问答题Directions: There is one passage in this part. The passage is .followed by some questions. The Wright Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright were two brothers from the heartland of America with a vision as sweeping as the sky and a practicality as down-to-earth as the Wright Cycle Co, the bicycle business they founded in Dayton, Ohio, in 1592. But while there were countless bicycle shops in turn-of-the century America, in only one were wings bring built as well as wheels. When the Wright brothers finally realized their vision of powered human flight in 1903, they made the world a forever smaller place. I've been to Kitty Hawk, N. C, and seen where the brothers imagined the future, and then literally flew across its high frontier. It was an inspiration to be there, and to soak up the amazing perseverance and creativity of these two pioneers. The Wright brothers had been fascinated by the idea of flight from an early age. In 1875 their father, a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, gave them a flying toy made of cork and bamboo. It had a paper body and was powered by rubber bands. The young boys soon broke the fragile toy, but the memory of its faltering flight across their living room stayed with them. By the mid-1890s Wilbur was reading every book and paper he could find on the still earth-bound science of human flight. And four years before they made history at Kitty Hawk, the brothers built their first, scaled-down flying machine—a pilotless "kite" with a 5-ft. wingspan, and made of wood, wire and cloth. Based on that experiment, Wilbur became convinced that he could build an aircraft that would be "capable of sustaining a man. " When published aeronautical data turned out to be unreliable, the Wright brothers built their own wind tunnel to test airfoils and measure empirically how to lift a flying machine into the sky. They were the first to discover that a long narrow wing shape was the ideal architecture of flight. They figured out how to move the vehicle freely, not just across land, but up and down on a cushion of air. They built a forward elevator to control the pitch of their craft as it nosed up and down. They fashioned a pair of twin rudders in back to control its tendency to yawn from side to side. They devised a pulley system that warped the shape of wings in midflight to turn the plane and to stop it from rolling laterally in air. Recognizing that a propeller isn't like a ship's screw, but becomes, in effect, a rotating wing, they used the data from their wind-tunnel experiments to design the first effective airplane props—a pair of 8-ft, propellers, carved out of laminated spruce, that turned in opposite directions to offset the twisting effect on the machine's structure. And when they discovered that a light-weight gas-powered engine did not exist, they decided to design and build their own. It produced 12 horsepower and weighed only 152 lbs. The genius of Leonardo da Vinci imagined a flying machine, but it took the methodical application of science by these two American bicycle mechanics to create it. The unmanned gliders spawned by their first efforts flew erratically and were at the mercy of any strong gust of wind. But with help from their wind-tunnel, the brothers amassed more data on wing design than anyone before them, compiling tables of computations that are still valid today. And with guidance from this scientific study, they developed the powered 1903 Flyer, a skeletal flying machine of spruce, ash and muslin, with an unmanned weight of just over 600 Ibs. On DeC. 17,1903, with Orville at the controls, the Flyer lifted off shakily from Kitty Hawk and flew 120 ft.—little more than half the wingspan of a Boeing 747-400. That 12-seC. flight changed the world, lifting it to new heights of freedom and giving mankind access to places it had never dreamed of reaching. Although the Wright brother's feat was to transform life in the 20th century, the next day only four newspapers in the U. S. carried news of their achievement—news that was widely dismissed as exaggerated. The Wright brothers gave us a tool, but it was up to individuals and nations to put it to use. The airplane revolutionized both peace and war. It brought families together: once, when a Chile or other close relatives left the old country for America, family and friends mourned for someone they would never see again. Today, the grandchild of that immigrant can return again and again across a vast ocean in just half a turn of the clock. But the airplane also helped tear families apart, by making international warfare an effortless reality. Now, on the eve of another century, who knows where the next Wright brothers will be found, in what grade of school they're studying, or in what garage they're inventing the next Flyer of the information age. Our mission is to make sure that wherever they are, they have the chance to run their own course, to persevere and follow their own inspiration. We have to understand that engineering breakthroughs are not just mechanical or scientific—they are liberating forces that can continually improve people's lives. Who would have thought, as the 20th century opened, that one of its greatest contributions would come from two obscure, fresh-faced young Americans who pursued the utmost bounds of human thought and gave us all, for the first time, the power literally to sail beyond the sunset. The 20th century has been the American Century in large part because of great inventors such as the Wright brothers. May we follow their flight paths and blaze our own in the 21st century.

