问答题Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, of adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin. But to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.

问答题Directions: More and more Chinese scholars now believe that their academic studies should be oriented toward the needs of the society and the government instead of the personal interests. What do you think of this belief? You are required to make comments on this belief in about 200 words. Don’ t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANWER SHEET.

问答题This organization is also a manufacturing firm．Here，however，management encoura ges and rewards risk taking and change．Decisions based on intuition are valued as much as those that are well rationalized．Management prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative prod- ucts．Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to“run with it．”and failures are treated as“learning experiences．”The company prides itself on being market driven and rapidly responsive to the changing needs of its customers． There are few rules and regulations for employees to follow，and supervision is loose because management believes that its employees are hardworking and trustworthy．Management is con cemed with high productivity but believes that this comes through treating its people right．The company is proud of its reputation as being a good place to work．

问答题What are the three important points of the Prague School? (北交大学2005研)

问答题When the Vikings invaded Great Britain, they did more than slaughter the population, ransack the cities and scorch the earth. They also left substantial influence on the English language words like slaughter, ransack and scorch. (46) Now, a single word in an ancient manuscript has led a U. S. linguist to conclude that the influence of the Norse on the English language may have come as much as a century earlier than most scholars had thought. The find came when English professor Jonathan Evans of the University of Georgia was reading a passage to his Old English class from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and a Norse word, theora, jumped out at him. The 1122 text, according to generations of scholars, was supposed to be too early to contain evidence of Danish influence on Old English. (47) But the fact that the text used the Nordic form of "their" rather than the Old English hiera or heora, suggested that Norsemen and their English hosts were not only living side-by-side in England's East Midlands but also were in "frequent, peaceful communication", Evans contends. "I thought I had made a mistake," when he first saw the word, he said. "There it was, sitting there in plain sight. Nobody saw this Danish word sitting there. I kept it quiet because I thought I made a mistake. ' But he was urged to investigate by a visiting Danish scholar, Hans Nielsen. (48) So Evans spent several years pursuing a hunch that a Roman Catholic monk slipped into the local dialect while copying out the ancient historical work for his monastery. If so, that suggests to Evans that Norse and West-Saxon dialects of Old English had mingled significantly by the 12th century if not earlier. The result of Evans' research is a paper, recently published in the journal North-Western European Language Evolution. (49) His parer puts forth the theory that the monk's use of the Norse word is the first datable example in English of Scandinavian-derived plural pronouns, antecedents of the modern English words "they, them", and "their". (50) "This is a footnote in a much more well-known story--the story of Scandinavian borrowings in the English language. ' said Evans, who can read texts in Danish, French, Old English and Old Icelandic. "It's going to be interesting to see how other scholars view this discovery but I think I've made my case for it./

问答题Topic：On Knowledge and Ability

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. What is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that luck has a role to play in the good life, but to what extent does luck affect the good life? If the good life is dependent on external factors, then it would appear that it could not be considered self-sufficient. However, Aristotle argues that the good life is self-sufficient, but communally self-sufficient. Why does Aristotle argue for what appears to be a contradiction in terms? {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It is contended that luck's effect on the good life was much greater than Aristotle was prepared to acknowledge and that as a result of the good life being dependent on luck, the good life cannot be considered self-sufficient.{{/U}} Aristotle believed that the good for humans would be the maximum realization of the function that was unique to humans. Since reason was understood by Aristotle to be the unique quality that humans possessed, it followed that the good for humans was to reason well. {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Since part of the task of reason was to teach human beings how to act virtuously, the good for humans was the exercise of their faculties in accordance with virtue{{/U}}. The good life, then, was defined by Aristotle as the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}The circumstances that make it likely or unlikely that a person will lead the good life are external and not of one's own choosing, and are, therefore, dependent on luck{{/U}}. Why not, it might be postulated, limit luck's effects, specifically narrowing the scope of what constitutes the elements of the good life so as to limit, while not eliminating luck's role? {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Aristotle held that even if one could be viewed as leading the good life, should one experience any adverse circumstances such as illness, bereavement or isolation, then one could no longer be considered to be leading the good life{{/U}}. "For many reversals and all sorts of luck come about in the course of a life; and it is possible for the person who was most especially doing well to encounter great calamities in old age, as in the stories told about Priam in the Trojan war. But when a person has such misfortunes and ends in a wretched condition, nobody says that he is living well." Aristotle had argued that limiting the scope of luck's effect on the good life would render life meaningless, yet is this not what is happening here? {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Knowing that as one ages the probability of experiencing misfortune is heightened, and still maintaining that this is a yardstick by which to measure whether one can be considered to be leading the good life, severely limits the chances of anyone attaining the good life{{/U}}. Limiting the scope of the external factors that affected the good life would render the good life too limiting, according to Aristotle; yet Aristotle has placed such severe limitations on the criteria that needs to be met in order to lead the good life that the probability of anyone ever leading the good life are practically non-existent.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You have bought a brand-new computer in a dealer's office. But much to your disappointment, it could not be normally operated when you got it back. Write a letter to the manager, 1) launching your complaints, 2) specifying its troubles, 3) and proposing solutions. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation. Write him a reply to 1) thank him, and 2) give your advice. You should Write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

