueting owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse(导火索) separately in a drawer." "Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody." The spokesman said, "Hydrogen bombs don't kill people--people kill people. The bomb is for selfpro-tection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuelear weapon in your house, they're going to think twice about breaking in." "But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder(侵入者)." "Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very expensive to build one So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns./
单选题After the boy was hit on the head, he had no recollection of anything that had happened before.
单选题I missed the last bus. I could do nothing but ______ in the village for the night. A．to stay B．stay C．staying D．stayed
单选题The news ______ our football team had won the match excited all of us. A. what B. which C. that D. as
单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}
An Ohio State University study has
linked behavior in young children with the type of job their mother has. Mothers
with complex occupations that are self-directed and require working with other
people tended to have offspring with relatively low levels of behavior problems.
The opposite held true when the jobs were routine, closely supervised, and dealt
with things, rather than people. "A job that challenges and
interests a mother and gives her an opportunity to exercise judgment and solve
problems clearly has positive consequences for her children's behavior,"
indicates associate professor of sociology Elizabeth Menaghan. Occupations with
more positive conditions include management, sales, and teaching positions. Jobs
that may be related to increased child behavior problems include book-keeping,
food service, and assembly line positions. Women who are
supervised closely at work and made to follow strict orders may be more likely
to use this same style in raising their kids. They may emphasize obedience to
parental authority and the potential for physical punishment. "We believe that
the choice of such a parenting style may increase the frequency of behavior
problems in children." On the other hand, mothers whose jobs are less controlled
by supervisors and who must work closely with other people probably rely less on
physical punishment, instead encouraging children to think about consequences of
their actions and take responsibility for their behavior. Such an approach
encourages youngsters to follow parental demands even when they aren't being
supervised because they have accepted parental values as their own. Moreover,
mothers whose jobs don't involve constant supervision "develop problem-solving
skills that they can bring to other parts of their life". The
research also found that those who have more challenging and interesting jobs
provide better home environments for their children. The mothers give their
offspring more intellectual stimulation and emotional support, and this, in
turn, is linked to fewer behavior problems.
单选题How are noises made by industrial machines solved in working places?
单选题In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition (学会) of each new skill the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are sever over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality(道德). Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.
单选题Most American magazines and newspapers reserve 60 percent of their pages for ads. The New York Times Sunday edition
1
may contain 350 pages of advertisements. Some radio stations devote 40 minutes of every hour to
2
.
Then there is television. According to one estimate, American youngsters sit
3
three hours of television commercials each week. By the time they graduate from high school, they will have been
4
360,000 TV ads. Televisions advertise in airports, hospital waiting rooms, and schools.
Major sporting
5
are now major advertising events. Racing cars serve as high speed
6
Some athletes receive most of their money from advertisers. One
7
basketball player earned $ 3.9 million by playing ball. Advertisers paid him nine times that much to
8
their products.
There is no escape. Commercial ads are displayed on wails, buses, and trucks. They decorate the inside of taxis and subways—even the doors of public toilets.
9
messages call to us in supermarkets, stores, elevators—and
10
we. are on hold on the telephone. In some countries so much advertising comes through the mail that many recipients proceed directly from the mailbox to the nearest wastebasket to
11
the junk mail.
12
Insider"s Report, published by McCann-Erickson, a global advertising agency, the estimated
13
of money spent on advertising worldwide in 1990 was $275.5 billion. Since then, the figures have
14
to $ 411.6 billion for 1997 and a projected $434.4 billion for 1998. Big money !
What is the effect of all of this? One analyst
15
it this way: "Advertising is one of the most powerful socializing forces in the culture. Ads sell more than products. They sell images, values, goals, concepts of who we are and who we should be. They shape our attitudes and our attitudes shape our behavior. "
单选题He ______ me to buy my air ticket immediately, or it would be too late. A．convinced B．advised C．insisted D．suggested
单选题The play was a great success, and it was all thanks to the effort and commitment(所承担的义务 ) of everyone involved.
