问答题Technology and Intellectual Property: Problems and Solutions Access to low-carbon technologies in the developing world does not mean doing away with Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). This has been the most emotive and appears the thorniest of issues. It should not be. 1 . The concerns of the developing world are principally about whether they will have access to technologies at fair or affordable prices, which are being pressed on them by the developed countries. The perceived issue may be hypothetical in many situations. Having no IPRs, or compulsory licensing—with the consequent risk of free-riding—is not the solution. 2 . For most technologies, patents are not filed in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), because the small potential markets do not justify the cost of obtaining patents there . In such cases domestic companies are free to use the invention in that country, but not for expect to a country where there is patent protection. Therefore, LPRs are unlikely to be inhibiting within these LDCs. If LDC manufacturers are permitted—through compulsory licensing—to manufacture for sale in a country where there is patent protection (for commercial reasons), then it will damage the incentive structure that IPRs create and should not easily be permitted. 3 . Companies generally sell at differentially low prices in the LDCs provided that there is no leakage of these products back into their main markets, where they will sell at higher prices . The World Trade Organisation"s 2001 Doha Declaration provided for this in the case of pharmaceuticals. Some countries, such as Japan, would need to change their laws and regulations to prevent such trade. If there are relevant IPRs which do inhibit otherwise legitimate take-up in the developing countries, there are several solutions: ·If the IPRs are publicly held, local LDC companies could receive a geographically limited license, at preferential or zero cost. 4 . This would not significantly damage the broader objective of promoting investment by the private sector in low-carbon technologies and products for use in countries where they will have a bigger carbon-reduction impact on reducing global carbon emissions. ·If the IPRs are privately held, there are several solutions: their use can be paid for or subsidised by governments; they can be paid for subsidised by charities. Compulsory licensing is also possible. Compulsory licensing is permitted in most countries (except the US) as an exceptional measure in cases of abuse of monopoly or a national emergency, to limit the ability of an IPR owner to stop others from using the IPRs. Its use is constrained by WTO agreement and is intended to be used as a policy of last resort. A reasonable royalty must be paid to the IPR owner. So compulsory licensing is not a low- or zero-cost option. Compulsory licensing is permitted in Europe but there are no recorded examples of its use. 5 . It is generally regarded as a "nuclear option" by both governments and business, which will come an agreement without its use being invoked.

问答题domestic abuse

问答题In the past year, a lot has changed in the field of human spaceflight. (46) In January, President George Bush brushed aside the fact that America's entire space-shuttle fleet was grounded when he announced grandiose plans to put people back on the moon, and then to launch a manned mission to Mars. (47) In June, Butt Rutan, an American aeronautical engineer, showed that human spaceflight was no longer the preserve of governments by sending a man to the edge of space in Space Ship One, a privately financed vehicle that cost about the same to build as a luxury yacht. That was followed in September by Sir Richard Branson, the British entrepreneur behind the Virgin brand, announcing that he had signed a deal with Mr Rutan to work on plans for a fleet of five suborbital vehicles developed from Space Ship One. (48) Now, in the dying days of the year, America's Congress has passed a bill that unravels a tangle about who would be responsible for regulating the fledgling industry, and under what terms. (49) The bill also allows passengers to fly on the understanding that this new generation of vehicles may not be as safe as taking a commercial flight between, say, New York and London. The official line from Virgin Galactica, as Sir Richard's latest venture is modestly named, is that this coming change in the law makes no practical difference to the firm's plans, since they do not intend to fly unless they can make their spacecraft as safe as a private jet. But it must surely come as some sort of relief. In any case, Will Whitehorn, director of corporate affairs at Virgin's headquarters in London, and soon to become the president of Virgin Galactica, says that work is under way on a mock up of the interior of a new spacecraft that will hold five passengers. (50) Virgin has already committed $20m towards licensing the SpaceShipOne technology from Mr. Rutan and his financial backer Paul Allen, a software billionaire.

问答题Read the statement and the instructions that follow it, and then make any notes that will help you plan your response. Write your response on a separate sheet of paper. If possible, type your essay on a word processor. It is better to have more free time than to have more material things. Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experiences, observations, or reading.

