填空题Drawing on biomechanics and other sports science, Olympic hopefuls target just the right muscles and moves. Olympians of yesteryear shared the same goal, but they would hardly recognize today's training techniques. To achieve to Olympian ideal of "faster, higher, stronger," coaches now realize, athletes don't have to train more but they do have to train smarter. That's why, these days, cross-country (Nordic) skiers kneel on skateboards and tug on pulleys to haul themselves up a ramp. By analyzing every motion that goes into a ski jump or a luge run, the science of biomechanics breaks down events into their component parts and determines which movements of which muscles are the key to a superlative performance. Knowing that is crucial for a simple hut, to many coaches and trainers, unexpected reason: it turns out that although training for general conditioning improves fitness, the best way to boost performance is by working the muscles and practicing the moves that will be used in competition. It's called sport-specific training. 41. Ways to work the right muscles and train the right patterns of movement. Sport-specific training doesn't have to mean running the actual course or performing the exact event. There are other ways to work the right muscles and train the right pattern of movement. Doing situps on a Swiss ball, for instance, develops torso control as well as strength. The Finnish ice-hockey team recently added acrobatics to its training regime because it helps players to balance on the ice, says head coach Raimo Summanen. Performance-enhancing strategies. The advances in physiology that have revolutionized training are giving sports scientists a better under-standing of how to improve strength, power, speed and both aerobic and anaerobic fitness: 42. Training the start-up. Speed is partly genetic. A star sprinter is probably born with a preponderance of fast twitch muscle fibers, which fire repeatedly with only microsecond rests in between. Speed training therefore aims to recruit more fast-twitch fibers and increase the speed of nerve signals that command muscles to move. 43. Strength reflects the percentage of muscle fibers the body can recruit for a given movement. "Someone with pure strength can recruit 90 percent of these fibers, while someone else recruits only 50 percent," says the USOC's Davis. 44. Developing anaerobic fitness. Anaerobic fitness keeps the muscles moving even when the heart can't provide enough oxygen. To postpone the point when acid begins to accumulate, or at least train the body to tolerate it, Jim Walker has the speed skaters he works with push themselves beyond what they need to do in competition. Power is strength with speed. "One of the biggest changes in strength training is that we're getting away from pure strength and emphasizing power, or explosive strength," says USOC strength-and- conditioning coordinator Kevin Ebel. 45. Difficulties under way. It's still difficult to persuade coaches to let sports scientists mess with their athletes. To overcome such resistance, the USOC's Peter Davis has set up "performance-enhancing teams" where coaches and scientists put their heads together and apply the best science to training. Come February, the world will see how science fared in its attempt to mold athletic excellence.[A] Zach Lund races skeleton (a head-first, belly-down sled race), in which the start is crucial. He has to sprint in a bent-over position (pushing his sled along the track), then hop in without slowing the sled. "You have to go from a hard sprint to being really calm in order to go down the track well," says Lund. To improve his speed he does leg presses while lying on his back, or leg curls on his stomach (bringing his foot to his backside).[B] Despite the finding that drafting reduces the demand on the heart of a speed skater and generally improves performance, for instance, most skaters still prefer to go out fast and first.[C] Sprinters who skate 500 meters in the Olympics, for instance, power through multiple 300 meters, and do it faster than they skate the 500. By raising the anaerobic threshold, the training gives skaters a better shot at exploding with a sprint at the finish.[D] Luge, for instance, requires precise control of infinitesimal muscle movements: "Overcorrect on a turn," says driver Mark Grimmette, "and you're dead.' To achieve that precise control, he and his doubles partner, Brian Martin, devote a good chunk of their training time to exercises on those squishy rubber spheres called Swiss balls.[E] Aerobic fitness is hockey star Cammi Granato's goal one autumn morning as she pedals a stationary bike with sweaty fury at the USOC training center in Lake Placid, New York. When Granato finally staggers off the bike and crumples onto the padded platform, she's' had a tougher workout than in any hockey period--which is exactly the point.[F] The thigh's quadriceps, for instance, consist of millions of fibers organized into what are called motor units. When a speed skater pushes off the ice, he recruits a certain percentage of them to fire; the others are relaxing and so do not contribute to the movement.

填空题For many people ,playing games is a way to have somne fun.26 It is a great way to keepyour mental health in check. Actually , anything that requires you to do some thinking will help youkeep your brai

填空题Complee the paragraph with the erreet form of the fllowing words in the boxes.The word “television”, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can【B6】______ be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the【B7】______of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically【B8】______into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for【B9】______, and as such becomes a【B10】______tool for reaching other human beings.

填空题______ (short) after she graduated from the college, she went abroad with her parents.