问答题Genius is something that is difficult to measure quantitatively since it is a unique quality, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. (1){{U}}By contrast intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic character that can be moulded by the environment. {{/U}}Intelligence is a qualitative trait, which does have a genetic component, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. (2){{U}}There are several limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes.{{/U}} Any number of gene combination may predispose an individual to musical genius, or to painting, or to designing computer programs, etc. The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments. (3){{U}}For example, intelligence quotient test scores vary considerably with illness and disease, educational, social and economic levels—even the skin color of the examiner conducting the IQ test may have a significant effect!{{/U}} There is also difficulty in deciding what intelligence should be applied to. Is it the ability to learn? Is it related to the enquiring mind or to motivation? Consequently comparisons between an IQ test given to a University .student and to an Aborigine in Australia will give meaningless results, since the test is most unlikely to measure the same behavior. (4){{U}}Not only are the genotypes and the environments of these two individuals totally different, but their motivations for achievement in particular activities will be different.{{/U}} Indeed, as some articles which deal with the problems mentioned above show, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in intelligence between races are statistically naive. (5){{U}}If some races or social groups in the human population can be shown to be inferior in intelligence, it opens up the possibility that some segregationists or politicians could bring in legislation or policies to suppress or even eliminate such races or groups in the population.{{/U}} History certainly shows that this suggestion is quite likely when ruthless individuals are in positions of power. Can you see why the false scientific conclusions could become dangerous socially and politically? Notes: polymeric: having many genes mould: to shape or form linear: of lines genotypes: types of gene

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. United States Senator John Glenn returned to orbit aboard the space shuttle Discovery in late October, 1998, 36 years after his first lift-off from Cape Canaveral in Florida. (46) {{U}}The 77-year-old politician, who in 1962 became America's first man to orbit the Earth, blasted off with six other astronauts on a mission that would include research into ageing.{{/U}} Taking leave of him at the space center along with 3,000 media representatives, 20,000 invited guests and an estimated half million people who crowded vantage points round about to watch the launch-- were his wife of more than 50 years, Annie, his two children and two grandchildren. Glenn fever struck Florida's space coast months ahead of the launch, with hotel rooms booked up half a year in advance. One local newspaper called the phenomenon "Hurricane Glenn", an ironic reference to the spate of devastating hurricane that had already hit the Florida coast during 1998. The Ohio senator had campaigned for several years to be allowed this return trip into space. (47) {{U}}NASA administers finally agreed to his proposed study on the effects of weightlessness on elderly people and the possible parallels between the side-effects of weightlessness and the ageing process itself.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}Critics, however, complained that the mission was little more than a public relations exercise aimed at raising the profile of NASA, and would do nothing to advance research into the geriatric condition.{{/U}} Some were even saying that the trip represented the ultimate congressional junket. Glenn insisted from the beginning that the space mission was a serious one, however. He subjected himself--and others--to a series of tests in a special laboratory while in orbit. (49) {{U}}He swallowed a special thermometer before lift-off so that his temperature could be monitored, and had a tube implanted in his arm to facilitate the taking of blood samples without the need for fresh needles each time.{{/U}} Other tests conducted on his return to Earth were designed to measure his bone density and changes in his spinal cord. (50) {{U}}NASA officials fuelled suspicion that Glenn's trip had dubious practical value, however, by announcing that there were no plans to test any more elderly astronauts after his trip.{{/U}} This was despite the fact that 67-year-old Jerrie Cobb, one of 13 women who trained for the Space programme with Glenn in the early 1960s but who were never allowed to fly, expressed her determination to become the next geriatric guineapig in orbit. The space experience has changed a great deal in the 36 years since Glenn was last in orbit. Unlike his five-hour 1962 trip, this was no solo mission.

问答题Questions 7 to 10 are based on the letter written by Samuel Johnson to the Earl of Chesterfield.To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield February 7, 1755 My Lord:I have been lately informed by the proprietor of the World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honor which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address; and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre; that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.Seven years, my Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door, during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and found him a native of the rocks.Is not a patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labors, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favorer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, my Lord,Your Lordship"s most humble, most obedient servant, Sam. Johnson