单选题The history of responds to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli"s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli"s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)
The primary reason for Botticelli"s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.
Another reason for Botticelli"s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.
In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli"s work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli"s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli"s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines—features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves—rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home"s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli"s achievements.
单选题All but one ______ take part in the conference ______ tomorrow.A. is going to; that is to take placeB. are going to; that is about to take placeC. are going to; that is to be taken placeD. are going to; which is to be held
单选题In one sense ______ wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase "grace under pressure" , and created one hero who acts that theme out.
单选题What will happen if the researchers don't meet the demands made in the letter from the activists?
单选题Service Ad Professional Typing Service announces a new location in Westside Mall, 1400 University Avenue across from State University Student Union. We specialize in term papers, theses, and dissertations typed to the specifications of the Graduate School of State University. Twenty-four-hour service for fifty pages or less. Forty-eight-hour service for more than fifty pages. Rates: ＄1 per page on regular paper ＄1.25 per page on cotton bond paper ＄ 0.25 extra for each carbon copy or a graph Hours: 8:00 a.m.--10:00 p.m. Monday--Friday 8:00 a. m.--4:00 p.m. Saturday Closed all day Sunday Call: 717-5415
单选题According to the passage, the NIS program
单选题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}}
Our generation has made such immense
discoveries and achieved undreamed enrichments of the outside of life, that it
has lost touch with the inside of life. It has forgotten the true riches and
beauties of its spiritual inheritance: riches and beauties that go far beyond
our modern chatter about values and ideals. The mind's search for more breadth
has obscured the heart's craving for more depth. Once again man has become the
dupe of his own cleverness. And because it is difficult to attend to more than a
few things at a time, we leave out a great range of experiences which comes in
by another route and tells us of another kind of life. Our interest rushes out
to the farthest limits of the universe, but we seldom take a sounding of the
ocean beneath our restless keels. We get, therefore, a queer feeling that we are
leaving something out. Knowledge has grown; but wisdom, savoring the deep wonder
and mystery of life, lingers far behind. Thus the life of the human spirit,
which ought to maintain a balance between the world visible and the world
invisible, is thrown out of gear.
单选题
单选题The gray building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ______. A. are produced B. are producing C. produced D. being produced
单选题I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ______ to be much better.A. oneB. thisC. thatD. it
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单选题(2004) Do you think he studies harder than____in his class?
单选题The number of his ______ has increased three times these years.
单选题The purpose for the activists to be against researchers is ______.
单选题They don't want to be involved in the dispute, so they exhibit ______ on such matters. A. integrity B. reserve C. morality D. justice
单选题After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys ______to go to school.
单选题The object under the table is ______ 30 kilograms.
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单选题In a sense, scientists and engineers in the past have been fortunate, for we became accustomed to being measured by nature itself-- an unwaveringly fair and consistent, ______ unforgiving, judge. A. thus B. nevertheless C. therefore D. albeit
单选题It is ______ to stare directly at the sun. A. harmful B. harmless C. comfortable D. safe
单选题The old Volkswagen Beetle —"The Bug" — is making a comeback. People who own them are planning to keep them forever. People who don"t own them are paying high prices when they can find one for sale. It"s more remarkable when you realize that VW doesn"t even make them anymore!
A spokesman for Volkswagen of America says there were about five million "Bugs" on American roads in 1977. That was the last year they were shipped to America. VW estimates that about four million of them are still running and running and running.
Used car dealers say they can"t keep "Bugs" on their lots these days. They feel it"s because these cars have a history of reliable, inexpensive transportation. The cars average about 30 miles per gallon of gas.
But all hasn"t been smooth going for the "Bugs". The heating system is poor. And since it travels very close to the ground, larger ears tend to splash it with winter"s snow and mud. Some in the safety field consider the Beetle as defenseless against heavier cars. But the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has nothing that shows any problem with them at all.
