阅读理解It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory wouldsubmit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on thecomments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright restedwith the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribeto the journal.No longer. The internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercialpublishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it, is makingaccess to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, byJohn Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavyreading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. Itsignals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, uponwide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishingmarket is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwidespecializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are nowonline. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’sauthors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collectionof online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typicallysupported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, thereare open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratoriessupport institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayedopen-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, beforemaking it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional formof the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

阅读理解Suicide has been a cause of concern in most societies for a long time

阅读理解CI have a neighbor. She looks young and beautiful although she is over 70.She can do all the housework, read newspapers and learn something new on the Internet I often see her do tai chi(大极拳) in the morning and dance in the evening.Last week a reporter from a magazine asked her how she kept so young and healthy. She replied, "I have a secret for staying young and healthy. It is quite simple. Keep your mind active, be interested in the world around and 1earn at least one new thing every day.” Don't think you are too old to learn. I know a man called Jack who started to study medicine in a college when he was 70 years olD、 He studied there for 6 years and now he works in a hospital. Another man called Barry began writing at the age of 71. And now he is goodwriter. Some people may think keeping 1eamning is easy only for young people. In fact, everyone can mike it.It would be a good start to follow the old lady's example. I hope all the people will stay young and healthy.46. The writer's neighbor, who,is over 70, looks_____.

阅读理解The modern world only recently reached the Yanomano, a native people of the Amazon basin. Sheltered by thick rainforest, the Yanomano lived a self-contained existence until gold was discovered in their jungle homeland. Miners flocked into the forests, cutting down trees and bringing disease and shot those Yanomano who would not get out of the way. In just seven years from the early 1980s, the population fell 20 per cent.Hands Around the World, a native American cultural association, says the Yanomano are believed to be the most culturally intact people in the world. They wear loin cloths, use fire sticks and decorate their bodies with dye from a red berry. They don’t use the wheel and the only metal they use is what has been traded to them by outsiders. When a Yanomano dies, the body is burned and the remaining bones crushed into a powder and turned into a drink that is later consumed by mourners in memory of the dead.A Hands Around the World report says that in South America not only are the cultures and traditions in danger of disappearing, but some tribes are in danger of extinction. “The Yanomano is a well-known tribe that is rapidly losing its members through the destruction of Western disease,” the report says. Before illegal gold miners entered their rainforest, the Yanomano were isolated from modern society.They occupy dense jungle north of the Amazon River between Venezuela and Brazil and are catalogued by anthropologists (人类学家) as neo-Indians with cultural characteristics that date back more than 8,000 years. Each community lives in a circular communal house, some of which sleep up to 400, built around a central square.Though many Yanomano men are monogamous, it is not unusual for them to have two or more wives. Anthropologists from the University of Wisconsin say polygamy is a way to increase one’s wealth because having a large family increases help with hunting and cultivating the land. These marriages result in a shortage of women for other men to marry, which has led to inter-tribal wars.Each Yanomano man is responsible for clearing his land for gardening, using slash-and-hum farming methods. They grow plantains, a type of banana eaten cooked, and hunt game animals, fish and anaconda (南美热带蟒蛇) using bows and arrows.

阅读理解(3) A man out of place is like a fish out of water

阅读理解Questions 91 to 100 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Passage Two It used to be so straightforward

阅读理解Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Passage Three Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous

阅读理解Passage One A few centuries ago, people looked at the birds and wondered what it would be like to fly like them

阅读理解Ralph and Celia ________ alot of each other since they moved to the same city

阅读理解Mara was going to stay with her friend Fanny for three days

阅读理解One of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development community, the conventional wisdom has been that the 2 billion people living in poor countries could never expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in North America enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue superaffluence as though there were no limits on how much we could consume. We make up 6 percent of the world''s people; yet we consume one-third of the world''s resources. 　　As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as our resources come more and more from the outside world, "outsiders''’ are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of "our" resources and "their" resources, but only of common resources. 　　As Americans consuming such a disproportionate share of the world''s resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of superaffluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed. If you have only one crust of bread and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanced. But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesn''t make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the world today, Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for still more. People elsewhere are beginning to ask why. This is the question we''re going to have to answer, whether we''re trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch. 　　The prospect of a scarcity of, and competition for, the world''s resources requires that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world. It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people in these countries to concern themselves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them.

阅读理解Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short,jerky movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate. Each timethey fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span. Thelength of time for which the eyes stop—the duration of the fixation—varies considerably fromperson to person. It also varies within any one person according to his purpose in reading and hisfamiliarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on howour eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visualaspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at onefixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or atwentieth of a second. One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some centralpoint, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape ofrather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. Allthese exercises are very clever, but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quiteanother thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability tounderstand the relationship between words. Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have nowbegun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a personto read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.

阅读理解From the last paragraph we can infer that the writer is________. 

阅读理解 On June 26, 2000, two scientific teams announce at the White House that they had deciphered virtually the entire human genome, a prodigious feat that involved determining the exact sequence of chemical units in human genetic material. An enthusiastic President Clinton predicted a revolution in 'the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases'. Now, 10 years later, a sobering realization has set in. Decoding the genome has led to stunning advances in scientific knowledge and DNA-processing technologies but it has done relatively little to improve medical treatments or human health. To be fair, many scientists at the time were warning that it would be a long, slow slog to reap clinical benefits. And there have been some important advances, such as powerful new drugs for a few cancers and genetic tests that can predict whether people with breast cancer need chemotherapy. But the original hope that close study of the genome would identify mutations or variants that cause diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's and heart ailments—and generate treatments for them—has given way to realization that the causes of most diseases are enormously complex and not easily traced to a simple mutation or two. In the long run, it seems likely that the genomic revolution will pay off. But no one can be sure. Even if the genetic roots of some major diseases are identified, there is no guarantee that treatments can be found. The task facing science and industry in the coming decades is at least as challenging as the original deciphering of the human genome.

阅读理解Being an information technology, or IT, worker is not a job I envy. They are the ones who, right in the middle of a critical meeting, are expected to instantly fix the projector that’s no longer working. They have to tolerate the bad tempers of colleagues frustrated at the number of times they’ve had to call the help desk for the same issue. They are also the ones who know there are systems that are more powerful, reliable and faster, but their employer simply will not put up the funds to buy them. According to a recent survey, employees who have a job reliant on IT support consider IT a major source of job dissatisfaction. Through no fault of their own, they can suddenly find their productivity deteriorating or quality control non-existent. And there’s little they can do about it. The experience of using IT penetrates almost the entire work field. It has become a crucial part of employees’ overall work experience. When IT is operating as it should, employee self-confidence swells. Their job satisfaction, too, can surge when well-functioning machines relieve them of dull tasks or repetitive processes. But if there’s one thing that triggers widespread employee frustration, it’s an IT transformation project gone wrong, where swollen expectations have been popped and a long list of promised efficiencies have been reversed. This occurs when business leaders implement IT initiatives with little consideration of how those changes will impact the end user. Which is why managers should appreciate just how influential the IT user experience is to their employees, and exert substantial effort in ensuring their IT team eliminates programming errors and application crashes. Adequate and timely IT support should also be available to enable users to cope with technological issues at work. More importantly, IT practitioners need to understand what employees experience mentally when they use IT. Therefore, businesses need to set up their IT infrastructure so that it is designed to fit in with their employees’ work, rather than adjust their work to fit in with the company’s IT limitations.

阅读理解Text 3 With medicine, the benefit of biotechnology has been obvious

阅读理解Paralinguistic Communication Communication via the spoken word yields a vast amount of information in addition to the actual meaning of the words used

阅读理解Questions 21 to 30 are based on the following passage