问答题Our understanding of the Emotional System today is still in the Dark Ages. (46) This has its analogy to the time when people' s understanding of our Solar System was based upon the belief that the Sun revolved around the Earth, as it certainly appeared that way—however, just the reverse was true. The problem was, as long as we believed the Sun went around the Earth, we were limited as to how far we could go in the Solar System. We find the same condition existing today in regard to the "Emotional System. Society believes that our emotional feelings are a result of our experiences in our environment. In essence: something happened and it made me feel the way I do. This belief, though it is certainly the way it appears, is just the reverse of how it really works. What happens to us as we embrace an emotional feeling is that it is first received by our brain, which converts it into electrical energy that flows through our body by means of the central nervous system. We can often "feel the charge" in our body associated with the experience of emotions. (47) When this occurs an electromagnetic field is generated around our body which attracts to us another person who has an identical electromagnetic field around their body and the same emotional feeling in their heart. We have not been able to make much progress in the emotional area. Let's face it, although this age reflects great advancements in technology, the feelings in the hearts of men and women are still plagued by darkness. (48) Believing that something or someone made us feel the way we do gives rise to the concept of victimization. To see self as a victim places the responsibility for our feelings on someone or something other than self. The real problem with this view is that if we are not responsible for having created our feelings, we are also unable to change those feelings and create new and different ones. This dilemma we face creates quite a struggle in life. Although we may externally struggle with different circumstances and situations, the emotional feelings associated with them are always the same frustration, resentment, anger, etc. (49) It is as if we have fallen into quicksand, gotten stuck, and the only way we know to extricate ourselves is to struggle. What we find is that the more we struggle to get out, the deeper in we sink. To state a simple rule: there is an inverse relationship between struggling with a problem and understanding the problem. (50) Understanding how the emotional system really works allows the resolution of problems without struggle. This understanding is the key to unlocking the emotional doorway to enter into the Kingdom of Heavenly Feelings within us.

问答题Directions: You want to apply for the following position—a waiter or a waitress required for evening work. Write a letter to Mr. Smith to show your interest, describe your previous experience, and explain why you would be suitable for the job. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题邀请信：你(Li Yuan)刚刚搬入新家，准备邀请朋友聚会家中。写一封信邀请你的朋友(Tom)参加聚会(词数100～120)。内容包括： (1)提出邀请； (2)聚会的时间、地点； (3)要求回复。

问答题What is the Interaction Hypothesis? What implications does this hypothesis have for the practice of language teaching?

问答题B超

问答题Before a big exam, a sound night"s sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. 16 The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then "edited" at night to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. 17 The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement sleep, when the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. 18 What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern—what is referred to as "artificial grammar". Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more, those with more to learn (i.e., the "grammar", as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The "editing" theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. 19 And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. 20 So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

问答题Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understanding.(20 points)Discuss the behaviorist"s view of language acquisition and the implications and limitations of this theory on second language acquisition.

问答题Directions: Suppose you have damaged your friend"s computer when you lived in his house a few days ago. Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationships between arbitrariness & onomatopoeic words and arbitrariness convention?

问答题The International Committee of the Red Cross says it will need nearly $ 650 million to help victims of armed conflict and violence next year. The Geneva-based ICRC runs humanitarian operations in some 80 countries. {{U}}1. The International Committee of the Red Cross has operations in just about every trouble spot in the world, including Afghanistan and the Palestinian territories.{{/U}} {{U}}2. However, it says it will have to expand its operations even more next year because of the deteriorating situations in those countries.{{/U}} The director of ICRC Operations, Pierre Krahenbuhl, says his agency has been running regional operations for West Africa out of Ivory Coast for years and, there fore, is in a good position to expand its programs there. Mr. Krahenbuhl says the Red Cross has been carrying out assistance and medical projects, as well as visiting prisoners held by the government and the rebels. {{U}}3. The Red Cross says Afghanistan remains its largest and costliest operation. However, is adds that it has cut more than $ 40 million off year's budget due to the improved situation in that country. Cuts also have been made in programs for Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone and Yugoslavia.{{/U}}