单选题
A. fl{{U}}ew{{/U}}
B. kn{{U}}ew{{/U}}
C. thr{{U}}ew{{/U}}
D. gr{{U}}ew{{/U}}
单选题As our eyes ranged over the broad shoulders of the mountain, the eoncepti0n of its ______ grew upon us.
单选题Next week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of "the environment" —tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT(which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate). Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women. And what, after all, is the "danger" of these chemicals being debated? In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.
单选题According to Dr. Weiss, the second cool and dry period eventually
单选题I knew she'd be a friend ______ she smiled at me.
单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}
The face of the 21st century
is already growing in a laboratory. Getting a piece of the new look could soon
be as simple as writing a cheque. Scientists in recent years
have made giant leaps in the artificial production of skin, bones and tissue.
While their research has been motivated by a desire to help accident and medical
victims, their work is about to go commercial. The burgeoning
(萌芽) cosmetic surgery market has snapped up the technological advances. By the
turn of the 21st century, changing your face or improving your body
will be limited not by your imagination or desire, but by the size of your bank
account. And there is even work being clone on that, with the
costs of cosmetic surgery being cut to make it affordable and accessible for the
average woman and her partner. "It's no longer a vanity thing,
it's simply making use of the available technology to improve those parts of the
body you might not be happy with," Cindy Clovetti, a Toronto-based skin and
beauty care expert, said. "People who 10 years ago said they would never use a
computer and would never get a boob job (胸部整形手术) are now surfing the web getting
the latest information for their next operation. " Latest
figures in the United States indicate the number of patients receiving cosmetic
surgery in 12 months will top the magic million within two years (there were 850
000 last year), while the number of men seeking image-improving operations has
increased 35 percent in the past four years. Breast implants are
now very much a bread-and-butter job for many cosmetic surgeons and the big
advances have been made in the development of bone implants which can produce
instant high cheek bones, sculpture better shaped noses and ears and give men
the chisel-shaped jaw that is always a sure-fire (必定成功的) chick-magnet
(吸引女人的东西). British futurologist Ian Pearson speculates that by
2020, up to 96 percent of body weight will be replaceable with the brain being
the only organ not interchangeable. "By 2020 you could have a new face, or new
skim. and by 2030 a fully working replacement body part. By the end of the
21st century, people will be able to get an entirely new body.
"
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单选题The earth is witnessing an urban revolution, as people worldwide crowd into towns and cities. In 1800 only five percent of the world's population were urban dwellers; now the proportion has risen to more than forty-five percent, and by the year 2010 more people will live in towns and cities than in the countryside. Humanity will, for the first time, have become a predominantly urban species. Though the world is getting more crowded by the day, absolute numbers of population are less important than where people concentrate and whether these areas can cope with them. Even densities, however, tell us nothing about the quality of the infrastructure'-roads, housing and job creation, for example--or the availability of crucial services. The main question, then, is not how many people there are in a given area, but how well their needs can be met. Density figures have to be set beside measurements of wealth and employment, the quality of housing and the availability of education, medical care, clean water, sanitation and other vital services. The urban revolution is taking place mainly in the Third World, where it is hardest to accommodate. Between 1950 and 1985 the number of city dwellers grew more than twice as fast in the Third World as in industrialized countries. During this period, the urban population of the developed world increased from 477 million to 838 million, less than double; but it quadrupled in developing countries, from 286 million to 1.14 billion. Africa's urban population is racing along at five percent a year on average, doubling city numbers every fourteen years. By the turn of the century, three in every four Latin Americans will live in urban areas, as will two in every five Asians and one in every three Africans. Developing countries will have to increase their urban facilities by two thirds by then, if they are to maintain even their present inadequate levels of services and housing. In 1940 only one out of every hundred of the world's people lived in a really big city, one with a population of over a million. By 1980 this proportion had already risen to one in ten. Two of the world's biggest cities, Mexico and Sao Paulo, are already bursting at the seams-- and their populations are doubling in less than twenty years. About a third of the people of the Third World's cities now live in desperately overcrowded slums and squatter settlements. Many are unemployed, uneducated, undernourished and chronically sick. Tens of millions of new people arrive every year, flocking in from the countryside in what is the greatest mass migration in history. Pushed out of the countryside by rural poverty and drawn to the cities in the