问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewer possible English words and then put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The years between 1870 and 1895 brought enormous changes to the theater in the United States as the resident company was undermined by touring groups, as New York became the only major center of production, and as the long run replaced the repertory (库存). system. By 1870, the resident stock company was at the peak of its development in the United States. The 50 permanent companies of 1870, however, had dwindled to 20 by 1878, to 8 by 1880, to 4 by 1887, and had almost disappeared by 1900. While the causes of this change are numerous, probably the most important was the rise of the "combination" company (that is, one that travels with stars and full company). Sending out a complete production was merely a logical 'extension of touting by stars. By the 1840's many major actors were already taking along a small group of lesser players, for they could not be sure that local companies could supply adequate support in secondary roles. There is much disagreement about the origin of the combination company Bouciault claimed to have initiated it around 1860 when he sent out a troupe with Colleen Bawn, but a book published in 1859 speaks of combination companies as already established. Joseph Jefferson III also declared that he was a pioneer in the movement. In actuality, the practice probably began tentatively during the 1850's, only to be interrupted by the Civil War. It mushroomed in the 1870's, as the rapid expansion of the railway system made it increasingly feasible to transport. full productions. In 1872, Lawrence Barrett took his company, but no scenery, on tour; in 1876, Rose Michel was sent out with full company, scenery, and properties. By the season of 1876 - 1877 there were nearly 100 combination companies on the road, and by 1886 there were 282.

问答题 Urbanization in China

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethecartoon,2)deduethepurposeofthecartoon,and3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Now many people enjoy emails and other people prefer face-to-face conversations. The title of your composition is "Which Is Better, a Talk or an Email?". You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience to support your opinion. Write at least 200 words.

问答题Directions:A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayin160-200wordsB.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints:1)describethegraph,2)possiblereasonsoftheincreaseoftheIntellectualPropertyCases.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.ACertainUpsurgeinIntellectualPropertyCases

问答题Directions: You read in the newspaper that the city government has approved the plan of building another golf court in the suburb of your city with the aim of attracting more tourists. Write a letter to the city government, giving reasons why you think the project should be abandoned. Do not sign your name. Use "a concerned citizen" instead.

问答题他已不再是五年前那个头脑简单的他了。

问答题Directions: Suppose you are a college student and you intend to work part time during your vacation. Write a covering letter In your letter, you are supposed to include the post you would like to apply for, your experience and your hobbies, etc. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use " Li Ming " instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Boys have generally excellent appetites, He and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three months:, at last they got so voracious and wild with hunger, that one boy, who was tall for his age, and hadn" t been used to that sort of thing (for his father had kept a small cook-shop), hinted darkly to his companions, that unless he had another basin of gruel per diem , he was afraid he might some night happen to eat the boy who slept next him, who happened to be a weakly youth of tender age.

问答题Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finishing my Bachelor"s. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engineering job. 1 The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research: to read research papers, to run experiments, to write papers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peer-review process-not to mention your thesis committee. I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding ～ all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member of society. Doing a PhD is similar: You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world"s expert in the area of your dissertation work. 2 The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar: a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth. Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD: How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation, and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, and system designs. This is not just about gaining the knowledge in those papers (which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature. How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in technical communications is a really important skill for engineers. I"ve noticed a big gap between the software engineers I"ve worked with who have PhDs and those who don"t in this regard. 3 PhD-trained folks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential. How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can"t overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) and visually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do it right. 4 How to figure out what problem to work on: This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might"s cartoon on this is a great visualization of this.) I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what problem to tackle: a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the research community is not interested in (c.f., writing an operating system kernel in Haskell). There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over (c.f., file system block layout optimization; wireless multi hop routing). There"s a real trick to picking good problems, and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader. 5 So I think it"s worth having a PhD, especially if you want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career in academia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, "doing a PhD costs you a house." (In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years-these days it"s probably more like several houses.

