阅读理解Passage Two Two important movements in the history of painting arc featured in the exhibition, American Impression and Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885 1915

阅读理解Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 3Travelers arriving at Heathrow airport this year have been met by the smell of freshly-cut grass, pumped from a discreet corner via an “aroma box”, a machine which blows warm, scented air into the environment. It can scent the area of an average high street shop with the smell of the chocolate, freshly cut grass, or sea breezes, in fact any synthetic odors that can be made to smell like the real thing.Heathrow’s move into “sensory” marketing is the latest in a long line of attempts by businesses to use sensory psychology—the scientific study of the effects of the senses on our behavior to help sell products. Marketing people call this “atmospherics”—using sounds or smells to manipulate consumer behavior. On Valentine’s Day two years ago the chain of chemist’s Super-dog scented one of its London shops with chocolate. The smell of chocolate is supposed to have the effect of reducing concentration and making customers relax. “Chocolate is associated with love”, said a marketing spokeswoman, “we thought it would get people in the mood for romance.” She did not reveal, though, whether the smell actually made people spend more money.However, research into customer satisfaction with certain scented products has clearly shown that smell does have a commercial effect, though of course it must be an appropriate smell. In a survey, customers considered a lemon- scented detergent more effective than another scented with coconut despite the fact that the detergent used in both was identical. On the other hand, a coconut-scented suntan lotion was rated more effective that a lemon-scented one. A research group from Washington University reported that the smell of mint or orange sprayed in a store resulted in customers rating the store as more modern and more pleasant for shopping than other stores without the smell. Customers also rated the goods on sale as better, and expressed a stronger intention to visit the store again in the future.Music too has long been used in supermarkets for marketing purposes. Supermarkets are aware, for example, that slow music causes customers to stay longer in the shop (and hopefully buy more things). At Leicester University psychologists have found that a specific kind of music can influence consumer behavior. In a supermarket French wine sold at the rate of 76% compared to 20% German wine when French accordion music was played. The same thing happened in reverse when German Bierkeller music was played. In one American study people even bought more expensive wines when classical music was played instead of country music.Writers and poets have often described the powerful effects of smell on our emotions, and smell is often considered to be the sense most likely to evoke emotion-filled memories. Research suggests however that this is a myth and that a photograph or a voice is just as likely to evoke a memory as a smell. Perhaps the reason for this myth is because smells, as opposed to sights and sounds, are very difficult to give a name to. The fact that smell is invisible, and thus somehow more mysterious, may partly explain its reputation as our most emotional sense.

阅读理解Text B Nowadays, with women playing an ever-increasing role in all kinds of careers and professions, it is difficult to understand that there was a time when no medical school would accept a woman

阅读理解Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they find the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition—a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances, so why cream should sour much faster has been a mystery. Both are emulsions—tiny globules (小球) of one liquid evenly distributed throughout another. "The difference lies in what''s in the globules and what''s in the surrounding liquid", says Brocklehurst, who led the investigation. In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water. In butter, globules of a watery solution are locked away in a sea of fat. The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture. "This means that in cream, the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture", he says. When the situation is reversed, the bacteria are locked away in compartments (密封舱) buried deep in the sea of fat. Trapped in this way, individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients. They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products. "In butter, you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing", says Brocklehurst. The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see if their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the food''s structure. Brocklehurst believes it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter. The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid lump.

阅读理解In paragraph 2,“a way out” means_______ .

阅读理解Are there any chronic (长期的) complainers where you work? It seems like every workplace has them the people for whom the weather is always too warm or too cold, the food is bad, the work is dull, and so on

阅读理解Passage D Opportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older

阅读理解 The alarm on our household computer terminal rings and wakes me up. My husband simply stirs and goes back to sleep. I transfer today's information onto the personal data card I carry with me everywhere and scan today's readings. Values are given as to the number of liters of water I can use, the amount of coal-generated electricity I have allocated and how many 'enviro-credits' I have learned. I am free to use the water and electricity as I chose, however I notice that the ration of electricity is decreasing every day. Of course, this will not be a problem when we have earned enough enviro-credits to buy another solar panel. Enviro-credits are earned by buying goods with limited of no packaging, minimizing the amount of garbage thrown out by financially supporting 'environtechnology'. Before cars were phased out due to unpopularity, credits could be gained by using public transport. I notice all extra passage added to the readings. At last I have been given permission to have a child. Almost instantaneously a package arrives with a label on it-'Anti-sterilization Unit'. Inside there are instructions and a small device that looks like a cross between a pistol and a syringe. Eagerly I follow the instructions. The procedure is painless and I don't know if I am imagining it but I seem to feel the effects at once. Shaking my husband awake, I tell him the good news. I want to get started baby-making right now. 'You've been on the waiting list for 37 years,' he says, 'Can't you wait until I've woken up properly?' I decide that I probably don't have much choice and wander downstairs. I am feeling very privileged to have the opportunity to create a new life. It is saddening, however, when I realize that, because of strict population controls, this new life will be replacing an old one. I decide to ring my mother and tell her the good news. When she answers the phone she is crying. She has received word that my grandmother has failed her latest health check and will be euthanized next week. For some reason, I don't feel like creating that new life anymore.