问答题{{B}}金融危机{{/B}} 金融危机又称金融风暴，是指一个国家或几个国家与地区的全部或大部分金融指标(如短期利率、货币资产、证券、房地产、土地价格、商业破产数和金融机构倒闭数)的急剧、短暂和超周期的恶化。 金融危机可以分为货币危机、债务危机、银行危机、次贷危机等类型。近年来的金融危机越来越呈现出某种混合形式的特征。 金融危机的特征是人们基于经济未来将更加悲观的预期，整个区域内货币值出现幅度较大的贬值，经济总量与经济规模出现较大的损失，经济增长受到打击。往往伴随着企业大量倒闭，失业率提高，社会普遍的经济萧条，甚至有些时候伴随着社会动荡或国家政治层面的动荡。 金融危机的产生大多数情况是由经济泡沫引起的，而产生危机的背景非常复杂，有多方面的因素。以21世纪最大的美国金融危机为例，追根溯源，主要有以下几方面促因。 (1)美国的消费习惯。借钱(贷款)消费是普遍的生活方式。年轻人收入少，但消费多：老年人退休后享受优越的退休金，但消费相对少。所以，年轻人多借钱消费(包括向父母借钱，这与中国不同)。而且，美国发达、完善的信用体制使几乎所有人的消费都靠借钱来完成。而从储蓄模式来看，美国人的储蓄率历来很低，近年来，一直在零储蓄率上徘徊。要消费，只能靠借钱。经济增长模式。美国的经济增长主要依靠消费驱动。其消费率长期为70%左右，投资率为15%左右，国际贸易方面严重入超。 (2)经济管理思想。自20世纪70年代发生经济“滞涨”以后，凯恩斯主义的“国家干预”政策遭到新古典自由主义的强烈批评，此后，新自由主义思潮受到追捧。80年代的“华盛顿共识”所倡导的“经济自由、私有化、减少管制”成为指导西方国家经济走向的主要理念。 (3)经济环境与具体政策工具。美国在2000年后因高科技泡沫破裂而陷入短暂衰退之中，在美联储前主席格林斯潘的主持下，连续13次大幅度削减联邦基准利率，从最高6.5%下降到1%，强行向市场注入流动性资金，扼住了经济下滑，也拉动了美国房地产连续多年繁荣。这正是本次次贷危机乃至金融危机爆发的直接导火线。在21世纪的最初几年里，同样的低利率政策，为什么美国偏偏房地产行业得以相对发展，而不是其他行业呢?原因是：网络等高科技产业高速发展导致的泡沫破灭后，进入一个成长停滞期，抑制了大量资金对该行业的投入：20世纪六七十年代，随着劳动力成本的不断提升，美国制造业，尤其是劳动密集型产业大量外移，形成国内产业空心化，加之服务业在繁荣之后的替代更新需要一定的时滞期，所以，这些行业投资机会较少。而且，从20世纪90年代开始，美国的房产一直处于稳定的状态。在这种情况下，流动性资金开始注入该行业。

问答题维多利亚时代的诗人有强烈的关于过去的观念（the notion of the past）。举出该时期两个或三个诗人的作品分析其中的关于过去的观念。并比较其异同。

问答题Ralph Waldo Emerson and his works

问答题过山车

问答题Globally, most smokers start smoking before the age of 18, with almost a quarter of those beginning before the age of 10. The younger children are when they first try smoking, the more likely they are to become regular tobacco users and the less likely they are to quit. A strong link between advertising and smoking in young people has been proven. The more aware and appreciative young people are of tobacco advertising, the more likely they are to smoke or say they intend to. In response to this threat, World No Tobacco Day campaigns for a total ban on all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship by the tobacco industry.

问答题1．有人认为读书要有选择。 2．有人认为应当博览群书。 3．我的看法。

问答题haphazard investment

问答题Directions:Title: The Prospects of the 21st CenturyOutline:1. What will the world be like in the twenty-first century?2. Yet the effect of the advanced technology may conflict with the benefits we will gain from the new age of science technology.3. To us student, the twenty-first century more likely means a challenge than a change.You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题除非摆脱了这样的干扰，否则政府部门无法有效工作。

问答题人文交流

问答题请根据以下要点写一篇短文，谈谈你对污染的看法。 1．污染问题目前已经相当严重，成为全球性问题，给人类和自然界的动植物造成了严重危害； 2．列举两至三种产生污染的原因及污染造成的严重后果； 3．列举两至三条治理污染的措施。 要求：要点完整，不要逐字翻译。词数：100左右。

问答题发烧门诊

问答题赈灾

问答题An Apology Letter to the Previous Headmaster Directions : For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to the headmaster of your previous high school who has invited you to give a speech to your schoolmates, to explain for your failure to do this. You should write at least 120 words, and your composition should include the following: (1)由于不能按计划做演讲向校方道歉； (2)解释推迟计划的原因； (3)建议下次再演讲，并约定下次演讲的时间。

问答题Collage (4 points)

问答题从某种意义上说，各国对多极化的认可反映了国际关系中对民主化的追求。在经济全球化的时代，一种深入的相互依赖的关系正在国与国之间形成。在联合国宪章中曾发表过的一种国与国平等的原则正深入人心，越来越多的国家已经清楚地意识到：无论大小、强弱、贫富，所有的国家都是世界大家庭中平等的一员，国际关系的民主化将成为构筑世界新秩序的共同愿望。