阅读理解The word “infertile”(Line 1, ParA、2) most probably means“____________”. 

阅读理解Passage 3 Safety warning and notice Before operating the camera, please make sure that you read and fully understand the content in this section, If you ignore and violate all safety warning notices indicated in this section, the camera warrant y may be void

阅读理解In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. 　　The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world''s movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders'' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. 　　The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other''s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.

阅读理解Passage 4 The Internet, E-commerce and globalization are making a new economic era possible

阅读理解Passage Two: Questions are based on the following passage

阅读理解What contributes most to their success according to the author?

阅读理解All American employees seem to be asking about ________.

阅读理解Passage 3 What is exactly a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? Or is it something more than that? For example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you, you say: I wish I could help you but Im short of money myself

阅读理解 American universities like to think of themselves as engines of social justice, thronging with 'diversity'. But how much truth is there in this flattering self-image? Over the past few years Daniel Golden has written a series of stories in the Wall Street Journal about the admissions practices of America's elite universities, suggesting that they are not so much engines of social justice as bastions of privilege. Golden shows that elite universities do everything in their power to admit the children of privilege. If they cannot get them in through the front door by relaxing their standards, then they smuggle them in through the back. No less than 60% of the places in elite universities are given to candidates who have some sort of extra 'hook', from rich or alumni parents to 'sporting prowess'. The number of whites who benefit from this affirmative action is far greater than the number of blacks. The American establishment is extraordinarily good at getting its children into the best colleges. The former president George Bush and his rival in the election John Kerry were 'C' students who would have had little chance of getting into Yale if they had not come from Yale families. A1 Gore and Bill Frist both got their sons into their alma maters (Harvard and Princeton respectively), despite their average academic performances. Universities bend over backwards to admit 'legacies'. Harvard admits 40% of legacy applicants compared with 11% of applicants overall. When it comes to the children of particularly rich donors, the bending-over-backwards reaches astonishing levels. Most people think of black football and basketball stars when they hear about 'sports scholarships'. But there are also sports scholarships for rich white students who play preppie sports such as fencing, squash, sailing, riding, golf and, of course, lacrosse. The University of Virginia even has scholarships for polo-players, relatively few of whom come from the inner cities. You might imagine that academics would be up in arms about this. Alas, they have too much skin in the game. Academics not only escape tuition fees if they can get their children into the universities where they teach. They get huge preferences as well. Boston University accepted 91% of 'faculty brats' in 2003, at a cost of about $9m. Notre Dame accepts about 70% of the children of university employees, compared with 19% of 'unhooked' applicants, despite markedly lower average SAT scores. Two groups of people overwhelmingly bear the burden of these policies—Asian-Americans and poor whites. Asian-Americans are the 'new Jews', held to higher standards (they need to score at least 50 points higher than non-Asians even to be in the game) and frequently stigmatised for their 'characters' (Harvard evaluators persistently rated Asian-Americans below whites on 'personal qualities').

阅读理解What happened to the Soviet spacecraft?

阅读理解Passage 2 Until recently, many anthropologists assumed that the environment of what is now the southwestern United States shaped the social history and culture of the region‟s indigenous peoples

阅读理解What can you see on Henderson Island?

阅读理解Next week, as millions of families gather for their Thanksgiving (感恩节) feasts, many other Americans will go without. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, more than 12 million households lack enough food for everyone in their family at some time during the year—including holidays. Hunger is surprisingly widespread in our country—one of the world''s wealthiest—yet the government estimates that we waste almost 100 billion pounds of food each year, more than one-quarter of our total supply. Reducing this improper distribution of resources is a goal of America''s Second Harvest, the nation''s largest domestic hunger-relief organization. Last year, it distributed nearly 2 billion pounds of food to more than 23 million people in need. America''s Second Harvest is a network of 214 inter-connected food banks and other organizations that gather food from growers, processors, grocery stores and restaurants. In turn, the network distributes food to some 50,000 soup kitchens, homeless shelters and old people''s centers in every county of every state. A great deal of work is involved in distributing tons of food from thousands of donors (捐赠者) to hundreds of small, nonprofit organizations. Until a few years ago, America''s Second Harvest lacked any effective way to manage their inventory. Without accurate and timely information, soup kitchens were sometimes empty while food was left to spoil in loading places. In 2000, America''s Second Harvest began to use a new inventory and financial-management system—Ceres. It is software designed specifically for hunger-relief operations. It is used by more than 100 America''s Second Harvest organizations to track food from donation to distribution. Ceres has helped reduce the spoiling of food and improve distribution. An evaluation found that the software streamlined food banks'' operations by 23 percent in the first year alone. With more accurate and timely reports, Ceres saves time, flees staff members to focus on finding new donors, and promises more efficient use of donations. Hunger in America remains a troubling social problem. Technology alone cannot solve it. But in the hands of organizations such as America''s Second Harvest, it is a powerful tool that is helping to make a difference—and helping more Americans to join in the feast.

阅读理解 We live in an age of instant images and memes, when 10,000 copies of a picture can be flung around the world in seconds by sliding a finger half an inch across a phone screen. This would have been unbelievable 20 years ago and impossible even to imagine 20 years before that. But it is in the world of hand-copied manuscripts 1,000 years old or more that the digital revolution has had some of its most profound and obvious beneficial effects. What may have taken three years to write out can today be printed out in three seconds. There are now tens of thousands of once unique documents which have been digitized and placed online for anyone to access all around the world, and this is a vast, democratizing wonder. Take, for example, the Parker Library in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, which contains the scholarly plunder of monasteries dissolved under Henry Ⅷ during the Reformation and collected by Archbishop Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a project with Stanford University, and this year the site was opened to all comers to browse after 10 years behind scholarly paywalls. What is astonishing is not just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminations on some of the manuscripts show off the fertility and vividness of the medieval imagination. Digitized collections of these sorts cannot entirely substitute for real libraries. To touch with your own hand a parchment from a medieval monk is an experience no screen can offer, but it is one which must always be restricted to a lucky few. There are some things so old and fragile that even being looked at may damage them. The caves at Lascaux had to be closed to protect the paintings from the breath of tourists and replaced by a virtual display. Yet in some ways these copies are better than the originals. Reproductions of a high enough quality make obvious detail that's invisible to the naked eye. What's more, digital collections can be gathered on one screen from across the globe. The International Dunhuang Project reunites on screen tens of thousands of Buddhist scrolls and artifacts in western China. What is possible with this one collection should fairly soon be possible with all the scholarly digitized manuscripts of the world. The hope is to bring them under one system of classification so that they can quickly be searched and sorted no matter where they came from and where they now are stored. The world may always prefer cat gifs to codices, but the translation from parchment to pixels reminds us of the humanistic optimism with which the web came into the world, and shows that much of it was not misplaced at all.

阅读理解Passage Four I talk to strangers for a living and love the challenge of getting their stories published in news- papers

阅读理解Text C In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned

阅读理解Its that time of the yeagraduation

阅读理解Passage 2 A British sociologist has advanced the theory that many working-class children are unsuccessful at school because of the nature of their language

阅读理解Questions 71 to 80 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Directions: Read the following passages and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer for each question and circle the letter on the answer sheet. Remember to write the letter corresponding to the question number.At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition, many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories.Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.