阅读理解Passage C In 776 B

阅读理解Passage 5 Museum is a slippery word

阅读理解The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisers have appealed to people''s desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers'' money. Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to turned out that the bread was not dietetic (适合于节食的), but just regular bread: There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer''s real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance maybe sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising. Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control the final buying decision.

阅读理解Laura: I think that I have to agree with you

阅读理解 They may not be the richest, but Africans remain the world's staunchest optimists. An annual survey by Gallup International, a research outfit, shows that, when asked whether this year will be better than last, Africa once again comes out on top. Out of 52,000 people interviewed all over the world, under half believe that things are looking up. But in Africa the proportion is close to 60%—almost twice as much as in Europe. Africans have some reasons to be cheerful. The continent's economy has been doing fairly well with South Africa, the economic powerhouse, growing steadily over the past few years. Some of Africa's long-running conflicts, such as the war between the north and south in Sudan and the civil war in Congo, have ended. Africa even has its first elected female head of state, in Liberia. Yet there is no shortage of downers too. Most of Africa remains dirt poor. Crises in places like Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe are far from solved. And the democratic credentials of Ethiopia and Uganda, once the darlings of western donors, have taken a bad knock. AIDS killed over 2 million Africans in 2005, and will kill more this year. So is it all just a case of irrational exuberance ? Meril James of Gallup argues that there is, in fact, usually very little relation between the survey's optimism rankings and reality. Africans, this year led by Nigerians, are consistently the most upbeat, whether their lot gets better or not. On the other hand, Greece— hardly the worst place on earth—tops the gloom-and-doom chart, followed closely by Portugal and France. Ms James speculates that religion may have a lot to do with it. Nine out of ten Africans are religious, the highest proportion in the world. But cynics argue that most Africans believe that 2006 will be golden because things have been so bad that it is hard to imagine how they could possibly get worse. This may help explain why places that have suffered recent misfortunes, such as Kosovo and Afghanistan, rank among the top five optimists. Moussaka for thought for those depressed Greeks.

阅读理解Among the many other things it is, a portrait is always a record of the personal and artistic encounter that produced it. It is possible for artists to produce portraits of individuals who have not sat for them, but the portrait that finally emerges normally betrays the restrictions under which the artist has been forced to labor. Even when an artist''s portrait is simply a copy of someone else''s work-as in the many portraits of Queen Elizabeth I that were produced during her lifetime-the never-changing features of a ruler who refused to sit for her court painters reflect not only the supposed powers of an ever-youthful queen but the remoteness of those attempting to depict her as well. 　　Portraits are "occasional" not only in the sense that they are closely tied to particular events in the lives of their subjects but in the sense that there is usually an occasion-however brief, uncomfortable, artificial, or unsatisfactory it may prove to be-in which the artist and subject directly confront each other;and thus the encounter a portrait records is most really the sitting itself. The sitting may be brief or extended, collegial or confrontational. Cartier-Bresson has expressed his passion for portrait photography by characterizing it as "a duel without rules". While Cartier-Bresson reveals himself as an interloper and opportunist, Richard Avedon confesses to a role as diagnostician and psychic healer: not as someone who necessarily transforms his subjects, but as someone who reveals their essential nature. Both photographers appear to agree on one basis, however, which is that the fundamental dynamic in this process lies squarely in the hands of the artist. 　　A quite-different example has its roots not in confrontation or consultation but in active collaboration between the artist and sitter. This very different kind of relationship was formulated most vividly by William Hazlitt in his essay entitled "On Sitting for One''s Picture". To Hazlitt, the "bond of connection" between painter and sitter is most like the relationship between two lovers: "They are always thinking and talking of the same thing, in which their self love finds an equal counterpart." Hazlitt flashes out his thesis by recounting particular episodes from the career of Sir Joshua Reynolds. According to Hazlitt, Reynolds'' sitters, accompanied by their friends, were meant to enjoy an atmosphere that was both comfortable for them and conductive to the enterprise of the portrait painter, who was simultaneously their host and their contractual employee. In the case of artists like Reynolds, no fundamental difference exists between the artist''s studio and all those other rooms in which the sitters spin out the days of their lives. The act of entering Reynolds'' studio did not necessarily transform those who sat for him. Collaboration in portraiture such as Reynolds'' is based on the sitter''s comfort and security as well as on his or her desire to experiment with something new, and it is in this "creation of another self", as Hazlitt put it, that the painter''s subjects may properly see themselves for the first time.