问答题Translate the underlined parts into Chinese. Simply looking at twentieth-century America—rightly called The American Century—is instructive. 2 The innocence, energy, and optimism of pre-World War I America illustrate the vigor with which the nation would embrace the promise of technology and the wealth of a rich land peopled with a polyglot mix of determined newcomers. 3 After World War I came the horrors of The Great Depression, yet Hollywood—our artists—spoke of a belief in the nation"s destiny and its dreams 4 The Grapes of Wrath depicted the grimness of poverty and, but the story, was laced with an unshakable faith in social justice. Mister Smith Goes to Washington extolled the triumph of decency over the blandishments of cynicism and power. And the ubiquitous It"s a Wondered Life celebrated family, community, human decency, the future, and God. 5 Despite the overwhelming poverty and unemployment of the 1930s, there was a sense of a shared fate and a belief in what was to come. Even the thirteen years of Prohibition failed to quench our confidence in our ability to legislate virtue and preordain the future. 6 As we reach the end of The American Century, we need to ask whether we are as willing to sacrifice our pleasures for the greater good of country or family , and whether we can rely on our leaders and institutions to pursue the common weal, resisting the lures of those promising celebrity, power, immediate gains or other temptations.

问答题Sinclair Lewis is the first American writer who got the Nobel Prize for Literature. Why do you think he deserve the prize?

问答题富二代

问答题Error Analysis (中山大学2011年研)

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Title: {{B}}How to Approach Money{{/B}} {{B}}Outline:{{/B}} 1. Money is necessary in our modern life. 2. But money is not all we need. 3. How should we approach money? You should write about 160 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Outline:A.Describewhatthegirlinthepictureisdoing;B.Whyisthegirlinthepicturesittingonthebaby?C.Whatdoesthepictureimply?

问答题1. 科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。 实验表明，出生的季节会极大地影响人体生物钟运转的速度。冬天出生的人体内的生物钟运转得太慢，从而可能对健康和性格产生影响。这一离奇有趣的理论来自一项对老鼠的研究，该研究把刚出生的老鼠暴露在不等量的光线下长达数月。 2. 有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。 在这些老鼠断奶后，他们被放置在相同的光照周期中长达数周，或转换到相反的光照环境。最后，科学家把它们都放置到黑暗中，观察它们的反应。 3. 根据《自然神经科学》杂志的报道，那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。 研究者道格拉斯·麦克马洪教授说：“在冬天的光照周期中成长起来的老鼠对于季节的变化表现出夸大的反应，这和得了季节性情感抑郁症的人类病患的反应极其相似。”

问答题几年前我认识一个非常聪明但任性的中国青年，他急切地想去美国读大学，但又没有被他申请的长春藤联合会名牌大学录取。所幸的是，一所在美国人，特别是受过高等教育的美国人当中享有盛誉的规模较小的文科大学向他提供了奖学金，但这所大学在中国几乎不为人知。凡是听我说起他的情况的美国人都觉得他真该高兴，然而，这位年轻人却被焦虑所困扰。这所大学的名次在他所咨询的排行榜上并不靠前，他的同学们也全然不知这所学校，因此同学们的祝贺也就不那么热烈了。难道这一“成功”真是个失败?他是不是该留在北京上那所已录取他的尖子大学?或者是他到了美国就转学到一所他认为原本应接收他的名牌大学去?当启程的时间到来时，他是那么拿不定主意，乃至向朋友们表示遗憾。 这个例子显示了排名的害处。要想知道什么意味着最好的大学显然是不可能的，因为每个人的标准都与别人不同；即使他们都同意某一个特定标准，他们对一个学校的估价也往往反映出信息的不完整和个人的不问看法等问题。我也许特别关注图书馆的质量，你可能强调计算机的使用方便程度，另一个人可能觉得图书馆与计算机都不如师生的交往重要，这又该如何确定呢?

问答题When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest decamping to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates. Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. By some estimates, two-thirds of highly educated Cape Verdeans live outside the country. A big survey of Indian households carried out in 2004 asked about family members who had moved abroad. It found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. This "brain drain" has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

问答题windfall tax

问答题{{B}}Direction:{{/B}}{{I}} You learned from today's paper that your friend Mr. Wang Hui was recently appointed editor-in-chief of The Evening News. Write him a letter to express your cordial congratulations.{{/I}} You should write 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead, You do not need to write your address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. 46) {{U}}Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference", or equity as distinct from equality.{{/U}} They contend that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. 47){{U}} By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and cerebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.{{/U}} Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. 48) {{U}}Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States.{{/U}} Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. 49){{U}}Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers.{{/U}} They demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall., because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. 50) {{U}}But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.{{/U}} If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge. {{B}}Notes:{{/B}} emancipation n. 解放。equity n. 公平。procreative 生育的。celebrate vt. 颂扬。quest n. 寻求。 downplay vt. 贬低，低估。lose ground 退却，失利。maternity benefit 产妇津贴。pitfall n. 隐患。appropriate vt. 资用。adversary n. 敌手。endorse vt. 赞同。patriarchal 家长制的。

问答题Directions: Write a letter of about 100 words to a beach resort where you had a wonderful vocation to express your gratitude for their good service. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.