hope of a better life, they find no houses waiting for them, no water supplies, no sewerage, no schools. They throw up makeshift hovels, built of whatever they can find: sticks, fronds, cardboard, tar-paper, straw, petrol tins and, if they are lucky, corrugated iron. They have to take the land no one else wants; land that is too wet, too dry, too steep or too polluted for normal habitation. Yet all over the world the inhabitants of these apparently hopeless slums show extraordinary enterprise in improving their lives. While many settlements remain stuck in apathy, many others are gradually improved through the vigour and co-operation of their people, who turn flimsy shacks into solid buildings, build school, lay out streets and put in electricity and water supplies. Governments can help by giving the squatters the right to the land that they have usually occupied illegally, giving them the incentive to improve their homes and neighborhoods. The most important way to ameliorate the effects of the Third World's exploding cities, however, is to slow down migration. This involves correcting the bias most governments show towards cities and towns and against the countryside. With few sources of hard currency, though, many governments in developing countries continue to concentrate their limited development efforts in cities and towns, rather than rural areas, where many of the most destitute live. As a result, food production falls as the countryside tildes ever deeper into depression. Since the process of urbanization concentrates people, the demand for basic necessities, like food, energy, drinking water and shelter, is also increased, which can exact a heavy toll on the surrounding countryside. High-quality agricultural land is shrinking in many regions, taken out of production because of over-use and mismanagement. Creeping urbanization could aggravate this situation, further constricting economic development. The most effective way of tackling poverty, and of stemming urbanization, is to reverse national priorities in many countries, concentrating more resources in rural areas where most poor people still live. This would boost food production and help to build national economies more securely. Ultimately, though, the choice of priorities comes down to a question of power. The people of the countryside are powerless beside those of the towns; the destitute of the countryside many starve in their scattered millions, whereas the poor concentrated in urban slums pose a constant threat of disorder. In all but a few developing countries the bias towards the cities will therefore continue, as will the migrations that are swelling their numbers beyond control.
单选题The underlined word "structured" means ______.
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单选题Jane saved ______ to go abroad.
A. a sum of money
B. sums of money
C. a sums of money
D. a sum of moneys
单选题Tragedy describes the______of a great individual because he has transgressed against the great moral principles which govern the universe.
单选题Like most foreigners, I ask a lot of questions, some of which are insultingly silly. But everyone I______has answered those questions with patience and honesty.(浙江大学2010年试题)
单选题Mary was the ______ of the ______ students climbed up to the top of the hill．A．nine；fourtyB．nineth；fortiethC．ninth；fortyD．nine，fortieth
单选题People who begin to go deaf in adult life have different problems from those who are born deaf. They have to learn different ways of behaving and different ways of communication—perhaps at a time when learning is not all that easy. A heating aid is not a complete solution to the problem. The sound perceived by the deaf person through a hearing aid is distorted and appears to have more background noise than is heard by someone with normal hearing. Deafened people have to lip-read as well. Lipreading is difficult, demands intense concentration, and an uninterrupted direct view of the speaker's face. No other activities can take place at the same time: the lipreadar has to stop eating, stop everything in order to concentrate on hearing. It is not a question of stupidity or bad temper—as it sometimes appears to be—but a question of being very easy to misunderstand when tile sound is distorted. Remember what it's like trying to communicate on a very bad telephone line. Frustrating, isn't it? The deaf have to face that all the time. A useful way of looking at the problem is to see the deaf person as a foreigner—to treat them as if you were in a foreign country. You would speak more clearly, slowly and raise your voice slightly. And you'd use gestures to make your meaning clear, as well as have no hesitation in using pencil and paper to be absolutely certain. You can de all those things with the deaf—as well as making sure you don't obscure your mouth with your hand, a pipe or a cigarette. Another point quite often overlooked is that a hearing aid may be quite efficient and useful in a quiet, carpeted room—but try it in the street during rush hour, in a noisy ear, in a railway station ticket office, a cinema or a concert hall and you've got a really difficult problem to distinguish speech. So don't suggest to or encourage deaf people to go to functions which are going to make their disability appear worse—and increase their sense of failure. Careful selection of cinemas with good sound systems is important and you should experiment to find out where the best seats are for hearing. Fitting adaptors for radio and television, observing which 15lends are easier to understand, and making sure that people talking are well-lit are all useful and positive activities.