问答题Some small traders worry that eBay has lost interest in them. They say it"s increasingly focused on winning business from large retailers instead. "In this six to seven years I"ve been doing it, I have seen it changed quite a lot as well. It has gone from kind of embracing the smaller sellers to now embracing the larger companies. They are making themselves into more of a marketplace, almost like Amazon. It seems that if what they"re going for, they"re looking to make eBay into this marketplace of major retailers and big sellers. And this has kind of squeezed on small people because when people search, the smaller sellers tend to come up lesser in the ratings or lower in the ratings, so they are harder to find their items. And so eBay has changed into more of a corporation as opposed to the small company." EBay is now pursuing new business models. It"s also facing a radical shift in the way people use its services. It"s started out as a pure auction site, but now most transactions are done at a fixed price which makes eBay more similar to other online retailers. Some say it"s merely adapting to changed market conditions. Others worry that eBay is in danger of losing its soul. 注释： (1)retailer n. 零售商 (2)kind of(口语表程度)，有几分，有点 (3)embrace v. 拥抱 (4)Amazon亚马逊交易网站 (5)squeeze v. 压，挤 (6)pursue v. 追赶，追逐 (7)auction n. 拍卖，竞拍 (8)transaction n. (商业)交易 (9)similar a. 类似的，同样的 (10)adapt v. 适应，配合

问答题CIO

问答题Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.

问答题Company presidents in the United States today tend to be young men who begin their careers with educational backgrounds in engineering science, or business management. (Passage Three)

问答题What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?

问答题This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to write an E-mail according to the following information given in Chinese. Remember to do the task on the Answer Sheet. 发件人：路静发件人e-mail地址：lujing@163．com收件人：李璐收件人e-mail地址：lilu77@hotmail. com发件日期：2017年2月15日主题：预约内容：预定2月20日到北京出差，希望到时可以到李璐公司拜访她。计划在北京停留一周，希望李璐可以安排合适时间与她会面，不胜感激，并表示很期待与她的会面。

问答题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Raising Dogs in the City. You should write at least 150 words following the outlines given below: 1. 现在养狗的人越来越多； 2. 不文明养狗给社会造成了危害； 3. 我的看法。

问答题performatives

问答题Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn"t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering his mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don"t have unpredictable things, you don"t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I"ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "The data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team".

问答题In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage. 近几十年来，许多国家的流行病学调查资料都表明，不少传染病的发病率和死亡率在不断下降，而癌症的发病率和死亡率却在不断上升。大量的调查研究表明，癌症等疾病的发病率的上升都与环境污染有关。由于环境污染对人体的作用一般具有剂量小、作用时间长等特点，所以容易被人们所忽视，往往病发之日，尚不知谁是元凶。环境污染就像邪恶的阴影，悄悄吞噬着人体的健康。 大气污染以及日益严重的雾霾天气与肺癌之间的正向关联性，目前已得到国内外诸多专家和权威组织的证实。 加拿大渥太华大学曾对美国50个州和波多黎各地区的18万名非吸烟者进行了长达26年的跟踪研究，并发现PM2．5与肺癌之间存在明显相关性。研究数据表明，空气污染与肺癌的产生和死亡率有密切关系，污染越严重，肺癌越多，死亡率越高，反之则越少和越低。PM2．5浓度每增加10微克每立方米，肺癌死亡率增加15％～27％，本身具有肺部疾病的人肺癌的死亡率更高。 研究认为，污染空气中的微小颗粒可以通过炎症伤害肺并损害DNA，这可能是引起非吸烟者患肺癌并死亡的直接原因。这项研究结果目前已在国际权威杂志上发表。 国际癌症研究机构的最新数据显示，全球2010年因肺癌死亡的患者中，有22．3万人与大气污染直接相关。为此，世界卫生组织已于2013年将“室外空气污染”列为一类致癌物，并将它视为迄今“最广泛传播的致癌物”。 作为雾霾天气“罪魁祸首”的细颗粒物，PM2．5主要来源于汽车尾气、工业生产排放的废气以及建筑工地和道路交通产生的扬尘。王凯说，PM2．5可以承载十几种致癌物质，其中多环芳烃与肺癌的患病率有明显相关性。 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院副院长石远凯也表示，研究表明，PM2．5被人体吸入肺部后，会直接导致肺泡弹性降低、功能减弱，甚至诱发肺纤维化，影响肺泡换气功能。久而久之，肺部功能下降并导致严重的器质性病变，甚至引发肺癌。 “PM2．5的增高与肺癌发生越来越相关，并直接增加了罹患肺癌的风险。”中国工程院院士钟南山表示。为此，他从2012年全国两会开始，一直关注PM2．5的问题，并呼吁在全国范围内尽快启动对PM2．5的监测。 专家表示，想要有效控制肺癌的发生率和死亡率，摆脱“世界第一肺癌大国”这项帽子，科研、医疗、环保等多部门携手，打破现有僵局、出台有力措施已成当务之急。