填空题We place the highest value on our friendly relations with developing countries．

填空题Peter: Thank you for all you've done for me.Andrew: ______

填空题He made no ______ (explain) about why he acted so rudely to his wife last night.

填空题[A] manage[B] tell[C] forget[D] dance[E] return[F] drive[G] agree

填空题John Miltons ________tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden

填空题The view (which) elements of a culture are to be understood and judged (in terms of) the relationship to (the culture as a whole) led to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be (evaluated or graded as) higher and lower, superior or inferior.A. whichB. in terms ofC. the culture as a wholeD. evaluated or graded as

填空题Workers built the bridge. The bridge______workers.

填空题My ______ (appear) at the party was not very welcome.

填空题Clattering keyboards may seem the white noise of the modern age, but they betray more information than unwary typists realize. Simply by analyzing audio recordings of keyboard clatter, computer scientists can now reconstruct an accurate transcript of what was typed--including passwords. (41) . Such snooping is possible because each key produces a characteristic dick, shaped by its position on the keyboard, the vigor and hand position of the typist, and the type of keyboard used. But past attempts to decipher keyboard sounds were only modestly successful, requiring a training session in which the computer matched a known transcript to an audio recording of each key being struck. (42) . Furthermore, each new typist or keyboard required a fresh transcript and training session, limiting the method's appeal to would-be hackers. Now, in a blow to acoustic security, Doug Tygar and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, have published details of an approach that reaches 96% accuracy, even without a labeled training transcript. (43) . The software tentatively assigns each click a letter based on its frequency, then tests the message created by this assignment using statistical models of the English language. For example, certain letters or words are more likely to occur together-if an unknown keystroke follows a "t", it is much more likely to be an "h" than an "x". Similarly, the words "for example" make likelier bedfellows than "fur example". In a final refinement, the researchers employed a method many students would do well to deploy on term papers., automated spellchecking. By repeatedly revising unlikely or incorrect letter assignments, Dr. Tygar's software extracts sense from sonic chaos. That said, the method does have one limitation: in order to apply the language model, at least five minutes of the recorded typing had to be in standard English (though in principle any systematic language or alphabet would work). But once those requirements are met, the program can decode anything from epic prose to randomized, ten-character passwords. (44) . He says it is quite simple to find the instructions needed to build a parabolic or laser microphone on the web. You could just point one from outside through an office window to make a recording. And as he points out, would-be eavesdroppers might not even need their own recording equipment, as laptop computers increasingly come equipped with built-in microphones that could be hijacked. (45) . His computers were less successful at parsing recordings made in noisy rooms. Ultimately, though, more sophisticated recording arrays could overcome even background noise, rendering any typed text vulnerable. Dr. Tygar therefore recommends that typed passwords be phased out, to be replaced with biometric checks or multiple types of authorization that combine a password with some form of silent verification (clicking on a pre-chosen picture in a selection of images, for example). Loose lips may still sink ships, but for the moment it seems that an indiscreet keystroke can do just as much damage.[A] This sort of acoustic analysis might sound like the exclusive province of spies and spooks, but according to Dr. Tygar, such attacks are not as esoteric as you might expect.[B] The sounds of typing can be decoded, which can be used to decode password, so if you are typing random, secure passwords.[C] The new approach employs methods developed for speech-recognition software to group together all the similar-sounding keystrokes in a recording, generating an alphabet of clicks.[D] To protect against these sonic incursions, Dr. Tygar suggests a simple remedy: turn up the radio.[E] The major advance here is that it no longer requires hours of training the model in order to create a usable mapping of key sounds to letters.[F] And in contrast to many types of computer espionage, the process is simple, requiring only a cheap microphone and a desktop computer.[G] Thus schooled, the software could still identify only 80% of the characters in a different transcript of the same typist on the same machine.

填空题Spoken language is a complex sequence of sounds

填空题He will be remembered by many people for his willing________to help anyone that needed his help.

填空题 Large organizations usually send a formal letter to an___ , acknowledging receipt of the application. (apply)

填空题Plenty of mysteries have lasted for centuries and finally yielded ______explanation.

填空题Give two examples of how non-verbal communication can differ from one culture to another.

填空题All male guests at this restaurant are respectfully requested that they are put on coat and tie.

填空题A. Show me your passport, please.C. I'm here on business.E. You are welcome.G. Have a pleasant time here.B. Have you got anything to declare?D. May I have your name?F. Where are you from?H. My God! What was that?Alan: Welcome to my country, miss. (56) Lucy: I'm from Canada.Alan: (57) Lucy: OK. Here you are.Alan: (58) Lucy: No, I haven't got any dutiable (应纳关税的)things with me.Alan: How long will you be staying here?Lucy: About a month.Alan: (59) Lucy: Thank you very much.Alan: (60)