单选题The panel will consider whether or not Mr. Wilson has been______serious professional misconduct.
单选题The "MyDoom" virus could presage a generation of computer attacks by organised gangs aiming to extract ransoms from online businesses, experts said yesterday. The warning came as the website run by SCO, a company that sells Unix computer software, in effect disappeared from the web under a blizzard of automated attacks from PCs infected by the virus, which first appeared a week ago. The "MyDoom-A" version of the virus is reckoned to be the worst to have hit the internet, in terms of the speed of its spread, with millions of PCs worldwide believed to be infected. Such "zombie" machines begin to send out hundreds of copies of the virus every hour to almost any e-mail address in their files. On Sunday they began sending automated queries to SCO's website, an attack that will continue until 12 February. The attack is the web equivalent of ringing the company's doorbell and running away a million times a second, leaving its computers unable to deal with standard requests to view its pages. "You have to wonder about the time limit," said Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at the antivirus company Sophos. "Someone could go to SCO after the 12th and say, 'If you don't want this to happen again, here are our demands'." Raimund Genes, European president of the security software firm Trend Micro, said: "Such a programme could take out any major website on the internet. It's not terrorism, but it is somebody who is obviously upset with SCO" SCO has earned the enmity of computer users through a lawsuit it has filed against IBM. SCO claims ownership of computer code it says IBM put into the free operating system Linux, and is demanding licence fees and damages of $1bn. Mr. Cluley said: "It might be that whoever is behind this will say to SCO, 'if you don't want the next one to target you, drop the lawsuit'." SCO has offered $250,000 (￡140,000) for information leading to the arrest of the person or people who wrote and distributed MyDoom. Nell Barrett, of the security company Information Risk Management, said, "I would give a lot of credence to the idea of gangs using viruses to extort money. It's hard for law enforcement to track them down, because they're using machines owned by innocent people." A second variant of MyDoom will start attacking part of Microsoft's website later today. The antivirus company MessageLabs said it had blocked more than 16 million copies of the virus in transit over the net so far. But millions more will have reached their targets.
单选题Called by many critics the greatest achievement of English lyrical poetry, this elegy was written upon the death of a fellow alumnus of Milton's, Edward King, who was drowned in the Irish Sea in 1637. A group of King's former schoolmates at Cambridge issued a commemorative volume titled Obsequies to the Memory of Mr. Edward King (1638). It was in this limited publication that Lycidas first appeared. Heretofore, of his great poems only Comus had been published, and that anonymously. Lycidas is not an expression of personal grief ( personal grief was to be eloquent in Milton's next important poem, the Latin Epitaphium Damonis), but rather a record of the thoughts that King's death evoked in the poet. King had written verses himself and had prepared himself for the Church. These two facts of the dead man's career form the basis for what Milton had to say. Outwardly the poem is written in the tradition of pastoral poetry, and more particularly in the tradition of the pastoral elegy as exhibited in the ancient Greek Lament for Bion by Moschus. The poet is spoken of as a shepherd. But Milton introduces the innovation of identifying the Christian idea of shepherd (pastor) as meaning priest. In a wonderful fusion of pagan and Christian tradition, Milton makes his elegy the occasion for a scathing attack on the corruptions of the clergy in his time, with parenthetical thrusts of scorn at his trivial contemporaries, the Cavalier poets. Samuel Johnson, who disliked all pastoral poetry, made the one outstandingly foolish judgment of his career, in dismissing Lycidas as a work of an. He said its "diction is harsh, the rhymes uncertain, and the numbers unpleasing, "--a testimony of the fact that Johnson was deaf to the refinements of English poetry at its subtlest, for Lycidas is an exquisite piece of music from the first line through the last. Moreover, Johnson was upset at the mingling of "trifling fictions" with "the most awful and sacred truths, such as ought never to be polluted with such irreverent combinations." That pronouncement can only mean that Johnson failed to grasp the noble idea at the center of the poem: Milton's definition of the high function of a poet.