阅读理解Passage 3 We have to admire Suzanne Somerss persistence

阅读理解Passage 3 Hillary RodhamHillary Rodham Clinton released the first television spot of her Senate campaign this morning， a 30-second commercial that will begin airing statewide on Thursday

阅读理解 What really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle? It's probably not what you think. Years of clinical research proves that the real keys are pleasure, joy and freedom, not our power of will or austerity (苦行). Joy of living is sustainable; fear of dying is not. Why? Because life is to be enjoyed. There's no point in giving up something you enjoy unless you get something back that's even better, and quickly. When people eat more healthfully, exercise, quit smoking, manage stress better, and love more, they find that they feel so much better, so quickly, it reconstruct the reason for making these changes from fear of dying to joy of living. Fortunately, the latest studies show how dynamic and powerful are the mechanisms that control our health and well-being. When you exercise and eat right: Your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen, so you become smarter, think more clearly, have more energy, and need less sleep. Two studies showed that just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many new nerve cells to grow that it actually increased the size of people's brains! Your face receives more blood flow, so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You look younger and more attractive. In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face so you age more quickly. Smoking accelerate aging because nicotine (尼古丁) causes your blood vessel to become narrower, which decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. This is why smokers look years older than they really are. One of the most interesting findings in this study was that the mothers' perceptions of stress were more important than what was objectively occurring in their lives. The researchers made a survey among women and asked them to rate on a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day, and how out of control their lives felt to them. The women who perceived that they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damaged telomeres (染色体端粒) compared with those who felt more relaxed. Conversely, some of the women who felt relaxed despite raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing telomeres. In other words, if you feel stressed, you are stressed.

阅读理解One day John was doing some shopping in a market when he ______ a beautiful young woman there. She was very well dressed and he watched her as she walked around looking at the fruit and ______ which were for sale. The market was very ______ , but this woman was so ______ that she stood out in the people. She looks like a film star, thought John to himself. Suddenly a thief ran through the shoppers and ______ the womans bag and ran away. She ______. John ran as quickly as he could to the ______ phone box. He ______ 999, Please come to the market square at once, he asked the police, ______. John then returned to the market to try to calm the young woman. However, ______. This explained to John ______.

阅读理解 Fat: what is it good for? Absolutely nothing, or so you might think. But obesity seems to protect mice against a fatal form of malaria-cerebral malaria. Working out how it has this effect might lead to new treatments for people. Although obesity is now on the rise in the developing world, it has traditionally been seen as a malaise of the rich. In contrast, malaria tends to be regarded as a disease of the poor, so few people have studied how the two conditions affect each other. In mice meanwhile, there are signs that diabetes, which often affects obese people, might offer some protection against malaria. To find out more about how obesity affects malaria in mice, Vincent Robert at the Institute for Development Research (IRD) in Paris, France, and colleagues injected 14 obese and 14 non-obese mice with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. After six days, eight of the non-obese mice died from cerebral malaria, which causes coma and death in humans, and the rest died about two weeks later from severe anemia because the parasite had destroyed their red blood cells. In contrast, none of the obese mice showed signs of cerebral malaria. Although they all eventually succumbed to severe anemia and died 18 to 25 days after infection, anemia can be treated-so obesity did seem to offer mice some useful protection. Exactly how the obese mice resist malaria is not clear, says Delphine Depoix from the Museum of Natural History in Paris, but there are several possibilities. One clue lies in a mutation in the gene coding for the leptin, a hormone produced by fat cells, which makes the mice obese, but also controls the immune response. Previous research has shown that obese mice with the leptin mutation often react to infections with a 'Th2' rather than 'Th1' response. As Th1 in mice is thought to trigger the inflammation that helps cerebral malaria to kill its victims, Depoix speculates that the Th2 response might be protecting the obese mice. Another possible explanation is that the abnormally high blood sugar associated with obesity in both mice and people 'might compensate' for the low blood sugar caused by severe malaria, says Depoix, allowing the mice to better cope with parasite infection. Andrew Prentice of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine says that figuring out how the mice resist malaria will be crucial to developing new treatments for people with malaria. His colleague Christopher Whitty warns that any insights drawn from these results are preliminary: 'Mouse models are always useful in raising hypotheses but cannot settle them as far as cerebral malaria is concerned.'

阅读理解The text mainly discusses __________ .