单选题Your children must stop me by asking for candy all day long. I am ______ every day by the slow bus service in this town. A. annoyed; annoying B. to annoy; annoying C. annoying; annoying D. annoying; annoyed
单选题{{B}}Text 4{{/B}}
Europe is desperate to succeed in
business. Two years ago, the European Union's Lisbon summit Set a goal of
becoming the world's leading economy by 2010. But success, as any new age
executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure.
That is why Europe's approach to bankruptcy urgently needs
reform. In Europe, as in the United States, many heavily
indebted companies are shutting up shop just as the economy begins to recover.
Ironically, the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But
America's failures have a big advantage over Europe's weaklings: their country's
more relaxed approach to bankruptcy. In the United States the
Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in
trouble simply apply for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan
of reorganization to a judge, and creditors decide whether to give it a go or to
come up with one of their own. Creditors have a say in whether to keep the
firm running, or to liquidate it. If they keep it running, they often end up
with a big chunk of equity, if not outright control. But
shutting a bust European company is harder in two other ways. First, with
no equivalent of Chapter 11, bankruptcy forces companies to stop trading
abruptly. That damages the value of the creditors' potential assets, and
may also cause havoc for customers. Second, a company that trades across the
European Union will find that it has to abide by different bankruptcy laws in
the 15 member states, whose courts and administrators may make conflicting and
sometimes incompatible stipulations. The absence of provision
for negotiations between companies and creditors increases the temptation for
government to step in. When governments do not come to the rescue, the lack of
clear rules can lead to chaos. As a result of all this, Europe's teetering firms
miss the chance to become more competitive by selling assets to others who might
manage them more efficiently. Their sickly American rivals survive, transformed,
to sweep the field. An opportunity now exists to think again
about Europe's approach to bankruptcy. The European Union is expected to issue a
new directive on the subject in May. Germany has begun to update its insolvency
law. And last year Britain produced a white paper saying that a rigid approach
to bankruptcy could stifle the growth needed to meet Lisbon's
goals.
单选题I am going to climb my soapbox and talk. I am going to put on my work gloves and work. I am going to put on my walking shoes and walk. I am going to put on my fighting gloves and fight. I am going to kill Charlie Brown. Wait a minute! Don't think I have flipped! I know that Charlie Brown is a comic strip character, but I am not talking about that Charlie Brown. I am talking the Charlie Brown that is in me and the Charlie Brown that is in you. Everyone has a Charlie Brown in him. That is the Charlie Brown that I am fighting to kill. All of you are familiar with the comic strip character, Charlie Brown. He presents a negative image. Things are always happening to Charlie Brown because of his negative image. The way to get rid of a negative image is to convert it to a positive image. That is how to kill Charlie Brown.
单选题( 2002) If you encounter any difficulty during your stay in the hospital, you may inform the medical_____about your problems.
单选题How do you address people in English when you want to talk to them? The following may be some simple rules the beginners should follow.
1. When talking to strangers there is often no special form of address in English. Usually, if you want to catch the attention of a stranger, it is necessary to use such phrases as "Excuse me".
2. In British English "Sir" and "Madam" are considered to be too formal for most situations. They are used mostly to customers in shops or restaurants. While in American English "Sir" and "Madam" are not so formal and are commonly used between strangers, especially with older people whose names you don' t know.
3. When you talk to some people you know, you can use their names. If you are friends, use their first names; if your relationship is more formal, use "Mr. " "Mrs. " "Ms. " etc. before their family names.
4. There are many other forms of address which can be used between friends and strangers. However, many of these are limited in use. For example , "
pal
"and mate" can be used between strangers, but are usually only used by men talking to other men.
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单选题We were ______ by the extent to which teacher's decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the students. A. struck B. puzzled C. attracted D. misled
单选题In no country ______ Britain can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day. A. more than B. other than C. rather than D. better than
单选题If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stamps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor." If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected—a twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggerations and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
单选题He felt it strange ______ she would be late for class. A. that B. which C. when D. why
单选题Most parents prize the diversity within their children's public schools. They know that learning to cooperate and excel in a diverse, real-world setting is a key to success in the 2lst-century workplace and marketplace. But how "diverse" and "real-world" is a school that does not have any minority teachers? The bad news today is that some 40 percent of America's public schools have no teachers of color. The good news is that we have an opportunity to recruit and encourage more Americans of color to enter the teaching profession. And our success in doing so can have a powerfully positive impact on student achievement. Obviously, a teacher's effectiveness depends, first and foremost, on his or her skills and high expectations, not on the teacher's color. Yet we also know that children of color--40 percent of the student population and rising- benefit in important ways by having some teachers who look like them, who share similar cultural experiences, and who serve as role models demonstrating that education and achievement are things to be respected. Bear in mind that teachers do not teach only facts and "content". They also model appropriate behaviors and teach by personal example. And for many children, the teachers and other adults in their school are the most important authority figures outside of their home. So it is important to expose children to a diverse teaching staff--and to diverse role models- within each of our schools. Where we have an urban school with an all-minority staff or a suburban school with an all-white staff, we are giving students a stunted educational experience. Issues of diversity are especially relevant today, as public schools are redoubling their commitment to raising standards and closing achievement gaps. We need to seize every opportunity to boost the achievement of poor and minority students. I believe- and an impressive body of research confirms--that recruiting and retaining more minority teachers can be crucial to our success. NEA has made it a core strategic priority to increase the recruitment and retention of teachers of diverse backgrounds. Beyond NEA's own programs, we are joining with other organizations to create the National Collaborative on Diversity in the Teacher Workforce. But we can't do it alone. States and school districts need to develop programs to assist teacher's aides--large numbers of whom are minorities--to advance their education and become fully licensed teachers. Other programs can reach out to minorities still in school, offering encouragement and incentives to enter the teaching profession. At the same time, states must ensure that relevant tests do not bar promising minority candidates from entering the profession.
单选题First, the spotted owl was threatened by logging in the Pacific Northwest. Now it’s in danger from a new enemy, the barred owl. Barred owls have been moving to the Northwest from the eastern part of the United States. Stan Sovem has studied spotted owls. Now when he calls for spotted owls, barred owls are starting to appear. Sovem threw a mouse on the ground, and a barred owl grabbed it. Scientists have learned that spotted owls start to vanish when barred owls come. Some barred and spotted owls have mated and produced hybrid babies. One spotted owl was killed by a barred owl. Professor Ned K. Brown of the University of California-Berkeley says, "In some areas of Washington, the barred owls moved into very dense, deep woods. The same kind of woods that are opened up, or destroyed by logging, that adversely influences the spotted owls." Ten years have passed since the federal government began protecting the spotted owl. Loggers were forced to limit logging on seven million acres of government land. No one is sure how the arrival of the barred owls will impact laws that protect spotted laws. The barred owls like to live in the deep forests where loggers like to cut down trees. The barred owls will likely keep migrating to the Northwest.
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As people continue to grow and age, our
body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life your body
systems will begin to weaken. Your joints may become stiff. It may become more
difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to
lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to
live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us
toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your
health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of
exercise you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of
stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence (衰老)
want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging
process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of
life.
单选题—We took a taxi and arrived at the station an hour earlier. —You ______ a taxi. Time was enough for you to go there by bus. A．neednt take B．neednt to take C．neednt have taken D．dont need take